Length of stay of general psychiatric inpatients in the United States: Systematic review

Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 155-168

  Tulloch, Alex D ^a   Fearon, Paul ^a,b   David, Anthony S ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Healthcare utilization; Length of stay; Psychiatric hospitals

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; AGED; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; MENTAL HOSPITAL; MIDDLE AGED; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES; UTILIZATION REVIEW;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; FEMALE; HEALTH FACILITY SIZE; HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC; HUMANS; INPATIENTS; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; MIDDLE AGED; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SEX FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 79956129521     PISSN: 0894587X     EISSN: 15733289     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10488-010-0310-3     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2009). NIS description of data elements. 4 11/4 11. Retrieved from http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/nation/ nis/nisdde.jsp.
2. JG Allen DA Beale GE Newsom L Coyne HE Spohn C Beasley CD Deering 1984 A research design to predict required length of psychiatric hospital stay Psychiatric Hospital 15 4 185 191 10314127 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3hslCjsw%3D%3D
3. JG Allen L Coyne J Lyle HE Spohn 1992 Assessing need for extended psychiatric hospitalization Comprehensive Psychiatry 33 5 346 352 1395555 1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FgvFKqtg%3D%3D
4. JG Allen G Tarnoff L Coyne 1985 Therapeutic alliance and long-term hospital treatment outcome Comprehensive Psychiatry 26 2 187 194 3987247 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7nvVWrtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15132152)
5. JG Allen G Tarnoff L Coyne HE Spohn 1985 Actual versus optimal length of psychiatric hospital stay. An important distinction for prediction Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 49 5 500 506 4063569 1:STN:280:DyaL28%2Flt1Shtg%3D%3D
6. SW Anderson AJ Crist N Payne 2004 Predicting inpatient length of stay with the expanded version of the brief psychiatric rating scale (version 4.0) Psychiatric Services 55 1 77 79 10.1176/appi.ps.55.1.77 14699205 (Pubitemid 38045020)
7. ML Ashcraft BE Fries DR Nerenz SP Falcon SV Srivastava CZ Lee SE Berki, et al. 1989 A psychiatric patient classification system. An alternative to diagnosis-related groups Medical Care 27 5 543 557 2498585 1:STN:280: DyaL1M3mtVGmtw%3D%3D
8. Bezold, H. S.; MacDowell, M.; Kunkel, R. (1996). Predicting psychiatric length of stay. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 23(5), 407-423. (Pubitemid 26247271)
9. Blais, M. A.; Baity, M. R. (2005). A comparison of two mental status examinations in an inpatient psychiatric sample. Assessment, 12(4), 455-461. (Pubitemid 41703614)
10. MA Blais J Matthews R Lipkis-Orlando E Lechner M Jacobo R Lincoln C Gulliver, et al. 2003 Predicting length of stay on an acute care medical psychiatric inpatient service Administration and Policy in Mental Health 31 1 15 29 14650646 (Pubitemid 37323240)
11. Boelhouwer, C.; Rosenberg, M. (1983). Length of stay: A retrospective computer analysis. Psychiatric Annals, 13(8), 605-611.
12. L Bolden MN Wicks 2005 Length of stay, admission types, psychiatric diagnoses, and the implications of stigma in African Americans in the nationwide inpatient sample Issues in Mental Health Nursing 26 10 1043 1059 16283998 (Pubitemid 43160473)
13. B Boot W Hall G Andrews 1997 Disability, outcome and case-mix in acute psychiatric in-patient units The British Journal of Psychiatry 171 3 242 246 10.1192/bjp.171.3.242 9337977 1:STN:280:DyaK2svnvFehtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27400298)
14. CJ Bradley GA Zarkin 1996 Inpatient stays for patients diagnosed with severe psychiatric disorders and substance abuse Health Services Research 31 4 387 408 8885855 1:STN:280:DyaK2s%2FktVGnsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26359156)
15. Brock, I. P.; Brown, G. R. (1993). Psychiatric length of stay determinants in a military medical center. General Hospital Psychiatry, 15(6), 392-398.
16. EJ Bromet JE Schwartz S Fennig L Geller L Jandorf B Kovasznay J Lavelle, et al. 1992 The epidemiology of psychosis: The Suffolk County Mental Health Project Schizophrenia Bulletin 18 2 243 255 1621071 1:STN:280: DyaK38zitValug%3D%3D
17. SL Brown 2001 Variations in utilization and cost of inpatient psychiatric services among adults in Maryland Psychiatric Services 52 6 841 843 11376239 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3ps1ylug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32577449)
18. TM Brown HL Miller D Ekstrom DL Evans RN Golden 1991 Characteristics of long-stay patients on the psychiatric service of a university hospital Hospital & Community Psychiatry 42 7 743 745 1:STN:280:DyaK3MzlslOhtg%3D%3D
19. DL Browning 1986 Psychiatric ward behavior and length of stay in adolescent and young adult inpatients: A developmental approach to prediction Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54 2 227 230 3700809 1:STN:280:DyaL287pslSmuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 17106021)
20. H Bruml C King 1978 Emergency service admissions to a state mental hospital Virginia Medical 105 9 630 632 706648 1:STN:280:DyaE1M%2FjslOqsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 9031831)
21. CL Caton A Gralnick 1987 A review of issues surrounding length of psychiatric hospitalization Hospital & Community Psychiatry 38 8 858 863 1:STN:280:DyaL2s3nvVSmtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 17132025)
22. G Chang L Brenner K Bryant 1991 Factors predicting inpatient length of stay in a CMHC Hospital & Community Psychiatry 42 8 853 855 1:STN:280:DyaK3Mznt1yjtA%3D%3D
23. DW Cho Y Hsu S Monroe 1981 A computerized mental patient classification system Computer Programs in Biomedicine 13 1-2 139 147 7285560 1:STN:280:DyaL38%2Fis1Clsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 11008614)
24. JP Choca CA Peterson LA Shanley H Richards E Mangoubi 1988 Problems in using statistical models to predict psychiatric length of stay: An illustration Hospital & Community Psychiatry 39 2 195 197 1:STN:280:DyaL1c7lt1OlsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 18040970)
25. L Citrome L Green R Fost 1994 Length of stay and recidivism on a psychiatric intensive care unit Hospital & Community Psychiatry 45 1 74 76 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7ntFaitg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24026575)
26. JF Clarkin ID Glick 1982 Duration of hospitalization as a variable in outcome Psychiatric Hospital 13 2 50 54 10257657 1:STN:280: DyaL3s%2Fms1eitA%3D%3D
27. RM Coffey JA Buck CA Kassed J Dilonardo C Forhan WD Marder R Vandivort-Warren 2008 Transforming mental health and substance abuse data systems in the United States Psychiatric Services 59 11 1257 1263 10.1176/appi.ps.59.11.1257 18971401
28. Compton, M. T.; Craw, J.; Rudisch, B. E. (2006). Determinants of inpatient psychiatric length of stay in an urban county hospital. Psychiatric Quarterly, 77(2), 173-188.
29. PG Cotterill FG Thomas 2004 Prospective payment for Medicare inpatient psychiatric care: Assessing the alternatives Health Care Financing Review 26 1 85 101 15776702 (Pubitemid 40041090)
30. Crowe, D. B.; Rosse, R. B.; Sheridan, M. J.; Deutsch, S. I. (1991). Substance use diagnoses and discharge patterns among psychiatric inpatients. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 42(4), 403-405.
31. GC Davis N Breslau 1984 DRGs and the practice of psychiatry Medical Care 22 7 595 596 6431203 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3mvFehtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14070417)
32. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2008). Patient treatment file (PTF) coding instructions. Retrieved January 14, 2008, from http://www1.va.gov/ VHAPUBLICATIONS/ViewPublication.asp?pub-ID=1650.
33. J Durbin P Goering G Pink M Murray 1999 Classifying psychiatric inpatients: Seeking better measures Medical Care 37 4 415 423 10213022 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3ivVSisg%3D%3D
34. A Elixhauser C Steiner DR Harris RM Coffey 1998 Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data Medical Care 36 1 8 27 9431328 1:STN:280: DyaK1c%2FptlemtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 128456396)
35. RP Ellis TG McGuire 1986 Provider behavior under prospective reimbursement: Cost sharing and supply Journal of Health Economics 5 2 129 151 10287223 1:STN:280:DyaL1c3hsVGktg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16098962)
36. RH Ellis JH Wackwitz M Foster 1991 Uses of an empirically derived client typology based on level of functioning: Twelve years of the CCAR Journal of Mental Health Administration 18 2 88 100 10112340 1:STN:280:DyaK3MzktFCjuw%3D%3D
37. JT English RG McCarrick 1986 DRGs: An overview of the issues General Hospital Psychiatry 8 5 359 364 3095186 1:STN:280:DyaL2s%2FjtFGnug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16027611)
38. JT English SS Sharfstein DJ Scherl B Astrachan IL Muszynski 1986 Diagnosis-related groups and general hospital psychiatry: The APA study American Journal of Psychiatry 143 2 131 139 3080906 1:STN:280:DyaL287islOmug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16114353)
39. SM Essock 1987 The influence of medical comorbidities and other patient characteristics on resource consumption on psychiatric wards Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research 8 133 142 10303331 1:STN:280: DyaL1M7ptVWnuw%3D%3D
40. S Essock-Vitale 1987 Patient characteristics predictive of treatment costs on inpatient psychiatric wards Hospital & Community Psychiatry 38 3 263 269 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7msVShsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 17029712)
41. SE Evans-Lacko M Jarrett P McCrone G Thornicroft 2008 Clinical pathways in psychiatry British Journal of Psychiatry 193 1 4 5 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048926 18700210 (Pubitemid 351946801)
42. RB Fetter Y Shin JL Freeman RF Averill JD Thompson 1980 Case mix definition by diagnosis-related groups Medical Care 18 2 Suppl 1 53 iii (Pubitemid 10122120)
43. WH Fisher PJ Barreira AK Lincoln LJ Simon AW White K Roy-Bujnowski M Sudders 2001 Insurance status and length of stay for involuntarily hospitalized patients Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 28 3 334 346 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvltFOnsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32743542)
44. RG Frank HH Goldman TG McGuire 2009 Trends in mental health cost growth: An expanded role for management? Health Affairs 28 3 649 659 10.1377/hlthaff.28.3.649 19414870
45. RG Frank JR Lave 1985 The impact of Medicaid benefit design on length of hospital stay and patient transfers Hospital & Community Psychiatry 36 7 749 753 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3lvFGjsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15032868)
46. RG Frank JR Lave 1985 The psychiatric DRGs. Are they different? Medical Care 23 10 1148 1155 3932788 1:STN:280:DyaL28%2FjvFSisw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16255029)
47. RG Frank JR Lave 1985 A plan for prospective payment for inpatient psychiatric care Hospital & Community Psychiatry 36 7 775 776 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3lvFGjug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15032874)
48. Frank, R. G.; Lave, J. R. (1986). The effect of benefit design on the length of stay of Medicaid psychiatric patients. Journal of Human Resources, 21(3), 321-337.
49. RG Frank JR Lave 1989 A comparison of hospital responses to reimbursement policies for Medicaid psychiatric patients RAND Journal of Economics 20 4 588 600 10304283 1:STN:280:DyaK3czksVWkug%3D%3D
50. RG Frank JR Lave CA Taube A Rupp HH Goldman 1987 The impact of Medicare's prospective payment system on psychiatric patients treated in scatterbeds Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research 8 1 21 10324923 1:STN:280:DyaL1M7ptVWntw%3D%3D
51. Freiman, M. P.; Ellis, R. P.; McGuire, T. G. (1989). Provider response to Medicare's PPS: Reductions in length of stay for psychiatric patients treated in scatter beds. Inquiry, 26(2), 192-201. (Pubitemid 19188974)
52. M Glick A Marsh E Zigler 1980 Inter-relationships among hospitalization measures of psychiatric outcome Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 168 12 741 744 7452213 1:STN:280:DyaL3M%2FpsFKlsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 11209777)
53. Goffman, E. (1968). Asylums. London: Penguin Books.
54. HH Goldman HA Pincus CA Taube DA Regier 1984 Prospective payment for psychiatric hospitalization: Questions and issues Hospital & Community Psychiatry 35 5 460 464 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3htVCluw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14114320)
55. JM Goldstein EL Bassuk SK Holland D Zimmer 1988 Identifying catastrophic psychiatric cases. Targeting managed-care strategies Medical Care 26 8 790 799 3398607 1:STN:280:DyaL1c3oslGktQ%3D%3D
56. RE Gordon P Jardiolin KK Gordon 1985 Predicting length of hospital stay of psychiatric patients American Journal of Psychiatry 142 2 235 237 3918469 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7hvFOitw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15165413)
57. RE Gordon J Vijay SG Sloate R Burket KK Gordon 1985 Aggravating stress and functional level as predictors of length of psychiatric hospitalization Psychiatric Services 36 7 773 774 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3lvFGjtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15032873)
58. RP Greenberg RF Bornstein 1989 Length of psychiatric hospitalization and oral dependency Journal of Personality Disorders 3 3 199 204 (Pubitemid 19233791)
59. Greenfield, T. K.; McNiel, D. E.; Binder, R. L. (1989). Violent behavior and length of psychiatric hospitalization. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 40(8), 809-814. (Pubitemid 19203041)
60. JE Gruber 1982 Paths and gates: The sources of recidivism and length of stay on a psychiatric ward Medical Care 20 12 1197 1208 7176731 1:STN:280:DyaL3s%2Foslemug%3D%3D
61. Gurel, L. (1966). Release and community stay criteria in evaluating psychiatric treatment. In P. H. Hoch & J. Zubin (Eds.), Psychopathology of Schizophrenia (pp. 527-561). New York: Grune and Stratton, Inc.
62. JA Hayden P Cote C Bombardier 2006 Evaluation of the quality of prognosis studies in systematic reviews Annals of Internal Medicine 144 6 427 437 16549855 (Pubitemid 46768164)
63. EM Heiman SB Shanfield 1980 Length of stay for patients in one city's hospitals with psychiatric units Hospital & Community Psychiatry 31 9 632 634 1:STN:280:DyaL3M%2FgsFKitw%3D%3D
64. MS Hendryx J DeRyan 1998 Psychiatric hospitalization characteristics associated with insurance type Administration and Policy in Mental Health 25 4 437 448 10582386 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FkvFSquw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28355174)
65. RC Hermann CK Rollins JA Chan 2007 Risk-adjusting outcomes of mental health and substance-related care: A review of the literature Harvard Review of Psychiatry 15 2 52 69 10.1080/10673220701307596 17454175 (Pubitemid 46514889)
66. Hirdes, J.; Fries, B.; Botz, C.; Ensley, C.; Marhaba, M.; Perez, E. (2003). The system for classification of in-patient psychiatry (SCIPP): A new case-mix methodology based on the RAI-Mental Health (RAI-MH). Waterloo: Department of Health Studies and Gerontology. Retrieved from http://www.jppc.org/new/files/acrobat/ScippCaseMixMH2003.pdf.
67. R Hodgson M Lewis J Boardman 2000 The prediction of in-patient length of stay for acute psychiatric admissions Journal of Mental Health 9 2 145 153 10.1080/09638230050009140 (Pubitemid 30301616)
68. SD Horn AF Chambers PD Sharkey RA Horn 1989 Psychiatric severity of illness: A case mix study Medical Care 27 1 69 84 2911220 1:STN:280: DyaL1M%2FpsF2quw%3D%3D
69. Huntley, D. A.; Cho, D. W.; Christman, J.; Csernansky, J. G. (1998). Predicting length of stay in an acute psychiatric hospital. Psychiatric Services, 49(8), 1049-1053.
70. SF Jencks HH Goldman TG McGuire 1985 Challenges in bringing exempt psychiatric services under a prospective payment system Hospital & Community Psychiatry 36 7 764 769 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3lvFGjtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15032871)
71. SF Jencks C Horgan HH Goldman CA Taube 1987 Bringing excluded psychiatric facilities under the Medicare prospective payment system-a review of research evidence and policy options Medical Care 25 9 S1 S50 3121958 1:STN:280:DyaL1c%2FptlSjuw%3D%3D
72. P Johnstone G Zolese 1999 Systematic review of the effectiveness of planned short hospital stays for mental health care BMJ 318 7195 1387 1390 10334748 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3mslemuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29237831)
73. Kato, K.; Galynker, I. I.; Miner, C. R.; Rosenblum, J. L. (1995). Cognitive impairment in psychiatric patients and length of hospital stay. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 36(3), 213-217.
74. PS Katz 1984 Prospective payment and mental health QRB Quality Review Bulletin 10 11 355 358 6441139 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7ht1SntA%3D%3D
75. CA Kiesler C Simpkins T Morton 1990 Predicting length of hospital stay for psychiatric inpatients Hospital & Community Psychiatry 41 2 149 154 1:STN:280:DyaK3c7lt1Gqug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 20111597)
76. CA Kiesler AE Sibulkin TL Morton CG Simpkins 1991 Characteristics of psychiatric discharges from nonfederal, short-term specialty hospitals and general hospitals with and without psychiatric and chemical dependency units: the Hospital Discharge Survey data Health Services Research 25 6 881 906 1846844 1:STN:280:DyaK3M7itlSnsQ%3D%3D
77. LA Kirshner 1982 Length of stay of psychiatric patients. A critical review and discussion Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 170 1 27 33 6798169 1:STN:280:DyaL387gtVWmuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 12205411)
78. LA Kirshner L Johnston 1983 Effects of gender on inpatient psychiatric hospitalization Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 171 11 651 657 6631429 1:STN:280:DyaL2c%2FjsFWktw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14233085)
79. Kirshner, L. A.; Johnston, L. (1985). Length of stay on a short-term unit. General Hospital Psychiatry, 7(2), 149-155. (Pubitemid 15112036)
80. L Kirstein 1978 Sociodemographic factors and military psychiatric hospitalization Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 166 4 299 303 650192 1:STN:280:DyaE1c7ntlSlsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 8328590)
81. PM Kleespies 1986 Hospital milieu treatment and optimal length of stay Hospital & Community Psychiatry 37 5 509 510 1:STN:280:DyaL287psVWltw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16123011)
82. JR Lave 2003 Developing a Medicare prospective payment system for inpatient psychiatric care Health Affairs 22 5 97 109 10.1377/hlthaff.22.5.97 14515885 (Pubitemid 41388725)
83. JR Lave RG Frank 1988 Factors affecting Medicaid patients' length of stay in psychiatric units Health Care Financing Review 10 2 57 66 10313087 1:STN:280:DyaL1M3nslertg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19126330)
84. Lave, J. R.; Frank, R. G. (1990a). Effect of the structure of hospital payment on length of stay. Health Services Research, 25(2), 327-347. (Pubitemid 20355726)
85. Lave, J. R.; Frank, R. G. (1990b). Hospital supply response to prospective payment as measured by length of stay. Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research, 11, 1-25.
86. HS Lee 1979 Patients' comments on psychiatric inpatient treatment experiences: Patient-therapist relationships and their implications for treatment outcome Psychiatric Quarterly 51 1 39 54 432347 1:STN:280: DyaE1M7lvVGnsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 9149560)
87. ES Lee RN Forthofer CA Taube 1985 Does DRG mean disastrous reimbursement groupings for psychiatric hospitals? Journal of Health & Human Resources Administration 8 1 53 78 1:STN:280:DyaL283gtVCltQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16205003)
88. AF Lehman JS Strauss BA Ritzler RF Kokes DW Harder TE Gift 1982 First-admission psychiatric ward milieu: Treatment process and outcome Archives of General Psychiatry 39 11 1293 1298 7138230 1:STN:280:DyaL3s%2FkslGktQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 13232308)
89. MS Levine OD Weiner PF Carone 1978 Monitoring inpatient length of stay in a community mental health center Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 166 9 655 660 99489 1:STN:280:DyaE1M%2Fgs1OnsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 8398426)
90. DW Light EJ Phipps GE Piper DJ Rissmiller JN Mobilio WF Ranieri 1986 Finding psychiatric diagnosis-related groups that work: A call for research American Journal of Psychiatry 143 5 622 624 3083701 1:STN:280: DyaL287osVamsw%3D%3D
91. CG Lyketsos G Dunn MJ Kaminsky WR Breakey 1986 Medical comorbidity in psychiatric inpatients: Relation to clinical outcomes and hospital length of stay Psychosomatics 43 1 24 30
92. JS Lyons MP McGovern 1989 Use of mental health services by dually diagnosed patients Hospital & Community Psychiatry 40 10 1067 1069 1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2FjsVOmug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19257776)
93. Lyons, J. S.; O'Mahoney, M. T.; Larson, D. B. (1991). The attending psychiatrist as a predictor of length of stay. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 42(10), 1064-1066.
94. A Marsh M Glick E Zigler 1981 Premorbid social competence and the revolving door phenomenon in psychiatric hospitalization Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 169 5 315 319 7217943 1:STN:280:DyaL3M7mvFOkug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 11107631)
95. JC Mason J Louks F Backus 1985 Patient-predicted length of stay and diagnosis-related-group reimbursement American Journal of Psychiatry 142 3 369 371 3918471 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7hvFOltg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15140129)
96. P McCrone 1995 Predicting mental health service use: Diagnosis based systems and alternatives Journal of Mental Health 4 1 31 40
97. P McCrone M Phelan 1994 Diagnosis and length of psychiatric in-patient stay Psychological Medicine 24 04 1025 1030 10.1017/S003329170002910X 7892347 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7pvFChtQ%3D%3D
98. TG McGuire B Dickey GE Shively I Strumwasser 1987 Differences in resource use and cost among facilities treating alcohol, drug abuse, and mental disorders: Implications for design of a prospective payment system American Journal of Psychiatry 144 5 616 620 3555124 1:STN:280:DyaL2s3htVKrsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 17067336)
99. J McGuire A Mares 2000 Hoptel equalizes length of stay for homeless and domiciled inpatients Medical Care 38 10 1003 1010 11021673 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3cvmsFOnuw%3D%3D
100. McLay, R. N.; Daylo, A.; Hammer, P. S. (2005). Predictors of length of stay in a psychiatric ward serving active duty military and civilian patients. Military Medicine, 170(3), 219-222. (Pubitemid 40731883)
101. LF McMahon RMM Newbold 1986 Variation in resource use within diagnosis-related groups: The effect of severity of illness and physician practice Medical Care 24 5 388 397 3084888 (Pubitemid 16082521)
102. D Mechanic DD McAlpine M Olfson 1998 Changing patterns of psychiatric inpatient care in the United States, 1988-1994 Archives of General Psychiatry 55 9 785 791 10.1001/archpsyc.55.9.785 9736004 1:STN:280:DyaK1cvgsFCisw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28413040)
103. JE Mezzich SS Sharfstein 1985 Severity of illness and diagnostic formulation: Classifying patients for prospective payment systems Hospital & Community Psychiatry 36 7 770 772 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3lvFGjtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15032872)
104. JB Mitchell B Dickey B Liptzin LI Sederer 1987 Bringing psychiatric patients into the Medicare prospective payment system: Alternatives to DRGs American Journal of Psychiatry 144 5 610 615 3107408 1:STN:280: DyaL2s3htVKkuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 17067335)
105. National Center for Health Statistics. (2010). Health United States, 2009: With special feature on medical technology. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
106. RL Okin 1986 The relationship between legal status and patient characteristics in state hospitals American Journal of Psychiatry 143 10 1233 1237 3766785 1:STN:280:DyaL2s%2FitlCmsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16008705)
107. ST Ortega WA Rushing 1984 The interaction of structural variables and discretion in individual outcomes: The case of the length of stay for mental patients Sociological Quarterly 25 4 496 510
108. J Patrick 1984 Predicting outcome of psychiatric hospitalization: A comparison of attitudinal and psychopathological measures Journal of Clinical Psychology 40 2 546 549 6725577 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3htlWksQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14107822)
109. J Patrick 1985 The relationship between the Wiggins' PSY scale and length of hospitalization: A re-examination Journal of Clinical Psychology 41 3 386 388 3998161 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3gvVequg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15027095)
110. ET Peteroy PE Pirrello N Adams 1982 The relationship between two Wiggins Content Scales and length of hospitalization Journal of Clinical Psychology 38 2 344 346 7068871 1:STN:280:DyaL387mvVWjug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 12149698)
111. GL Pierce WH Fisher ML Durham 1985 The impact of broadened civil commitment laws on length of stay in a state mental hospital Law, Medicine & Health Care 13 6 290 296 1:STN:280:DyaL283lsFKqtg%3D%3D
112. RA Prentky RR Lewine NF Watt JH Fryer 1980 A longitudinal study of psychiatric outcome: Developmental variables vs. psychiatric symptoms Schizophrenia Bulletin 6 1 139 148 7367842 1:STN:280:DyaL3c7mvVyqtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 10066401)
113. RG Priest P Raptopoulos ML Chan 1979 Psychiatric patients: How long do they stay? Lancet 2 8132 40 41 87916 1:STN:280:DyaE1M7pvVGisg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 9226091)
114. K Quinn 2008 New directions in Medicaid payment for hospital care Health Affairs 27 1 269 280 10.1377/hlthaff.27.1.269 18180503 (Pubitemid 351198610)
115. Rupp, A.; Steinwachs, D. M.; Salkever, D. S. (1985). Hospital payment effects on acute inpatient care for mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42(6), 552-555. (Pubitemid 15058331)
116. SA Salit EM Kuhn AJ Hartz JM Vu AL Mosso 1998 Hospitalization costs associated with homelessness in New York City New England Journal of Medicine 338 24 1734 1740 9624194 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3nt1enuw%3D%3D [see comment] (Pubitemid 28268591)
117. DSP Schubert 1995 Impact of the interaction of depression and physical illness on a psychiatric unit's length of stay General Hospital Psychiatry 17 5 326 334 10.1016/0163-8343%2895%2900065-Y 8522147 1:STN:280:DyaK287gslGquw%3D%3D
118. DN Schumacher MJ Namerow B Parker P Fox V Kofie 1986 Prospective payment for psychiatry-feasibility and impact New England Journal of Medicine 315 21 1331 1336 3095640 1:STN:280:DyaL2s%2FjvFantQ%3D%3D
119. C Schwarz M Valiance 1987 Length of stay Hospital & Community Psychiatry 38 2 201 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7msVSisQ%3D%3D
120. RL Seidman RG Frank 1985 Hospital responses to incentives in alternative reimbursement systems Journal of Behavioral Economics 14 1 155 180 10.1016/0090-5720(85)90011-7
121. M Shwartz JC Merrill LK Blake 1984 DRG-based case mix and public hospitals Medical Care 22 4 283 299 6425578 1:STN:280:DyaL2c7ptVSrsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14114329)
122. C Siegel MJ Alexander S Lin E Laska 1986 An alternative to DRGs. A clinically meaningful and cost-reducing approach Medical Care 24 5 407 417 3084889 1:STN:280:DyaL283gt1Sgsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16082523)
123. DM Sloan J Yokley H Gottesman DS Schubert 1999 A five-year study on the interactive effects of depression and physical illness on psychiatric unit length of stay Psychosomatic Medicine 61 1 21 25 10024064 1:STN:280: DyaK1M7ks1Kluw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29071843)
124. Stanton, A. H.; Schwartz, M. S. (1954). The mental hospital: A study of institutional participation in psychiatric illness and treatment. New York: Basic Books.
125. Stern, S.; Merwin, E.; Holt, F. (2001). Survival models of community tenure and length of hospital stay for the seriously mentally ill: A 10-year perspective. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology, 2(2), 117-135. doi: 10.1023/A:1020154012982. (Pubitemid 34467436)
126. A Stevens K Hammer G Buchkremer 2001 A statistical model for length of psychiatric in-patient treatment and an analysis of contributing factors Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 103 3 203 211 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00043.x 11240577 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzptlCgsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32154352)
127. R Stewart M Soremekun G Perera M Broadbent F Callard M Denis M Hotopf, et al. 2009 The South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust Biomedical Research Centre (SLAM BRC) case register: Development and descriptive data BMC Psychiatry 9 1 51 10.1186/1471-244X-9-51 19674459
128. K Tardiff 1989 Violent behavior and length of hospitalization Hospital & Community Psychiatry 40 8 781 1:STN:280:DyaL1MzjvFCgsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19203035)
129. CA Taube HH Goldman ES Lee 1988 Use of specialty psychiatric settings in constructing DRGs Archives of General Psychiatry 45 11 1037 3140757 1:STN:280:DyaL1M%2FisFSgsg%3D%3D
130. C Taube ES Lee RN Forthofer 1984 Diagnosis-related groups for mental disorders, alcoholism, and drug abuse: Evaluation and alternatives Hospital & Community Psychiatry 35 5 452 455 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3htVCltQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14114318)
131. C Taube ES Lee RN Forthofer 1984 DRGs in psychiatry. An empirical evaluation Medical Care 22 7 597 610 6431204 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3mvFehtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14070418)
132. CA Taube JW Thompson BJ Burns P Widem C Prevost 1985 Prospective payment and psychiatric discharges from general hospitals with and without psychiatric units Hospital & Community Psychiatry 36 7 754 760 1:STN:280: DyaL2M3lvFGjsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15032869)
133. P Tucker C Brems 1993 Variables affecting length of psychiatric inpatient treatment Journal of Mental Health Administration 20 1 58 65 10125385 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3ktVSqtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23194313)
134. AD Tulloch P Fearon AS David 2008 The determinants and outcomes of long-stay psychiatric admissions-a case-control study Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 43 7 569 574 10.1007/s00127-008-0332-2 18347750
135. M von Korff 1979 A statistical model of the duration of mental hospitalization: The mixed exponential distribution Journal of Mathematical Sociology 6 2 169 175
136. Wallen, J. (1987). Resource use by psychiatric patients in community hospitals: The influence of illness severity, physician specialty, and presence of a psychiatric unit. Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research, 8, 103-126.
137. P Widem HA Pincus HH Goldman S Jencks 1984 Prospective payment for psychiatric hospitalization: Context and background Hospital & Community Psychiatry 35 5 447 451 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3htVCltA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14114317)
138. GR Zanni R Peele 1986 The "strain ratio" in predicting length of stay American Journal of Psychiatry 143 3 393 394 3953881 1:STN:280:DyaL287ls1emsA%3D%3D
139. E Zigler M Glick A Marsh 1979 Premorbid social competence and outcome among schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 167 8 478 483 469511 1:STN:280:DyaE1M3ktFSksw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 9227136)