New cements for the 21st century: The pursuit of an alternative to Portland cement

Cement and Concrete Research

Volumn 41, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 750-763

  Shi, Caijun ^a   Jiménez, A Fernández ^b   Palomo, Angel ^b  

^a HUNAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN EDUARDO TORROJA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Alkali activated cements (A); Gel C S H (D); Gel N A S H (C); Hybrid cements; Microstructure (B)

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM COMPOUNDS; HYBRID MATERIALS; PORTLAND CEMENT;

ALKALI ACTIVATED CEMENTS; ALKALINE CEMENTS; EPICENTRE; NEW CEMENTS; STATE OF THE ART; STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS; SULFOALUMINATE; SYNTHETIC GELS;

ALKALINITY;

EID: 79956110084     PISSN: 00088846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.016     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. International energy agency http://www.iea.org
2. http://www.oficemen.com
3. F.P. Glasser, and L. Zhang High-performance cement matrices based on calcium sulfoaluminate-belite compositions Cem. Concr. Res. 21 12 2001 1881 1886 (Pubitemid 34006916)
4. E. Gartner Industrially interesting approaches to "low-CO2" cements Cem. Concr. Res. 34 9 2004 1489 1498
5. K. Quillin Performance of belite-sulfoaluminate cements Cem. Concr. Res. 31 9 2001 1341 1349 (Pubitemid 34096865)
6. M.S. Su, W. Kurdowski, and F.P. Sorrentino Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement I:317 1992
7. P.K. Mehta World. Cem. Tech. 5 166 1980
8. G. Belz, J. Beretka, M. Marroccoli, L. Santoro, N. Sherman, and G.L. Vanlenti Use of fly ash, blast furnace slag, and chemical gypsum for the synthesis of calcium sulfoaluminate-based cements 5th International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, JUN 04-09, 1995 MILWAUKEE WI VOLS 1 AND 2 153 1995 513 530
9. 3 content and W/S ratio on the performance of calcium sulfoaluminate-based cements Cem. Concr. Res. 26 11 1996 1673 1681 (Pubitemid 126380621)
10. P. Arjunan, Michael R. Silsbee, and Della M. Roy Sulfoaluminate-belite cement from low-calcium fly ash and sulfur-rich and other industrial by-products Cem. Concr. Res. 29 8 1999 1305 1311
11. F. Montagnaro, P. Salatino, F. Scala, G. Bernardo, and G.L. Valenti Assessment of ettringite from hydrated FBC residues as a sorbent for fluidized bed desulphurization Fuel 82 18 2003 2299 2307
12. M. Marroccoli, M. Nobili, A. Telesca, and G.L. Valenti Early hydration of calcium sulfoaluminate-based cements for structural applications International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, Coventry Univ, Coventry, ENGLAND, JUN 11-13 2007 389 395
13. A.O. Purdon The action of alkalis on blast-furnace slag J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 59 1940 191 202
14. V.D. Glukhovsky Soil Silicate Articles and Structures 1967 Budivelnyk Publisher Kiev 156 pp. (in Ukrainian)
15. B. Forss F-cement, a new low-porosity slag cement Sil. Ind. 3 1983 79 82
16. B. Forss Experiences from the use of F-cement-a binder based on alkali-activated blastfurnace slag G.M. Idorn, Rostam Steen, Alkalis in Concrete, Danish Concrete Association, Copenhagen, Denmark 1983 101 104
17. D.M. Roy, and M.R. Silsbee Alkali-activated cementitious materials: an overview Materials Research Society Symposium 245 1992 153 164
18. D.M. Roy, and M.R. Silsbee Novel cements and cement products for applications, in the 21st century Malhotra Symposium on Concrete Technology, Past, Present and Future SP-144 1994 349 382
19. J. Davidovits, Synthetic Mineral Polymer Compound of the Silicoaluminates, Family and Preparation Process, US Patent 4472199, 1984.
20. B. Talling, and J. Brandstetr Present and future of alkali-activated slag concrete Proceedings of the 3 rd International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag& Natural Pozzolans in Concrete SP-114 1989 1519 1546 Norway
21. A. Palomo, M.W. Grutzeck, and M.T. Blanco Alkali-activated fly ashes. A cement for the future Cem. Concr. Res. 29 1999 1323 1329
22. A. Fernández-Jiménez, J.G. Palomo, and F. Puertas Alkali-activated slag mortars: mechanical strength behaviour Cem. Concr. Res. 29 8 1999 1313 1321
23. A. Fernández-Jiménez, A. Palomo, and C. López-Hombrados Engineering properties of alkali activated fly ash concrete ACI Mater. J. 103 2 2006 106 112
24. P. Duxson, J.L. Provis, G.C. Lukey, S.W. Mallicoat, W.M. Kriven, and J.S.J. van Deventer Colloid Surf. A-Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 269 1-3 2005 47 58
25. T. Hakkinen Durability of alkali-activated slag concrete Nordic. Concr. Res. 6 1987 81 94
26. E. Douglas, A. Bilodeau, and V.M. Malhotra Properties and durability of alkali-activated slag concrete ACI Mater. J. 89 5 1992 509 516 (Pubitemid 23593283)
27. F. Puertas, T. Amat, A. Fernández-Jiménez, and T. Vazquez Mechanical and durable behaviour of alkaline cement mortars reinforced with polypropylene fibres Cem. Concr. Res. 33 2003 2031 2036
28. A. Fernandez-Jimenez, I. Garcia-Lodeiro, and A. Palomo Durability of alkali-activated fly ash cementitious materials J Mater Sci 42 9 2007 3055 3065 (Pubitemid 46738222)
29. A. Allahverdi, and F. Skvara Sulfuric acid attack on hardened paste of geopolymer cements. Part 1. Mechanisms of corrosion at relatively high concentrations CeramSilik 49 2005 225
30. A. Fernández-Jiménez, A. Palomo, J.Y. Pastor, and A. Martín New cementitious materials based on alkali-activated fly ash: performance at high temperature Journal American Ceramic Society 91 10 2008 3308 3314
31. P. Duxson, A. Fernández-Jiménez, J.L. Provis, G.C. Lukey, A. Palomo, and J.S.J. van Deventer Geopolymer technology: the current state of the art J Mater Sci 42 2007 2917 2933 (Pubitemid 46738208)
32. C. Shi, D.M. Roy, and P.V. Krivenko Alkali-activated Cements and Concretes 2006 Ed. Taylor & Francis London, U.K.
33. J. Davidovits Geopolymer. Chemistry and Applications, Ed Institut Geopolymere 2008 Saint-Quentin France ISBN-10: 2-9514820-3-5
34. J.L. Provis, and J.S.J. Deventer Geololymers, Structure, Processing, Properties and Industrial Applications 2009 Woodhead Publishing Limited ISBN 978-1-84569-449-4
35. Th International Symposium On Cement And Concrete (ISCC2010),Jinan, China 2010
36. H. Xu, J.L. Provis, J.S.J. van Deventer, and P.V. Krivenko Characterization of aged slag concretes ACI Mater. J. 105 2 2008 131 139 (Pubitemid 351613185)
37. M. Palacios, and F. Puertas Effect of shrinkage-reducing admixtures on the properties of alkali-activated slag mortars and pastes Cem. Concr. Res. 37 2007 691 702 (Pubitemid 46551016)
38. A. Fernández-Jiménez, F. Puertas, J. Sanz, and I. Sobrados Structure of calcium silicate hydrated formed in alkali-activated slag pastes. Influence of the type of alkaline-activator J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 86 8 2003 1389 1394
39. P.V. Krivenko Alkaline cements: terminology, classification, aspects of durability Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cements, Goeteborg, Sweden 1997 4iv046-4iv050
40. R. Malinowski, and Y. Garfinkel Prehistory of concrete Concr. Int. 13 3 1991 62 68
41. P.C. Hazra and V.S. Krishnaswamy, Natural pozzolans in India, their utility, distribution and petrography, Records of the Geological Survey of Indian, Vol. 87, Part 4, 675-706.
42. D. Miles History of cement manufacture before 1824 R. Spence, Lime & Alternative Cements, Proceedings of One-day Seminar on Small-scale Manufacturing of Cementitious Materials, Intermediate Technology Development Group, London 1974 18 21
43. H.G. Larew The Use of Volcanic Ash Compounds for Construction Projects in Iceland, Report No. CE-3447-101-76, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia Feb.; 1976 14 pp
44. S. Alonso, and A. Palomo Alkaline activation of metakaolin and calcium hydroxide mixtures: influence of temperature, activator concentration and solids ratio Mater. Lett. 47 1-2 2001 55 62 (Pubitemid 32070711)
45. A. Palomo, A. Fernandez-Jimenez, G. Kovalchuk, L.M. Ordonez, and M.C. Naranjo OPC-fly ash cementitious systems: study of gel binders produced during alkaline hydration J Mater Sci 42 9 2007 2958 2966 (Pubitemid 46738212)
46. L. Fernández-Carrasco, A. Palomo, and A. Fernández- Jiménez Alkali Activation of "Pozzolan-Calcium Aluminate Cement" Mixtures, 12th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Montreal (Canada) 2007
47. A. Fernández-Jiménez, A. Palomo, T. Vazquez, R. Vallepu, T. Terai, and K. Ikeda Alkaline activation of blends of metakaolin and calcium aluminate Part I. Strength and microstructural development J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91 4 2007 1231 1236 (Pubitemid 351474244)
48. A. Palomo, and F.P. Glasser Chemicallybonded cementitious materials based on metakaolin Br. Ceram. Trans. J. 91 1992 107 112
49. J.L. Provis, G.C. Lukey, and J.S.J. Van Deventer Do geopolymers actually contain nanocrystalline zeolites? A re-examination of existing results Chemistry Materials 17 12 2005 3075 3085 (Pubitemid 40850378)
50. L. Weng, K. Sagoe-Crentsil, T. Brown, and S. Song Effects of aluminates on the formation of geopolymers Mater. Sci. Eng. B-Solid State Mater. Adv. Technol. 117 2 2005 163 168 (Pubitemid 40220173)
51. 29Si NMR study of the reaction products J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 87 6 2004 1141 1145
52. A. Fernández-Jiménez, A. Palomo, I. Sobrados, and J. Sanz The role played by the reactive alumina content in the alkaline activation of fly ashes Microporous Mesoporous Mat. 91 2006 111 119
53. P. Duxson, G.C. Lukey, F. Separovic, and J.S.J. van Deventer The effect of alkali cations on aluminum incorporation in geopolymeric gels Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44 4 2005 832 839 (Pubitemid 40227478)
54. A. Fernández-Jiménez, A. Palomo, and M.M. Alonso Alkali activation of fly ashes: mechanisms of reaction Bilek Vlastimil, Kersner Zbynek, Proceeding Non traditional Cement and Concrete, Breno, Czech republic 2005 13 24
55. A. Fernández-Jiménez, and A. Palomo A mid-infrared spectroscopic studies of alkali-activated fly ash structure Microporous Mesoporous Mat. 86 1-3 2005 207 214 (Pubitemid 41580078)
56. J. Davidovits Geololymers. Inorganic polymeric new materials J. Therm. Anal. 37 1991 1633
57. T.W. Swaddle, J. Salerno, and P.A. Tregloan Aqueous aluminates, silicates and aluminosilicates Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994 319 325
58. R.K. Iller The Chemistry of Silica; Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties and Biochemistry of Silica 1979 Ed.Wiley New York
59. R.K. Iler Colloidal components in solutions of sodium silicate J.S. Falcone, Soluble Silicates, ACS Symposium Series 194 95 1982
60. V. La Parola, G. Deganello, S. Scire', and A.M. Venezia Effect of the Al/Si atomic ratio on surface and structural properties of sol-gel prepared aluminosilicates J. Solid State Chem. 174 2003 482 488
61. K. Sinko, and R. Mezei Preparation effects on sol-gel aluminosilicate gels J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 231 1998 1 9 (Pubitemid 128417893)
62. 2 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 46 2 1963 76 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1963.tb11679.x Article first published online: 2 Jun 2006
63. K. Ikeda Preparation of fly ash monoliths consolidated with a sodium silicate binder at ambient temperature Cem. Concr. Res. 27 1997 657 663 (Pubitemid 127427190)
64. A. Fernández-Jiménez, R. Vallepu, T. Terai, A. Palomo, and K. Ikeda Synthesis and thermal behavior of different aluminosilicate gels J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 352 2006 2061 2066 (Pubitemid 43816582)
65. R. Vallepu, A. Fernández-Jiménez, T. Terai, A. Mikuni, A. Palomo, K.J.D. MacKenzie, and K. Ikeda Effect of synthesis pH on the preparation and properties of K-Al-bearing silicate gels from solution J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 114 7 2006 624 629 (Pubitemid 44033209)
66. M. Giridhar, and McCoy J. Benjamin Distribution kinetics for Ostwald ripening J. Chem. Phys. 115 2001 6699 6707
67. G. Engelhardth, and D. Michel High-Resolution Solid-State NMR of Silicates and Zeolites 1987 Ed. John Wiley and sons
68. V.F.F. Barbosa, K.J.D. MacKenzie, and C. Thaumaturgo Synthesis and characterisation of materials based on inorganic polymers of alumina and silica: sodium polysialate polymers J. Inorg. Mater. 2000 309 317
69. V.F.F. Barbosa, and K.J.D. MacKenzie Synthesis and thermal behavior of potassium sialate geopolymers Mater. Lett. 57 2003 1477 1482
70. A. Buchwald, and M. Schulz Alkali-activated binders by use of industrial by-products Cem. Concr. Res. 35 2005 968 973 (Pubitemid 40557778)
71. I. Garcia-Lodeiro, Ph. Thesis "Compatibilidad de geles cementantes C-S-H y N-A-S-H. Estúdios em muestras reales y em polvos sintéticos" University Autonoma de Madrid/C.S.I.C. 2008
72. 2O ratio on the reaction products. Part I: A study by FTIR Microporous Mesoporous Mat. 106 2007 180 191 (Pubitemid 47600078)
73. C.A. Rees, J.L. Provis, G.C. Lukey, and J.S.J. van Deventer In situ ATR-FTIR study of the early stages of fly ash geopolymer gel formation Langmuir 23 17 2007
74. 29Si NMR study of structural ordering in aluminosilicate geopolymer gels Langmuir 21 7 2005 3028 3036
75. I.I. Ivanova, R. Aiello, J.B. Nagy, F. Crea, E.G. Derouane, N. Dumont, A. Nastro, B. Subotic, and F. Testa Influence of cations on the physicochemical and structural properties of aluminosilicates gel precursor II. Multinuclear magnetic resonance characterization Microporous Mesoporous Mat. 3 1994 245 257
76. J.G.S. van Jaarsveld, J.S.J. van Deventer, and G.C. Lukey The effect of composition and temperature on the properties of fly ash- and kaolinite-based geopolymers Chemical Engineering Journal 89 1-3 2002 63 73 (Pubitemid 35371993)
77. S.A. Bernal, R. Mejía de Gutierrez, J.L. Provis, and V. Rose Effect of silicate modulus and metakaolin incorporation on the carbonation of alkali silicate-activated slags Cem. Concr. Res. 40 6 2010 898 907
78. I. Garcia-Lodeiro, D.E. Macphee, A. Palomo, and A. Fernández- Jiménez Effect of alkalis on fresh C-S-H gels. FTIR analysis Cem. Con. Res. 39 2009 147 153
79. I. García-Lodeiro, D.E. Macphee, A. Palomo, and A. Fernández Jiménez Effect on fresh C-S-H gels the simultaneous addition of alkali and aluminium Cem. Concr. Res. 40 2010 2 32
80. I. García-Lodeiro, A. Fernández-Jiménez, A. Palomo, and D.E. Macphee Effect of calcium additions on N-A-S-H cementitious gels J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2010 1 7
81. I. García-Lodeiro, A. Fernández-Jiménez, M.T. Blanco, and A. Palomo FTIR study of the sol-gel synthesis of cementitious gels: C-S-H and N-A-S-H J. Solo-Gel Sci. Technol. 45 2008 63 72
82. 2O, Cem. Concr. Res. (in press)
83. 29Si MAS-NMR survey Microporous Mesoporous Mat. 109 2008 525 534 (Pubitemid 350302012)
84. P.V. Krivenko Special Slag Alkaline Cements 1992 Budivelnyk, Publisher Kiev p 192
85. C.K.B. Yip, J.S.J. Van, and C.D. Deventer Proceedings of Geopolymers 2002 ISBN 0-9750242-0-5 October 28-29 2002 Sofitel, Melbourne, Australia