Online social networking and the right to privacy: The conflicting rights of privacy and expression

International Journal of Law and Information Technology

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 110-132

  Marsoof, Althaf ^a  

^a Institute for European Studies of Macau   (China)

Author keywords

Breach of confidence; Character merchandising; Confidential information; Copyright; Freedom of expression; Online social networks; Passing off; Privacy

Indexed keywords

EID: 79956080699     PISSN: 09670769     EISSN: 14643693     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ijlit/eaq018     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Cassidy, J., 'ME Media: How Hanging Out on the Internet Became Big Business', New Yorker, 15 May (2006), http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/05/15/060515fa_fact_cassidy (accessed-25.08.2010).
2. For example, the right of expression is embodied in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 and Article 10 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 (informally, The European Convention on Human Rights).
3. Facebook-over 400 million users, http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics (accessed-25.08.2010).
4. Twitter-over 75 million users, http://themetricsystem.rjmetrics.com/2010/01/26/new-data-on-twitters-users-and-engagement/ (accessed-25.08.2010).
5. Gelman, L., 'Privacy, Free Speech, and "Blurry Edged" Social Networks', B.C. L. Rev. 50 (2009): 1315, at pp.1317-1318.
6. Hogben, G., (ed.), 'Security Issues And Recommendations For Online Social Networks', The European Network and Information Security Agency Position Paper No. 1 (2007), http://www.ifap.ru/library/book227.pdf (accessed-25.08.2010).
7. Boyd, D.M., & Ellison, N.B., 'Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship', J. Computer-Mediated Comm 13, no.1 (2007), http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/boyd.ellison.html (accessed-25.08.2010).
8. Grimmelmann, J., 'Saving Facebook', Iowa L. Rev 94 (2008-2009): 1137 at p.1143.
9. Verkaik, R, 'New front in the battle against identity theft' The Independent, 23 November (2007)
10. Wong, R., 'Social networking: a conceptual analysis of a data controller', Comms. L 14, no.5 (2009): 142.
11. See generally, Glancy, D., 'At the Intersection of Visible and Invisible Worlds: United States Privacy Law and the Internet' Santa Clara Computer & High Tech. L. J. 16 (2000): 357 - Argues that existing privacy laws can apply to Internet activities.
12. Hodge, M. J., 'The Fourth Amendment and Privacy Issues on the "New" Internet: http://Facebook.com and Myspace.com', S. Ill. U. L. J. 31 (2006-2007): 95 - Argues that Fourth Amendment rights (United States) must be extended to SNW users.
13. Warren S & Brandeis L.D, 'The Right to Privacy', Harv. L. R 4 (1890): 193.
14. Westin A.F, Privacy and Freedom, (New York: Atheneum, 1968): 7.
15. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December 1948.
16. Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1976 uses the same form of words.
17. Articles 16, 17 and 18 of the South Korean Constitution.
18. Article 18 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain.
19. Article 36(4) of the Constitution of Switzerland 1874 and Article 13 of the Public Referendum in April 1999.
20. Section 34 of the Constitution of Thailand 1997.
21. The Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution.
22. The Human Rights Act of 1998 of the United Kingdom.
23. See also, European Convention on Human Rights-Article 8.
24. Marsoof, A., 'The Right to Privacy in the Information Era: A South Asian Perspective', SCRIPT-ed 5, no.8 (2008): 554 at pp.560-561.
25. Also known as "the physical right to be left alone"- See, Rosenbaum, J.I., 'Privacy on the Internet: Whose Information Is It Anyway?', Jurimetrics. J. 38 (1998): 565 at p.566.
26. Miller, S.L., 'The Facebook Frontier: Responding to the Changing Face of Privacy on the Internet', Ky. L. J 97 (2008-2009): 541 at 544.
27. Stuff & Buz, 'Fake Celebrity Pages On Myspace', My Digital Life (2006), www.mydigitallife.info/2006/07/15/fake-celebrity-pages-on-myspace/ (accessed-25.08.2010).
28. Stone, B., 'Keeping a True Identity Becomes a Battle Online' 17 June (2009) http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/18/technology/internet/18name.html (accessed-25.08.2010).
29. Associated Press, 'Pennsylvania Principal Sues Students Over Fake Myspace Profiles', FOX NEWS (2007), http://www.foxnews.com/story/0 (accessed-25.08.2010).
30. Facebook Inc v Wallace [California Northern District Court, Case No: 5:2009cv00798] decided on 29 October 2009 (unreported) (US) - See, Case Comment, 'Facebook Inc v Wallace: United States - telecommunications - nuisance', CTLR 16, no.2 (2010): N16-According to the complaint, Wallace and the others fraudulently gained access to Facebook users' accounts by "phishing," or tricking users into logging into fake websites controlled by the defendants. Facebook alleges the defendants would then use the compromised accounts to blanket all the user's 'friends' with advertisements for gambling and pornography websites. In its complaint Facebook described Wallace, the self-professed 'king of spam', as a "notorious Internet scam artist who has been involved in various illegal spamming and malware activities since the mid-90s". Damages awarded against the defendants.
31. Fuller, A. 'Employers Snoop On Facebook', The Stanford Daily, 20 January (2006).
32. Flesher, J. 'How to Clean Up Your Digital Dirt Before It Trashes Your Job Search', Wall Street Journal Career Site (2006) http://www.careerjournal.com/jobhunting/usingnet/20060112-flesher.html (accessed-25.08.2010).
33. Gilbertson, S. 'Delete Your Bad Web Reputation', Wired (2006), http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/11/72063 (accessed-25.08.2010).
34. Report, 'LTA Suspends Top Junior Players', BBC Sports (2007) http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7010983.stm (accessed-25.08.2010).
35. Pilkington, E. 'Blackmail Claim Stirs Fears Over Facebook', The Guardian, 16 July (2007) http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0 (accessed-25.08.2010).
36. Spam is the abuse of electronic messaging systems (including most broadcast media, digital delivery systems) to send unsolicited bulk messages indiscriminately including advertisements and links to websites.
37. Friendbot, automated friend adding software, http://www.friendbot.com/ (accessed-15.04.2010).
38. Tagging allows users to identify individuals in photographs that are uploaded on SNWs.
39. rd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009): 1008.
40. PA Thomas v Mould [1968] QB 913 (UK).
41. (1849) 2 DeG & Sm 652; 64 ER 293 (UK) (Knight Bruce LJ); (1849) 1 Mac & G 25; 41 ER 1171 (UK) (Cottenham LC).
42. Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers [2004] 2 AC 457 (UK) per Lord Nicholls.
43. Murphy, B.K., 'Developments in the Law of Invasion of Privacy in New Zealand and England', Auckland U.L. Rev 9 (2000-2003): 1031 at p.1042.
44. Hartley, J., 'Tort of Breach of Privacy in New Zealand', Auckland U.L. Rev 9 (2000-2003): 267.
45. See, e.g., Douglas v Hello! [2006] Q.B. 125 (UK), following Campbell.
46. L v G [2002] DCR 234 (NZ); P v D [2000] 2 NZLR 591 (NZ).
47. University of London Press v University Tutorial Press [1916] 2 Ch 601 (UK).
48. Walter v Lane [1900] AC 539 (UK); Ladbroke (Football) Ltd v William Hill (Football) Ltd [1964] 1 WLR 273 (UK).
49. See, Bern Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works-Article 2; for domestic implementation, see, e.g., Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA) (UK)-Section 1.
50. [2002] Ch 149 (UK).
51. See, e.g., Burberrys v Cording (1909) 26 RPC 693 (UK); Francis Day & Hunter Ltd v Twentieth Century Fox Corporation [1940] AC 112 (UK); Exxon Corp v Exxon Insurance Consultants [1982] Ch 119 (UK).
52. Given that the photographer becomes the proprietor of photographs shot by him; See, e.g., CDPA (UK)-Section 4-Photographs protected as 'Artistic Work'.
53. Creation Records Ltd v News Group Newspaper Ltd [1997] EMLR 444 (UK)-Court found no copyright infringement in the taking of the unauthorised photograph, but restrained publication for breach of confidence.
54. See, e.g., Reddaway v Banham [1896] A.C. 199 (UK); Spalding v Gamage (1915) 84 LJ Ch 449 (UK); Reckitt & Colman Products v Borden Inc & Others [1990] 1 WLR 491(UK).
55. Carty, H., 'Character merchandising and the limits of passing off', Legal Studies 13, no.3 (1993): 289 at pp.298-299.
56. United Biscuits (UK) v Asda Stores Ltd [1997] RPC 513 (UK) per Robert Walker J at p.531.
57. McCulloch v Lewis A May [1947] 65 RPC 58 (UK).
58. [1977] RPC 99 (UK)-Walton J at p.101.
59. But see, Taverner Rutledge Ltd v Trexapalm Ltd [1977] RPC 275 (UK) (The plaintiff used the word KOJAKPOPS for its lollipops. The defendant started trading using the term KOJAKLOLLIES for its products. Kojak was a fictional character in a TV show and the defendant took up the position that it had obtained an exclusive license from the proprietors of the TV show to use the term. However, court found passing off against the defendant.) In any case, the proprietor of the TV show was not party to the action and thus distinguishable from Wombles.
60. Lego System Aktieselskab and Another v Lego M. Lemelstrich Ltd [1983] FSR 155 (UK) at pp.186-187citing Henderson v Radio Corp Pty [1969] RPC 218 (AUS) at p. 234 and Lyngstad v. Anabas Products Ltd. [1977] FSR 62 (UK) at p.67.
61. [1977] FSR 72 (UK).
62. [1991] FSR 145 (UK).
63. [2002] 1 W.L.R. 2355 (UK).
64. 202 F.2d 866 (2nd Cir, 1953) (US).
65. Children's Television Workshop v. Woolworths (NSW) Ltd. [1981] RPC 187 (AUS).
66. Hogan v. Koala Dundee Pty Ltd. (1988) 12 IPR 508 (AUS); See also, Pacific Dunlop Ltd. v. Hogan (1989) 14 IRP 398 (AUS).
67. Parent, W.A., 'Privacy: A Brief Survey of the Conceptual Landscape', Santa Clara Computer & High Tech. L. J. 11 (1995): 21 at p.25.
68. [2008] EWHC 1781 (QB) (UK).
69. Norwich Pharmacal Co. v The Commissioners of Customs and Excise [1974] RPC 101 (UK)-The Claimant was the owner and exclusive licensee of a patent for a chemical compound, furazolidone. Unlicensed consignments of the compound were imported into the UK, and constituted infringements of the patent. The Defendants had records of the identity of the importers. The Claimant had failed to determine the identity of the importers and brought a claim against the Defendants, for amongst other things, an order for disclosure of the names and addresses of the importers of furazolidone, the quantity imported by each importer and any other relevant documentation.
70. Sinha Rathnathunge v The State [2001] 2 Sri LR 172 (SL)-per Hector Yapa J.
71. Budu v BBC [2010] EWHC 616 (QB) (UK); Phipps v. Clark Oil & Ref. Corp 408 N.W.2d 569, 573 (Minn. 1987) (US).
72. Berezovsky v Russian Television & Radio Broadcasting Co [2010] EWHC 476 (QB) (UK); Williams v MGN Ltd [2009] EWHC 3150 (QB) (UK); Gobin v. Globe Publishing Co., 232 Kan. 1, 649 P.2d 1239, 1244 (1982) (US); Swanson v. American Hardware Mutual Ins. Co., 359 N.W.2d 705, 707 (Minn. App. 1984) (US).
73. Abramovich v Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso SPA [High Court (Queen's Bench Division) Claim No: HQ09X02992] decided on 18 March 2010 (unreported) (UK).
74. Taylor, M. & Matteucci, M., 'Cloud Computing', CLTR 16, no.2 (2010): 57-"Cloud computing consists of the provision of various computing resources (such as CPU cycles, storage, etc.) as an on-demand service through the internet, in a similar way to how utilities such as gas or electricity are supplied.".
75. Dualism is a principle of law adopted in many countries which requires specific implementing legislation for a treaty obligation to be binding under municipal law; contrasted with monism which makes international law obligations of states automatically binding at national level. See, Secretary of State in Council of India v Kamachee Boye Sahaba [1859] 13 Moo PCC 22; Attorney General of Canada v Attorney General of Ontario (1937) AC 326 at 347. Compare, Section 2 of the European Communities Act 1972 (UK) which seems to adopt a monist approach in relation to 'Community Treaties'.
76. See, e.g., Singarasa v The Attorney General [Sri Lanka Supreme Court, SC Spl.(LA) No. 182/99] decided on 15 September 2006) (unreported) (SL), http://www.srilankahr.net/pdf/sc_judgement1.pdf (accessed-25.08.2010) - where the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka held that in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights or the Optional Protocols to the Covenant did not become part of the national law in the absence of legislation or other measures to give effect to their provisions "in accordance with [the] constitutional process".
77. See (for greater insight), Rodley, N.S., 'The Singarasa Case: Quis Custodiet. .. ? A test for the Bangalore Principles of judicial conduct', Isr. L. Rev 41, no.3 (2008): 500.
78. Murray v Express Newspapers plc and another [2009] Ch. 481.
79. Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.
80. Araujo, B.M. & Hauwaert A.V., 'Cutting through the Clouds', European Lawyer 89 (2009): 43-"Data Controller-the person or entity that controls the purpose and means of the data processing".
81. 1998 CHAPTER 29 (UK).
82. Legislative Comment, 'The Data Protection Act 1998: a brief summary', LIM 1, no.2 (2001): 24.
83. Boyd, S. & Jay, R., 'Image rights and the effect of the Data Protection Act 1998', Ent. L.R. 15, no.5 (2004): 159.
84. Belgian law of 8 December 1992 on Privacy Protection in relation to the Processing of Personal Data as modified by the law of 11 December 1998 implementing Directive 95/46/EC, http://www.law.kuleuven.be/icri/itl/12privacylaw.php (accessed-25.08.2010).
85. The Belgian Constitution - Article 22, http://home.scarlet.be/dirkvanheule/compcons/ConstitutionBelgium/ConstitutionBelgium.htm (accessed-25.08.2010).
86. German Federal Data Protection Act of 1 January 2002, http://www.bdd.de/Download/bdsg_eng.pdf (accessed-25.08.2010).
87. Report, 'German Federal Constitutional Court Rejects Data Retention Law', EDRi-gram, 10 March (2010), http://www.edri.org/edrigram/number8.5/german-decision-data-retention-unconstitutional (accessed-25.08.2010).
88. Initially the Indian Supreme Court refused to acknowledge a constitutional right to privacy (M.P. Sharma and Others v. Satish Chandra, District Magistrate, Delhi and Others AIR 1954 (SC) 300 (IND)). With time, the right to privacy has been implicitly recognised as a constitutional right as an extension to Article 21 guaranteeing personal liberty (Kharak Singh v. The State of Uttar Pradesh and Others AIR 1963 (SC) 1295 (IND); Rajagopal alias R.R. Gopal and another v. State of T.N. and others AIR 1995 (SC) 264 (IND)) Although limited legislation exist which indirectly address privacy issues, to date no legislation specifically on data protection/privacy has been enacted.
89. See, Privacy International, 'Privacy in Asia: Final Report of the Scoping Project', November (2009), http://www.privacyinternational.org/issues/asia/privacy_in_asia_phase_1_report.pdf (accessed-25.08.2010).
90. There is no express guarantee of a right to privacy in the Constitution of Sri Lanka. It has been urged, however, that a right to privacy may be implied as extensions to rights of expression (Article 14(1)(a)) and free movement (Article 14(1)(h)) and by interpreting the Fundamental Rights chapter in light of the Directive Principles of State Policy (Article 27) which recognises the State's obligation to provide an acceptable quality of life (Seneviratne and another v. University Grants Commission [1978-79-80] 1 Sri LR 182 (SL), Athukorale v. Attorney General [1996] 1 SLR 238 (SL), Bulankulama v. Ministry of Industrial Development [2000] 3 SLR 243 (SL)).
91. See also, Marsoof, A., 'Privacy at Stake! Technology v. Legal Reform', Sri Lanka BALJ 15 (2009): 75-Perhaps the only piece of legislation that was enacted in an attempt to protect privacy was the Computer Crimes Act No. 24 of 2007 which imposed criminal liability on interfering with computers and other equipment. However, many drawbacks exist apart from the need for a higher standard of proof in criminal cases.
92. European Convention on Human Rights - Articles 10 and 8 respectively.
93. Beloff v Presdram [1973] F.S.R. 33 at p.57.
94. European Convention on Human Rights, Article 8(2).
95. Garrie, D.B. & Wong, R., 'Social networking: opening the floodgates to "personal data" ', CTLR 16, no.6 (2010): 167 at p.173.
96. Citizen journalism, also known as participatory journalism, is where members of the public play an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analysing and disseminating news and information.
97. See generally, Hays, T., 'Citizen journalism, deep linking and liability', ECL & P 7, no.10 (2005): 12.
98. Gewirtz, P., 'Privacy and Speech', Sup. Ct. Rev. (2001): 139 at p.140.
99. See, e.g., First Amendment, US Constitution; Article 14(1)(a), Sri Lankan Constitution; Article 19, Indian Constitution; Articles 19, Constitution of Pakistan; Article 35, Constitution of China.
100. Singleton, S., 'Privacy or Freedom on the Internet', Update on L. Related Educ. 22 (1998): 16 at p.18.
101. United States v. Fumo, No. 06-319, slip op. 115, 116-17, 125, (E.D. Pa. Jun. 17, 2009).
102. Gambrell, J., 'Appeal Claims Juror Bias in 'Tweets' Sent During $12 Million Case', http://LAW.COM, 16 March (2009), http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202429071686 (accessed-25.08.2010).
103. Nelson, S., Simek, J. & Foltin, J., 'The Legal Implications of Social Networking', Regent U. L. Rev. 22 (2009-2010): 1 at pp.3-4.
104. [1985] Q.B. 52 (UK).
105. See, e.g., International Mechanism for Promoting Freedom of Expression-Joint Declaration of 26 November (1999) http://www.cidh.org/relatoria/showarticle.asp?artID=141&;lID=1 (accessed-25.08.2010) JOINT DECLARATION "Implicit in freedom of expression is the public's right to open access to information and to know what governments are doing on their behalf, without which truth would languish and people's participation in government would remain fragmented".
106. European Convention on Human Rights - Article 10(1) "Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom. .. to receive and impart information".
107. (1969) 395 US 367 (US).
108. Lamont v. Postmaster General (1969) 331 US 301 (US).
109. Prabha Dutt v. Union of India AIR 1982 S.C. 6. (IND).
110. Fernando v Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation (1996) 1 Sri L.R. 157 at p.179 (SL).
111. Lee, C.K., How to treat Information in Law? A Proprietary Analysis of Information in English Law' Korean J. Comp. L. 23 (1995):99 at pp.113-114.
112. Sullivan, D., 'The Right to Privacy Versus the Freedom of the Press: Privacy's Struggle for Equality', Seton Hall Const. L.J. 1 (1990-1991):417 at p.450.
113. Sellars, S., 'Online privacy: do we have it and do we want it? A review of the risks and UK case law', EIPR 33, no.1 (2011): 9 at p.13.
114. Kiss, J., 'Facebook Places location tool unveiled, sparking fresh privacy concerns', The Guardian, 19 August (2010), http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/aug/19/facebook-places-location-tool-unveiled (accessed-25.08.2010).
115. Schauer, F., 'Internet Privacy and the Public-Private Distinction', Jurimetrics. J. 38 (1998): 555 at p.563.
116. US West Inc. v. FCC 182 F.3d 1224 (10th Cir. 1999) (US) at p.1235.
117. Balkin, J.M., 'The Future of Free Expression in a Digital Age' Pepp. L. Rev. 33 (2008-2009):427 at p.438.
118. Jameson, S., 'Cyberharassment: Striking a Balance between Free Speech and Privacy', CommLaw Conspectus 17, no.1 (2008-2009): 231 at p.266.
119. Solove D.J, Rotenberg M & Schwartz P.M, Privacy, Information and Technology, (New York: Aspen Publishers, 2006): 34.
120. th ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
121. See generally, Angelopoulos, C.J., 'Freedom of expression and copyright: the double balancing act', IPQ 3 (2008): 328 at.
122. O'Brien, D.M., 'Privacy and the Right of Access: Purposes and Paradoxes of Information Control', Admin. L. Rev 30 (1978): 45.
123. Lane, et al. v Facebook Inc [California Northern District Court, Case No: 5:2008cv03845] decided on 12 August 2008 (unreported) (US).
124. See also, Case Comment, 'Lane v Facebook Inc: United States - privacy - internet', CTLR 16, no.1 (2010): N5-6.
125. Morganstern, A., 'In the Spotlight: Social Network Advertising and the Right of Publicity', Intell. Prop. L. Bull 12 (2007-2008): 181.
126. Johnson, B., 'High Court approves injunction via Twitter', The Guardian, 1 October (2009), http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/oct/01/twitter-injunction (accessed-25.08.2010).
127. See also, Cran, D. & Warren, G., 'Service by Twitter - the UK courts embrace technology', Ent. L.R.21, no.2 (2010): 81.
128. It is noteworthy that across the Atlantic, in the US, the Minnesota Supreme Court held that a plaintiff's good faith belief and due diligence were not sufficient to warrant service by publication, whereby service was published in a Newspaper titled Finance and Commerce. [Shamrock Dev., Inc. v. Smith (Shamrock II) 754 N.W.2d 377 (Minn. 2008) (US)]; Critics have argued that tightening of the rules of service by publication does not reflect the advancements in technology and must be re-visited.
129. See, e.g., Woods C.B., 'Commercial Law: Determining Repugnancy in an Electronic Age: Excluded Transactions Under Electronic Writing and Signature Legislation', Okla. L. Rev. 52, (1999): 445 at p.447 - "[electronic publication] offers a potentially greater likelihood to effect notice than traditional methods of publication.".
130. Glankler, L., 'Networking tools for the Twenty-first Century', Trends L. Libr. Mgmt. & Tech. 19 (2009): 29 - Emphasises the use of Social Networking as a tool for knowledge communication.
131. Digitaldaya, 'Real Leaders Tweet: How Heads of State are Engaging Their Citizens On the World Wide Web', February (2010), http://digitaldaya.com/epetition.php?id_petition=59 (accessed-25.08.2010).
132. See, Morton, E., 'Sex diseases soaring due to Facebook romps', THE SUN, 24 March (2010), http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/2904897/Sex-diseases-soaringbrdue-to-Facebook-romps.html (accessed-25.08.2010).
133. But see (casting doubt on the allegation), Warman, M., 'Facebook dismisses syphilis link', The Daily Telegraph, 25 March (2010), http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/facebook/7519772/Facebook-dismisses-syphilis-link.html (accessed-25.08.2010).
134. Report, 'We Don't Cause VD, Claims Facebook', FOXNEWS, 26 March (2010), http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2010/03/26/we-dont-cause-vd-claims-facebook/ (accessed-25.08.2010).
135. Cellan-Jones, R., 'Technophobia, Facebook and syphilis', BBC News, 25 March (2010), http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/rorycellanjones/2010/03/technophobia_facebook_and_syph.html (accessed-25.08.2010).
136. Penny, L., 'Our sex lives. Their agenda', The Guardian, 29 March (2010), http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/mar/29/sex-lives-young-moral-posturing (accessed-25.08.2010).
137. Solove, D.J., The future of reputation: gossip, rumour, and privacy on the internet (New Haven, CT::Yale University Press, 2007): 190.
138. Gavison, R., 'Privacy and the Limits of Law', Yale L. J. 89 (1979-1980): 421 at p.471.