Anatomy of the Mammalian Circadian System

Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine: Fifth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 376-389

  Gooley, Joshua J ^a,b   Saper, Clifford B ^b,c  

^a DUKE NUS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Singapore)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79956069750     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-6645-3.00033-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (143)

1. Gooley JJ, Saper CB Anatomy of the mammalian circadian system. Principles and practice of sleep medicine 2005, 335-350. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia. 4th ed. M.H. Kryger, T. Roth, W.C. Dement (Eds.).
2. Van den Pol AN The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus of rat: intrinsic anatomy. J Comp Neurol 1980, 191(4):661-702.
3. Moore RY, Speh JC GABA is the principal neurotransmitter of the circadian system. Neurosci Lett 1993, 150(1):112-116.
4. Moore RY Organization of the primate circadian system. J Biol Rhythms 1993, 8:S3-S9.
5. Saper CB Hypothalamus. The human nervous system 2004, 513-549. Academic Press, New York. 2nd ed. G. Paxinos, J.K. Mai (Eds.).
6. Sukhov RR, Walker LC, Rance NE, Price DL, et al. Opioid precursor gene expression in the human hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 1995, 353(4):604-622.
7. Mai JK, Kedziora O, Teckhaus L, Sofroniew MV Evidence for subdivisions in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Comp Neurol 1991, 305(3):508-525.
8. Moore RY The fourth C.U. Ariens Kappers lecture. The organization of the human circadian timing system. Prog Brain Res 1992, 93:99-115.
9. Moore RY The geniculohypothalamic tract in monkey and man. Brain Res 1989, 486(1):190-194.
10. Daikoku S, Hisano S, Kagotani Y Neuronal associations in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy. J Comp Neurol 1992, 325(4):559-571.
11. Van den Pol AN, Gorcs T Synaptic relationships between neurons containing vasopressin, gastrin-releasing peptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: dual ultrastructural immunocytochemistry with gold-substituted silver peroxidase. J Comp Neurol 1986, 252(4):507-521.
12. Leak RK, Card JP, Moore RY Suprachiasmatic pacemaker organization analyzed by viral transynaptic transport. Brain Res 1999, 819(1-2):23-32.
13. Kriegsfeld LJ, Leak RK, Yackulic CB, Lesauter J, et al. Organization of suprachiasmatic nucleus projections in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus): an anterograde and retrograde analysis. J Comp Neurol 2004, 468(3):361-379.
14. Sheward WJ, Lutz EM, Harmar AJ The distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide2 receptor messenger RNA in the rat brain and pituitary gland as assessed by in situ hybridization. Neuroscience 1995, 67(2):409-418.
15. Piggins HD, Antle MC, Rusak B Neuropeptides phase shift the mammalian circadian pacemaker. J Neurosci 1995, 15(8):5612-5622.
16. Colwell CS, Michel S, Itri J, Rodriguez W, et al. Disrupted circadian rhythms in VIP- and PHI-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003, 285(5):R939-R949.
17. Harmar AJ, Marston HM, Shen S, Spratt C, et al. The VPAC(2) receptor is essential for circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei. Cell 2002, 109(4):497-508.
18. Maywood ES, Reddy AB, Wong GK, O'Neill JS, et al. Synchronization and maintenance of timekeeping in suprachiasmatic circadian clock cells by neuropeptidergic signaling. Curr Biol 2006, 16(6):599-605.
19. Aida R, Moriya T, Araki M, et al. Gastrin-releasing peptide mediates photic entrainable signals to dorsal subsets of suprachiasmatic nucleus via induction of Period gene in mice. Mol Pharmacol 2002, 61(1):26-34.
20. Young WS, Kovacs K, Lolait SJ The diurnal rhythm in vasopressin V1a receptor expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus is not dependent on vasopressin. Endocrinology 1993, 133(2):585-590.
21. Uhl GR, Reppert SM Suprachiasmatic nucleus vasopressin messenger RNA: circadian variation in normal and Brattleboro rats. Science 1986, 232(4748):390-393.
22. Groblewski TA, Nunez AA, Gold RM Circadian rhythms in vasopressin deficient rats. Brain Res Bull 1981, 6(2):125-130.
23. Peterson GM, Watkins WB, Moore RY The suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nuclei of the rat. VI. Vasopressin neurons and circadian rhythmicity. Behav Neural Biol 1980, 29(2):236-245.
24. Albers HE, Ferris CF, Leeman SE, Goldman BD Avian pancreatic polypeptide phase shifts hamster circadian rhythms when microinjected into the suprachiasmatic region. Science 1984, 223(4638):833-835.
25. Decavel C, Van den Pol AN GABA: a dominant neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 1990, 302(4):1019-1037.
26. Gao B, Fritschy JM, Moore RY GABAA-receptor subunit composition in the circadian timing system. Brain Res 1995, 700(1-2):142-156.
27. Liu C, Reppert SM GABA synchronizes clock cells within the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Neuron 2000, 25(1):123-128.
28. Liou SY, Shibata S, Albers HE, Ueki S Effects of GABA and anxiolytics on the single unit discharge of suprachiasmatic neurons in rat hypothalamic slices. Brain Res Bull 1990, 25(1):103-107.
29. Mason R, Biello SM, Harrington ME The effects of GABA and benzodiazepines on neurones in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of Syrian hamsters. Brain Res 1991, 552(1):53-57.
30. Jiang ZG, Allen CN, North RA Presynaptic inhibition by baclofen of retinohypothalamic excitatory synaptic transmission in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuroscience 1995, 64(3):813-819.
31. B agonists and antagonists alter the phase-shifting effects of light when microinjected into the suprachiasmatic region. Brain Res 1997, 759(2):181-189.
32. A receptor agonist muscimol can reset the phase of neural activity rhythm in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro. Neurosci Lett 1994, 166(1):81-84.
33. Choi HJ, Lee CJ, Schroeder A, Kim YS, et al. Excitatory actions of GABA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci 2008, 28(21):5450-5459.
34. Jackson AC, Yao GL, Bean BP Mechanism of spontaneous firing in dorsomedial suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons. J Neurosci 2004, 24(37):7985-7998.
35. Pennartz CM, de Jeu MT, Bos NP, Schaap J, et al. Diurnal modulation of pacemaker potentials and calcium current in the mammalian circadian clock. Nature 2002, 416(6878):286-290.
36. Bryant DN, LeSauter J, Silver R, Romero MT Retinal innervation of calbindin-D28K cells in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus: ultrastructural characterization. J Biol Rhythms 2000, 15(2):103-111.
37. LeSauter J, Silver R Localization of a suprachiasmatic nucleus subregion regulating locomotor rhythmicity. J Neurosci 1999, 19(13):5574-5585.
38. Kriegsfeld LJ, Mei DF, Yan L, Witkovsky P, et al. Targeted mutation of the calbindin D28K gene disrupts circadian rhythmicity and entrainment. Eur J Neurosci 2008, 27(11):2907-2921.
39. Fortin M, Parent A Distribution of calretinin, calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin in the hypothalamus of the squirrel monkey. J Chem Neuroanat 1997, 14(1):51-61.
40. Krout KE, Kawano J, Mettenleiter TC, Loewy AD CNS inputs to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat. Neuroscience 2002, 110(1):73-92.
41. Hendrickson AE, Wagoner N, Cowan WM An autoradiographic and electron microscopic study of retino-hypothalamic connections. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 1972, 135(1):1-26.
42. Moore RY, Lenn NJ A retinohypothalamic projection in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1972, 146(1):1-14.
43. Moore RY, Speh JC, Card JP The retinohypothalamic tract originates from a distinct subset of retinal ganglion cells. J Comp Neurol 1995, 352(3):351-366.
44. Murakami DM, Miller JD, Fuller CA The retinohypothalamic tract in the cat: retinal ganglion cell morphology and pattern of projection. Brain Res 1989, 482(2):283-296.
45. Levine JD, Weiss ML, Rosenwasser AM, Miselis RR Retinohypothalamic tract in the female albino rat: a study using horseradish peroxidase conjugated to cholera toxin. J Comp Neurol 1991, 306(2):344-360.
46. Tigges J, Bos J, Tigges M An autoradiographic investigation of the subcortical visual system in chimpanzee. J Comp Neurol 1977, 172(2):367-380.
47. Freedman MS, Lucas RJ, Soni B, von Schantz M, et al. Regulation of mammalian circadian behavior by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors. Science 1999, 284(5413):502-504.
48. Provencio I, Rodriguez IR, Jiang G, Hayes WP, et al. A novel human opsin in the inner retina. J Neurosci 2000, 20(2):600-605.
49. Gooley JJ, Lu J, Chou TC, Scammell TE, et al. Melanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tract. Nat Neurosci 2001, 4(12):1165.
50. Hannibal J, Hindersson P, Knudsen SM, Georg B, et al. The photopigment melanopsin is exclusively present in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-containing retinal ganglion cells of the retinohypothalamic tract. J Neurosci 2002, 22(1):RC191.
51. Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 2002, 295(5557):1070-1073.
52. Dacey DM, Liao HW, Peterson BB, Robinson FR, et al. Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN. Nature 2005, 433(7027):749-754.
53. Tu DC, Zhang D, Demas J, Slutsky EB, et al. Physiologic diversity and development of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Neuron 2005, 48(6):987-999.
54. Baver SB, Pickard GE, Sollars PJ, Pickard GE Two types of melanopsin retinal ganglion cell differentially innervate the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and the olivary pretectal nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2008, 27(7):1763-1770.
55. Takahashi JS, DeCoursey PJ, Bauman L, Menaker M Spectral sensitivity of a novel photoreceptive system mediating entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms. Nature 1984, 308(5955):186-188.
56. Provencio I, Foster RG Circadian rhythms in mice can be regulated by photoreceptors with cone-like characteristics. Brain Res 1995, 694(1-2):183-190.
57. Yoshimura T, Ebihara S Spectral sensitivity of photoreceptors mediating phase-shifts of circadian rhythms in retinally degenerate CBA/J (rd/rd) and normal CBA/N (+/+) mice. J Comp Physiol [A] 1996, 178(6):797-802.
58. Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Greeson JM, Byrne B, et al. Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor. J Neurosci 2001, 21(16):6405-6412.
59. Thapan K, Arendt J, Skene DJ An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans. J Physiol 2001, 535(1):261-267.
60. Panda S, Sato TK, Castrucci AM, Rollag MD, et al. Melanopsin (Opn4) requirement for normal light-induced circadian phase shifting. Science 2002, 298(5601):2213-2216.
61. Ruby NF, Brennan TJ, Xie X, Cao V, et al. Role of melanopsin in circadian responses to light. Science 2002, 298(5601):2211-2213.
62. Belenky MA, Smeraski CA, Provencio I, Sollars PJ, et al. Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells receive bipolar and amacrine cell synapses. J Comp Neurol 2003, 460(3):380-393.
63. Lockley SW, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA High sensitivity of the human circadian melatonin rhythm to resetting by short wavelength light. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 88(9):4502-4505.
64. Dkhissi-Benyahya O, Gronfier C, De Vanssay W, Flamant F, et al. Modeling the role of mid-wavelength cones in circadian responses to light. Neuron 2007, 53(5):677-687.
65. Revell VL, Skene DJ Light-induced melatonin suppression in humans with polychromatic and monochromatic light. Chronobiol Int 2007, 24(6):1125-1137.
66. Guler AD, Ecker JL, Lall GS, Haq S, et al. Melanopsin cells are the principal conduits for rod-cone input to non-image-forming vision. Nature 2008, 453(7191):102-105.
67. Hattar S, Lucas RJ, Mrosovsky N, Thompson S, et al. Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptive systems account for all major accessory visual functions in mice. Nature 2003, 424(6944):76-81.
68. Panda S, Provencio I, Tu DC, Pires SS, et al. Melanopsin is required for non-image-forming photic responses in blind mice. Science 2003, 301(5632):525-527.
69. Hatori M, Le H, Vollmers C, Keding SR, et al. Inducible ablation of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells reveals their central role in non-image forming visual responses. PLoS ONE 2008, 3(6):e2451.
70. Gooley JJ, Lu J, Fischer D, Saper CB A broad role for melanopsin in nonvisual photoreception. J Neurosci 2003, 23(18):7093-7106.
71. Hattar S, Liao HW, Takao M, Berson DM, et al. Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science 2002, 295(5557):1065-1070.
72. Pickard GE Bifurcating axons of retinal ganglion cells terminate in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus. Neurosci Lett 1985, 55(2):211-217.
73. Lupi D, Oster H, Thompson S, Foster RG The acute light-induction of sleep is mediated by OPN4-based photoreception. Nat Neurosci 2008.
74. Guldner FH, Wolff JR Retinal afferents form Gray-type-I and type-II synapses in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (rat). Exp Brain Res 1978, 32(1):83-89.
75. Castel M, Belenky M, Cohen S, Ottersen OP, et al. Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in retinal terminals of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 1993, 5(4):368-381.
76. de Vries MJ, Nunes CB, van der WJ, de Wolf A, et al. Glutamate immunoreactivity in terminals of the retinohypothalamic tract of the brown Norwegian rat. Brain Res 1993, 612(1-2):231-237.
77. 3H-GABA from the suprachiasmatic nucleus in slices of rat hypothalamus. Brain Res Bull 1986, 16(4):527-531.
78. Shirakawa T, Moore RY Glutamate shifts the phase of the circadian neuronal firing rhythm in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro. Neurosci Lett 1994, 178(1):47-50.
79. Mintz EM, Marvel CL, Gillespie CF, Price KM, et al. Activation of NMDA receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus produces light-like phase shifts of the circadian clock in vivo. J Neurosci 1999, 19(12):5124-5130.
80. Abe H, Rusak B, Robertson HA Photic induction of Fos protein in the suprachiasmatic nucleus is inhibited by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Neurosci Lett 1991, 127(1):9-12.
81. Ohi K, Takashima M, Nishikawa T, Takahashi K N-Methyl- d-aspartate receptor participates in neuronal transmission of photic information through the retinohypothalamic tract. Neuroendocrinology 1991, 53(4):344-348.
82. Ebling FJ The role of glutamate in the photic regulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Prog Neurobiol 1996, 50(2-3):109-132.
83. Hannibal J, Moller M, Ottersen OP, Fahrenkrug J PACAP and glutamate are co-stored in the retinohypothalamic tract. J Comp Neurol 2000, 418(2):147-155.
84. Harmar AJ An essential role for peptidergic signalling in the control of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. J Neuroendocrinol 2003, 15(4):335-338.
85. Hannibal J, Jamen F, Nielsen HS, Journot L, et al. Dissociation between light-induced phase shift of the circadian rhythm and clock gene expression in mice lacking the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide type 1 receptor. J Neurosci 2001, 21(13):4883-4890.
86. Hickey TL, Spear PD Retinogeniculate projections in hooded and albino rats: an autoradiographic study. Exp Brain Res 1976, 24(5):523-529.
87. Moore RY, Card JP Intergeniculate leaflet: an anatomically and functionally distinct subdivision of the lateral geniculate complex. J Comp Neurol 1994, 344(3):403-430.
88. Moore RY, Weis R, Moga MM Efferent projections of the intergeniculate leaflet and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus in the rat. J Comp Neurol 2000, 420(3):398-418.
89. Morin LP, Blanchard J Organization of the hamster intergeniculate leaflet: NPY and ENK projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet and posterior limitans nucleus. Vis Neurosci 1995, 12(1):57-67.
90. Harrington ME The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet: interrelated structures in the visual and circadian systems. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1997, 21(5):705-727.
91. Albers HE, Ferris CF, Neuropeptide Y role in light-dark cycle entrainment of hamster circadian rhythms. Neurosci Lett 1984, 50(1-3):163-168.
92. Biello SM, Mrosovsky N Blocking the phase-shifting effect of neuropeptide Y with light. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1995, 259(1355):179-187.
93. Biello SM, Golombek DA, Harrington ME Neuropeptide Y and glutamate block each other's phase shifts in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro. Neuroscience 1997, 77(4):1049-1057.
94. Weber ET, Rea MA Neuropeptide Y blocks light-induced phase advances but not delays of the circadian activity rhythm in hamsters. Neurosci Lett 1997, 231(3):159-162.
95. Gribkoff VK, Pieschl RL, Wisialowski TA, Van den Pol AN, et al. Phase shifting of circadian rhythms and depression of neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus by neuropeptide Y: mediation by different receptor subtypes. J Neurosci 1998, 18(8):3014-3022.
96. Golombek DA, Biello SM, Rendon RA, Harrington ME Neuropeptide Y phase shifts the circadian clock in vitro via a Y2 receptor. Neuroreport 1996, 7(7):1315-1319.
97. Lall GS, Biello SM Attenuation of circadian light induced phase advances and delays by neuropeptide Y and a neuropeptide Y Y1/Y5 receptor agonist. Neuroscience 2003, 119(2):611-618.
98. Huhman KL, Gillespie CF, Marvel CL, Albers HE Neuropeptide Y phase shifts circadian rhythms in vivo via a Y2 receptor. Neuroreport 1996, 7(7):1249-1252.
99. Moga MM, Moore RY Organization of neural inputs to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1997, 389(3):508-534.
100. Prosser RA Glutamate blocks serotonergic phase advances of the mammalian circadian pacemaker through AMPA and NMDA receptors. J Neurosci 2001, 21(19):7815-7822.
101. Morin LP Serotonin and the regulation of mammalian circadian rhythmicity. Ann Med 1999, 31(1):12-33.
102. Roca AL, Weaver DR, Reppert SM Serotonin receptor gene expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei. Brain Res 1993, 608(1):159-165.
103. 1B receptor agonists inhibit light-induced phase shifts of behavioral circadian rhythms and expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci 1996, 16(24):8208-8220.
104. 1B receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition of retinal input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurosci 1999, 19(10):4034-4045.
105. 1B receptor agonist inhibits light-induced suppression of pineal melatonin production. Brain Res 2000, 858(2):424-428.
106. 7 receptors in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Comp Neurol 2001, 432(3):371-388.
107. Prosser RA Serotonin phase-shifts the mouse suprachiasmatic circadian clock in vitro. Brain Res 2003, 966(1):110-115.
108. Shibata S, Tsuneyoshi A, Hamada T, Tominaga K, et al. Phase-resetting effect of 8-OH-DPAT, a serotonin1A receptor agonist, on the circadian rhythm of firing rate in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei in vitro. Brain Res 1992, 582(2):353-356.
109. Bobrzynska KJ, Godfrey MH, Mrosovsky N Serotonergic stimulation and nonphotic phase-shifting in hamsters. Physiol Behav 1996, 59(2):221-230.
110. Mintz EM, Gillespie CF, Marvel CL, Huhman KL, et al. Serotonergic regulation of circadian rhythms in Syrian hamsters. Neuroscience 1997, 79(2):563-569.
111. 1A receptor agonists. Brain Res 1994, 638(1-2):235-242.
112. Watts AG, Swanson LW, Sanchez-Watts G Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: I. Studies using anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1987, 258(2):204-229.
113. Watts AG, Swanson LW Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: II. Studies using retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and simultaneous peptide immunohistochemistry in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1987, 258(2):230-252.
114. Leak RK, Moore RY Topographic organization of suprachiasmatic nucleus projection neurons. J Comp Neurol 2001, 433(3):312-334.
115. Lu J, Zhang YH, Chou TC, Gaus SE, et al. Contrasting effects of ibotenate lesions of the paraventricular nucleus and subparaventricular zone on sleep-wake cycle and temperature regulation. J Neurosci 2001, 21(13):4864-4874.
116. Chou TC, Scammell TE, Gooley JJ, Gaus SE, et al. Critical role of dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in a wide range of behavioral circadian rhythms. J Neurosci 2003, 23(33):10691-10702.
117. Chou TC, Bjorkum AA, Gaus SE, Lu J, et al. Afferents to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. J Neurosci 2002, 22(3):977-990.
118. Sherin JE, Shiromani PJ, McCarley RW, Saper CB Activation of ventrolateral preoptic neurons during sleep. Science 1996, 271(5246):216-219.
119. Sherin JE, Elmquist JK, Torrealba F, Saper CB Innervation of histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons by GABAergic and galaninergic neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the rat. J Neurosci 1998, 18(12):4705-4721.
120. Gooley JJ, Schomer A, Saper CB The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is critical for the expression of food-entrainable circadian rhythms. Nat Neurosci 2006, 9(3):398-407.
121. Fuller PM, Lu J, Saper CB Differential rescue of light- and food-entrainable circadian rhythms. Science 2008, 320(5879):1074-1077.
122. Teclemariam-Mesbah R, Ter Horst GJ, Postema F, Wortel J, et al. Anatomical demonstration of the suprachiasmatic nucleus-pineal pathway. J Comp Neurol 1999, 406(2):171-182.
123. Liu C, Weaver DR, Jin X, Shearman LP, et al. Molecular dissection of two distinct actions of melatonin on the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Neuron 1997, 19(1):91-102.
124. Cassone VM, Chesworth MJ, Armstrong SM Entrainment of rat circadian rhythms by daily injection of melatonin depends upon the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei. Physiol Behav 1986, 36(6):1111-1121.
125. Jin X, von Gall C, Pieschl RL, Gribkoff VK, et al. Targeted disruption of the mouse Mel(1b) melatonin receptor. Mol Cell Biol 2003, 23(3):1054-1060.
126. Lockley SW, Skene DJ, James K, Thapan K, et al. Melatonin administration can entrain the free-running circadian system of blind subjects. J Endocrinol 2000, 164(1):R1-R6.
127. Sack RL, Brandes RW, Kendall AR, Lewy AJ Entrainment of free-running circadian rhythms by melatonin in blind people. N Engl J Med 2000, 343(15):1070-1077.
128. Moore RY, Eichler VB Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat. Brain Res 1972, 42(1):201-206.
129. Silver R, LeSauter J, Tresco PA, Lehman MN A diffusible coupling signal from the transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus controlling circadian locomotor rhythms. Nature 1996, 382(6594):810-813.
130. Kramer A, Yang FC, Snodgrass P, Li X, et al. Regulation of daily locomotor activity and sleep by hypothalamic EGF receptor signaling. Science 2001, 294(5551):2511-2515.
131. Li X, Sankrithi N, Davis FC Transforming growth factor-alpha is expressed in astrocytes of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in hamster: role of glial cells in circadian clocks. Neuroreport 2002, 13(16):2143-2147.
132. Kraves S, Weitz CJ A role for cardiotrophin-like cytokine in the circadian control of mammalian locomotor activity. Nat Neurosci 2006, 9(2):212-219.
133. Cheng MY, Bullock CM, Li C, Lee AG, et al. Prokineticin 2 transmits the behavioural circadian rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nature 2002, 417(6887):405-410.
134. Li JD, Hu WP, Boehmer L, Cheng MY, et al. Attenuated circadian rhythms in mice lacking the prokineticin 2 gene. J Neurosci 2006, 26(45):11615-11623.
135. Prosser HM, Bradley A, Chesham JE, Ebling FJ, et al. Prokineticin receptor 2 (Prokr2) is essential for the regulation of circadian behavior by the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104(2):648-653.
136. Schibler U, Sassone-Corsi P A web of circadian pacemakers. Cell 2002, 111(7):919-922.
137. Panda S, Antoch MP, Miller BH, Su AI, et al. Coordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock. Cell 2002, 109(3):307-320.
138. Storch KF, Lipan O, Leykin I, Viswanathan N, et al. Extensive and divergent circadian gene expression in liver and heart. Nature 2002, 417(6884):78-83.
139. Yamazaki S, Numano R, Abe M, Hida A, et al. Resetting central and peripheral circadian oscillators in transgenic rats. Science 2000, 288(5466):682-685.
140. Akhtar RA, Reddy AB, Maywood ES, Clayton JD, et al. Circadian cycling of the mouse liver transcriptome, as revealed by cDNA microarray, is driven by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Curr Biol 2002, 12(7):540-550.
141. Hara R, Wan K, Wakamatsu H, Aida R, et al. Restricted feeding entrains liver clock without participation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Cells 2001, 6(3):269-278.
142. Damiola F, Le Minh N, Preitner N, Kornmann B, et al. Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev 2000, 14(23):2950-2961.
143. Stokkan KA, Yamazaki S, Tei H, Sakaki Y, et al. Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding. Science 2001, 291(5503):490-493.