Photoelectric biosensors: Fundamentals and innovative designs

Smart Biosensor Technology

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 385-435

  Hong, Felix T ^a  

^a WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79955970483     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (151)

1. Kuhn, H. (1979). Synthetic molecular organizates. J. Photochemistry 10:111-132.
2. Kuhn. H. (1983). Functionalized monolayer assembly manipulation. Thin Solid Films 99:1-16.
3. Kuhn, H., Möbius, D. (1993). Monolayer assemblies. In: Rossiter, B. W., Baetzold, R. C. (Eds.). Investigations of Surfaces and Interfaces, Part B. Physical Methods of Chemistry Series. Vol. IXB. 2nd edn. New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 375-542.
4. Brown. K. T., Murakami, M. (1964). A new receptor potential of the monkey retina with no detectable latency. Nature 201:626-628.
5. Mueller, P., Rudin, D. O., Tien, H. T., Wescott, W. C. (1962). Reconstitution of cell membrane structure in vitro and its transformation into an excitable system. Nature 194:979-980.
6. Tien, H. T., Ottova-Leitmannova, A. (2000). Membrane Biophysics As Viewed From Experimental Bilayer Lipid Membranes (Planar Lipid Bilayers and Spherical Liposomes). Amsterdam, Lausanne, New York, Oxford, Shannon, Singapore and Tokyo: Elsevier.
7. Ottova A., Tien, H. T. (2005). The lipid bilayer principle: a historic perspective and some highlights. In: Tien, H. T., Ottova-Leitmannova, A. (Eds.). Advances in Planar Lipid Bilayers and Liposomes, Volume 1. Amsterdam, Boston, Heidelberg, London, New York, Oxford, Paris, San Diego, San Francisco, Singapore, Sydney and Tokyo: Elsevier Academic Press, pp. 1-76.
8. Takagi, M., Azuma, K., Kishimoto, U. (1965). A new method for the formation of bilayer membranes in aqueous solution. Ann. Report Biol. Works Fac. Sci. Osaka Univ. 13:107-110.
9. Tien, H. T. (1968). Light-induced phenomena in black lipid membranes constituted from pho-tosynthetic pigments. Nature 219:272-274.
10. Trissl, H.-W. and Montal, M. (1977). Electrical demonstration of rapid light-induced confor-mational changes in bacteriorhodopsin. Nature 266:655-657.
11. Darszon, A., Philipp, M., Zarco, J., Montal, M. (1978). Rhodopsin-phospholipid complexes in apolar solvents: formation and properties. J. Membr. Biol. 43:71-90.
12. Oesterhelt, D., Stoeckenius, W. (1971). Rhodopsin-like protein from the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium. Nature 233:149-152.
13. Blaurock, A. E., Stoeckenius, W. (1971). Structure of the purple membrane. Nature 233:152-155.
14. Stoeckenius, W., Bogomolni, R. A. (1982). Bacteriorhodopsin and related pigments of Halobacteria. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 51:587-616.
15. Henderson, R., Baldwin, J. M., Ceska, T. A., Zemlin, F., Beckmann, E., Downing, K. H. (1990). Model for the structure of bacteriorhodopsin based on high-resolution electron cryomicroscopy. J. Mol. Biol. 213:899-929.
16. Birge, R. R. (1990). Nature of the primary photochemical events in rhodopsin and bacteri-orhodopsin, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1016:293-327.
17. Lanyi, J. K., Luecke, H. (2001). Bacteriorhodopsin. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 11(4):415-419.
18. Luecke, H., Lanyi, J. K. (2003). Structural clues to the mechanism of ion pumping in bacteri-orhodopsin. Adv. Protein Chem. 63:111-30.
19. Lanyi, J. K. (2004). Bacteriorhodopsin. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 66:665-688.
20. Bunkin, F. V., Vsevolodov, N. N., Druzhko, A. B., Mitsner, B. I., Prokhorov, A. M., Savranskii, V. V., Tkachenko, N. V., Shevchenko, T. B. (1981). Diffraction efficiency of bacteriorhodopsin and its analogs. Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 7(12):630-631.
21. Ivanitsky, G. R., Vsevolodov, N. N. (Eds.). (1985). Collected Articles of the Scientific Biological Research Center of the Academy of Sciences USSR, Pushchino, pp. 98-163. (in Russian).
22. Vsevolodov, N. N., Dyukova, T. V. (1994). Retinal-protein complexes as optoelectronic components. Trend. Biotechnol. 12:81-103.
23. Hong, F. T. (1996). Biomolecular electronics, In: Taylor, R. F., Schultz, J. S. (Eds.). Handbook of Chemical and Biological Sensors. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd., pp. 257-286.
24. Vsevolodov, N. N. (1998). Biomolecular Electronics: An Introduction via Photosensitive Proteins. Boston, Basel and Berlin: Birkhäuser.
25. Hampp, N. (2000). Bacteriorhodopsin as a photochromic retinal protein for optical memories. Chem. Rev. 100:1755-1776.
26. Wise, K. J., Gillespie, N. B., Stuart, J. A., Krebs, M. P., Birge, R. R. (2002). Optimization of bacteriorhodopsin for bioelectronic devices. Trends Biotech. 20:287-394.
27. Hong, F. T. (1980). Displacements photocurrents in pigment-containing biomembranes: artificial and natural systems. In: Blank, M. (Ed.). Bioelectrochemistry: Ions, Surfaces, Membranes (Advances in Chemistry Ser. No 188). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, pp. 211-237.
28. Hong, F. T. (1994). Electrochemical processes in membranes that contain bacteriorhodopsin. In: Blank, M., Vodyanoy, I. (Eds.). Biomembrane Electrochemistry (Advances in Chemistry Ser. No 235). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, pp. 531-560.
29. Hong F. T. (1999). Interfacial photochemistry of retinal proteins. Prog. Surf. Sci. 62:1-237.
30. Hong, F. T. (2003). Interfacial photochemistry of biomembranes. In: Nalwa, H. S. (Ed.) Handbook of Photochemistry and Photobiology. Vol. 4. Stevenson Ranch, CA: American Scientific Publishers, pp. 383-430.
31. Hagins, W. A., McGaughy, R. E. (1967). Molecular and thermal origins of fast photoelectric effects in the squid retina. Science 157:813-816.
32. Cone, R. A. (1967). Early receptor potential: photoreversible charge displacement in rhodopsin. Science 155:1128-1131.
33. Cone R. A., Pak, W. L. (1971). The early receptor potential. In: Loewenstein, W. R., (Ed.). Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Vol. 1. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 345-365.
34. Hong, F. T., Mauzerall, D. (1974). Interfacial photoreactions and chemical capacitance in lipid bilayers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:1564-1568.
35. Hong, F. T. (1976). Charge transfer across pigmented bilayer lipid membrane and its interfaces. Photochem. Photobiol. 24:155-189.
36. Hong, F. T., Mauzerall, D. (1976). Tunable voltage clamp method: application to photoelectric effects in pigmented bilayer lipid membranes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 123:1317-1324.
37. Fuhrhop, J.-H., Mauzerall, D. (1968). The one-electron oxidation of octaethylporphin. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 90:3875-3876.
38. Fuhrhop, J.-H., Mauzerall, D. (1969). The one-electron oxidation of metalloporphyrins. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91, 4174-4181.
39. Tien, H. T. (1989). Membrane photobiophysics and photochemistry. Prog. Surf. Sci. 30:1-199.
40. Hong, F. T. (1987). Effect of local reaction conditions on heterogeneous reactions in bacteriorhodopsin membrane: an electrochemical view. J. Electrochem. Soc. 134:3044-3052.
41. Keszthelyi, L. (1984). Intramolecular charge shifts during the photoreaction cycle of bacteri-orhodopsin. In: Bolis, C. L., Helmreich, E. J. M., Passow, H. (Eds.). Information and Energy Transduction in Biological Membranes. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc. pp. 51-71.
42. Bamberg, E., Fahr, A., Szabó, G. (1984). Photoelectric properties of the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin. In: Blaustein, M. P., Lieberman, M. (Eds.) Electrogenic Transport-Fundamental Principles and Physiological Implications (Soc. Gen. Physiol. Ser. Vol. 38), New York: Raven Press, pp. 381-394.
43. Skulachev, V. P. (1988). Membrane Bioenergetics. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris and Tokyo: Springer-Verlag.
44. Holz, M., Laudau, M., Heyn, M. P. (1988). Distributed kinetics of the charge movements in bacteriorhodopsin: evidence for conformational substates. Biophys. J. 53:623-633.
45. Liu, S. Y., Ebrey, T. G. (1988). Photocurrent measurements of the purple membrane oriented in a polyacrylamide gel. Biophys. J. 54:321-329.
46. Keszthelyi, L., Ormos, P. (1989). Protein electric response signals from dielectrically polarize systems. J. Membr. Biol. 109:193-200.
47. Trissl, H.-W. (1990). Photoelectric measurements of purple membranes. Photochem. Photobiol. 51:793-818.
48. Läuger, P. (1991). Electrogenic Ion Pumps. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
49. Ludmann, K., Gergely, C. Dér, A., Váró, Gy. (1998). Electric signals during the bacteri-orhodopsin photocycle, determined over a wide pH range. Biophys. J. 75:3120-3126.
50. Yao, B. L., Xu, D. L., Hou, X., Hu, K. S., Wang, A. J. (2001). Analyses and proofs of multi-exponential process of bacteriorhodopsin photoelectric response. J. Appl. Phys. 89: 795-797.
51. Yao, B., Wang, Y., Lei, M., Zheng, Y. (2003). Characteristics and mechanisms of the two types of photoelectric differential response of bacteriorhodopsin-based photocell. Biosens. Bioelectron. 19:283-287.
52. Hong, F. T. (1978). Mechanisms of generation of the early receptor potential revisited. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 5:425-455.
53. Hong, F. T., Okajima, T. L. (1986). Electrical double layers in pigment-containing biomembranes. In: Blank, M. (Ed.) Electrical Double Layers in Biology. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 129-147.
54. Trissl, H.-W. (1979). Light-induced conformational changes in cattle rhodopsin as probed by measurements of the interfacial potential. Photochem. Photobiol. 29:579-588.
55. Hong, F. T., Montal, M. (1979). Bacteriorhodopsin in model membranes: a new component of the displacement photocurrent in the microsecond time scale. Biophys. J. 25:465-472.
56. Drachev, L. A., Kaulen, A. D., Khitrina, L. V., Skulachev, V. P. (1981). Fast stages of photoelectric processes in biological membranes. I. Bacteriorhodopsin. Eur. J. Biochem. 117:461-470.
57. Drachev, L. A., Kalamkarov, G. R., Kaulen, A. D., Ostrovsky, M. A., Skulachev, V. P. (1981). Fast stages of photoelectric processes in biological membranes. I. Visual rhodopsin. Eur. J. Biochem. 117:471-481.
58. Ostrovsky, M. A. (1989). Animal rhodopsin as a photoelectric generator. In: Hong, F. T. (Ed.) Molecular Electronics-Biosensors and Biocomputers. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 187-201.
59. Okajima, T. L., Hong, F. T. (1986). Kinetic analysis of displacement photocurrents elicited in two types of bacteriorhodopsin model membranes. Biophys. J. 50:901-912.
60. Hong, F. T., Okajima, T. L. (1987). Rapid light-induced charge displacements in bacteri-orhodopsin membranes: an electrochemical and electrophysiological study. In: Ebrey, T. G., Frauenfelder, H., Honig, B. Nakanishi, K. (Eds.). Biophysical Studies of Retinal Proteins. Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, pp. 188-198.
61. Michaile, S., Hong, F. T. (1994). Component analysis of the fast photoelectric signal from model bacteriorhodopsin membranes: Part I. Effect of multilayer stacking and prolonged drying. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 33:135-142.
62. Okajima, T. L., Michaile, S., McCoy, L. E., Hong, F. T. (1994). Component analysis of the fast photoelectric signal from model bacteriorhodopsin membranes: Part II. Effect of fluo-rescamine treatment. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 33:143-149.
63. Hong, F. H., Chang, M., Ni, B., Needleman, R.B., Hong, F. T. (1994). Component analysis of the fast photoelectric signal from model bacteriorhodopsin membranes. Part III. Effect of the point mutation aspartate 212 asparagines 212. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 33:151-158.
64. Hong, F. H., Hong, F. T. (1995). Component analysis of the fast photoelectric signal from model bacteriorhodopsin membranes: Part 4. A method for isolating the B2 component and the evidence for its polarity reversal at low pH. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 37:91-99.
65. Petrak, M. R., Hong, F. T. (1998). Component analysis of the fast photoelectric signal from model bacteriorhodopsin membranes: Part V. Effects of chloride ion transport blockers and cation chelators. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 45:193-201.
66. Hong, F. T. (1986). The bacteriorhodopsin model membrane system as a prototype molecular computing element. BioSystems 19:223-236.
67. Drachev, L. A., Kaulen, A. D., Skulachev, V. P. (1978). Time resolution of the intermediate steps in the bacteriorhodopsin-linked electrogenesis. FEBS Lett. 87:161-167.
68. Hong, F. T., Mauzerall, D. (1972). The separation of voltage-dependent photoemfs and conductances in Rudin-Mueller membranes containing magnesium porphyrins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 275:479-484.
69. Fuller, B. E., Okajima, T. L., Hong, F. T. (1995). Analysis of the d.c. photoelectric signal from model bacteriorhodopsin membranes: d.c. photoconductivity determination by means of the null current method and the effect of proton ionophores. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 37:109-124.
70. Drachev, L. A., Jasaitis, A. A., Kaulen, A. D., Kondrashin, A. A., Liberman, E. A., Nemecek, I. B., Ostroumouv, S. A., Semenov, A. Yu., Skulachev, V. P. (1974). Direct measurement of electric current generation by cytochrome oxidase, H-ATPase and bacteriorhodopsin. Nature 249:321-324.
71. Mitchell, P. (1966). Chemiosmotic coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. Biol. Rev. 41:445-502.
72. Williams, R. J. P. (1978). The multifarious couplings of energy transduction. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 505:1-44.
73. Vredenberg, W. J., Bulychev, A. A. (1976). Changes in the electrical potential across the thy-lakoid membranes of illuminated intact chloroplasts in the presence of membrane-modifying agents, Plant Sci. Lett. 7:101-107.
74. Packham, N. K., Mueller, P., Dutton, P. L. (1988). Photoelectric currents across planar bilayer membranes containing bacterial reaction centers: the response under conditions of multiple reaction-center turnovers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 933:70-84.
75. Hong, F. T. (1989). Relevance of light-induced charge displacements in molecular electronics: design principles at the supramoleuclar level. J. Molec. Electron. 5:163-185.
76. Hong, F. T. (1992). Intelligent materials and intelligent microstructures in photobiology. Nanobiology 1:39-60.
77. Hong, F. T. (1991). Does nature utilize a common design for photoactive transport and sensor proteins?. In: Lazarev, P. I. (Ed.). Molecular Electronics-Materials and Methods. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 291-310.
78. Michaile, S., Duschl, A., Lanyi, J. K., Hong, F. T. (1990). Chloride ion modulation of the fast photoelectric signal in halorhodopsin thin films. In: Proceedings 12th Annual International Conference of IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Philadelphia, PA, November 1-4, pp. 1721-1723.
79. Deisenhofer, J., Michel, H. (1989). The photosynthetic reaction center from the purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas viridis. Science 245:1463-1473.
80. Hong, F. T. (1994). Retinal proteins in photovoltaic devices. In: Birge, R. R. (Ed.). Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics (Advances in Chemistry Series No. 240). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, pp. 527-559.
81. Hong, F. T. (1990). Bacteriorhodopsin as an intelligent material. In: Wang, C.-Y., Chen, C.-T., Cheng, C.-K., Huang, Y.-Y., Lin, F.-H. (Eds.). Biomedical Engineering in the 21st Century. Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan University Center for Biomedical Engineering. pp. 85-95.
82. Hara, M., Majima, T., Miyake, J., Ajiki, S., Sugino, H., Toyotama, H., Kawamura, S. (1990). Oriented immobilization of bacterial photosynthetic membrane. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32:544-549.
83. Govorunova, E., Dér, A., Tóth-Boconádi, R., Keszthelyi, L. (1995). Photosynthetic charge separation in oriented membrane fragments immobilized in gel. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 38:53-56.
84. Hecht, S., Shlaer, S., Pirenne, M. H. (1942). Energy, quanta, and vision. J. Gen. Physiol. 25:819-840.
85. Stryer, L. (1986). Cyclic GMP cascade of vision. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 9:87-119.
86. Shevchenko, T. F., Kalamkarov, G. R., Ostrovsky, M. A. (1987). The lack of H+ transfer across the photoreceptor membrane during rhodopsin photolysis. Sensory Systems (USSR Acad. Sci.) 1:117-126. (in Russian)
87. Groma, G. I., Szabó, G., Váró, Gy. (1984). Direct measurement of picosecond charge separation in bacteriorhodopsin. Nature 308:557-558.
88. Simmeth, R., Rayfield, G. W. (1990). Evidence that the photoelectric response of bacteri-orhodopsin occurs in less than 5 picoseconds. Biophys. J. 57:1099-1101.
89. Hong, F. T. (2004). The early receptor potential and its analog in bacteriorhodopsin membranes. In: Horspool, W., Lenci, F. (Eds.). CRC Handbook of Organic Photochemistry and Photobiology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 128-1 to 128-25.
90. Hong, F. T. (2004). Molecular electronics switches in photobiology. In: Horspool, W., Lenci, F. (Eds.). CRC Handbook of Organic Photochemistry and Photobiology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 134-1 to 134-26.
91. Cafiso, D. S., Hubbell, W. L. (1980). Light-induced interfacial potentials in photoreceptor membrane. Biophys. J. 30:243-263.
92. Drain, C. M., Christensen, B., Mauzerall, D. (1989). Photogating of ionic currents across a lipid bilayer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6959-6962.
93. Miyasaka, T., Koyama, K., Itoh, I. (1992). Quantum conversion and image detection by a bac-teriorhodopsin-based artificial photoreceptor. Science 255:342-344.
94. Trissl, H.-W. (1987). Eine biologische photodiode mit hochster zeitauflosung. Optoelecktron. Mag. 3:105-107.
95. Rayfield, G. W. (1994). Photodiodes based on bacteriorhodopsin. In: Birge, R. R. (Ed.). Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics (Advances in Chemistry Series No. 240). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, pp. 561-575.
96. Miyasaka, T., Koyama, K. (1993). Image sensing and processing by a bacteriorhodopsin-based artificial photoreceptor. Appl. Optics 32:6371-6379.
97. Wang, J. P., Li, J. R., Tao, P. D., Li, X. C., Jiang, L. (1994). Photoswitch based on bacteri-orhodopsin Langmuir-Blodgett films. Adv. Mater. Optics Electron. 4:219-224.
98. Chen, Z., Birge, R. R. (1993). Protein-based artificial retinas. Trend. Biotech. 11:292-300.
99. Haronian, D., Lewis, A. (1991). Elements of a unique bacteriorhodopsin neural network architecture. Appl. Optics 30:597-608.
100. Boyer, A., Déry, M., Selles, P., Arbour, C., Boucher, F. (1995). Colour discrimination by forward and reverse photocurrents in bacteriorhodopsin-based photosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 10:415-422.
101. Frydrych, M. Silfsten, P. Parkkinen, S. Parkkinen, J. Jaaskelainen, T. (2000). Color sensitive retina based on bacteriorhodopsin. Biosystems 54(3):131-140.
102. Xu, J., Bhattacharya, P., Váró, G. (2004). Monolithically integrated bacteriorhodopsin/semi-conductor opto-electronic integrated circuit for a bio-photoreceiver. Biosens. Bioelectron. 19:885-892.
103. Wang, W. W., Knopf, G. K., Bassi, A. S. (2006). Photoelectric properties of a detector based on dried bacteriorhodopsin film. Biosens. Bioelectron. 21:1309-1319.
104. Seki, A., Kubo, I. Sasabe, H., Tomioka, H. (1994). A new anion-sensitive biosensor using an ion-sensitive field effect transistor and a light-driven chloride pump, halorhodopsin. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 48:205-211.
105. Tanabe, K., Hikuma, M., SooMi, L., Iwasaki, Y., Tamiya, E., Karube, I. (1989). Photoresponse of a reconstituted membrane containing bacteriorhodopsin observed by using an ion-selective field effect transistor. J. Biotechnol. 10:127-134.
106. Hafeman, Parce, J. W., McConnel, H. M. (1988). Light-addressable potentiometric sensor for biochemical systems. Science 240:1182-1185.
107. Greenbaum, E. (1985). Platinized chloroplasts: a novel photocatalytic material. Science 230:1373-1375.
108. Greenbaum, E. (1989). Biomolecular electronics: observation of oriented photocurrents by entrapped platinized chloroplasts. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 21:171-177.
109. Aizawa, M. (1994). Molecular interfacing for protein molecular devices and neurodevices. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. 13(1): 94-102.
110. Barber, J. (1983). Photosynthetic electron transport in relation to thylakoid membrane composition and organization. Plant Cell Environ. 6:311-322.
111. Keyes, R. W. (1975). Physical limits in digital electronics. Proc. IEEE 63:740-767.
112. Chiabrera, A., Di Zitti, E., Costa, F., Bisio, G. M. (1989). Physical limits of integration and information processing in molecular systems. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 22:1571-1579.
113. Carter, F. L. (Ed.). (1982). Molecular Electronic Devices. New York and Basel: Marcel Dekker.
114. Aviram, A. (Ed.). (1992). Molecular Electronics-Science and Technology. New York: American Institute of Physics.
115. Sienicki, K. (Ed.). (1993). Molecular Electronics and Molecular Electronic Devices. Boca Raton, FL; Ann Arbor, MI; London; Tokyo: CRC Press.
116. Birge, R. R. (Ed.). (1994). Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics (Advances in Chemistry Series No. 240). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
117. Barsanti, L., Evangelista, V., Gualtieri, P., Passarelli, V., Vestri, S. (Eds.). (2003). Molecular Electronics: Bio-sensors and Bio-computers (NATO Science Series II, Vol. 96). Dordrecht, Boston, and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
118. Gauch, H. G., Jr. (2006). Winning the accuracy game. American Scientist (Sigma Xi) 94:133-141.
119. Popper, K. R. (1968). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Revised edition. London: Hutchinson, London. Original German version: Logik der Forschung (Vienna, 1934). Reprinted (London and New York: Routledge, 1992).
120. Hong, F. T. (1997). Molecular sensors based on the photoelectric effect of bacterirhodopsin: origin of differential responsivity. Mater. Sci. Engg. C 4:267-285. Erratum Mater. Sci. Engg. C 5:61-79.
121. Gauch, H. G. Jr. (1993). Prediction, parsimony and noise. Am. Sci. (Sigma Xi) 81:468-478.
122. Gauch, H. G., Jr. (2003). Scientific Method in Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
123. Hong, F. T. (1992). A reflection on the first International Conference on Intelligent Materials. Intell. Mater. Newslett. (Intelligent Materials Forum, Tokyo) 2(2):15-18.
124. Berners-Lee, T., Hendler, J., Lassila, O. (2001). The semantic web. Sci. Am. 284(5):34-43.
125. Conrad, M. (1990). Molecular computing, In: Yovits, M. C. (Ed.). Advances in Computers. Vol. 31. Boston, San Diego, New York, London, Sydney, Tokyo and Toronto: Academic Press, pp. 235-324.
126. Rambidi, N. G. (1997). Biomolecular computer: roots and promises. Biosystems 44:1-15.
127. Rambidi N. (2002). Roots and promises of chemical-based computing. Biosystems 64:169-178.
128. Zauner, K. P. (2005). Molecular Information Technology. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 30:33-69.
129. Rambidi, N. G. (1994). Biomolecular computing: from the brain-machine disanalogy to the brain-machine analogy. BioSystems 33:45-54.
130. Hong, F. T. (2005). A multi-disciplinary survey of biocomputing: 1. molecular and cellular levels. In: Bajic, V. B., Tan, T. W. (Eds.). Information Processing and Living Systems. (Series on Advances in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Vol. 2). London: Imperial College Press, pp. 1-137.
131. Hong, F. T. (2003). The enigma of creative problem solving: a biocomputing perspective. In: Barsanti, L., Evangelista, V., Gualtieri, P., Passarelli, V., Vestri, S. (Eds.). Molecular Electronics: Bio-sensors and Bio-computers. (NATO Science Series II, Vol. 96). Dordrecht, Boston and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 457-542.
132. Hong, F. T. (2005). A multi-disciplinary survey of biocomputing: 2. Systems and evolutionary levels, and technological applications. In: Bajic, V. B., Tan, T. W. (Eds.). Information Processing and Living Systems. (Series on Advances in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Vol. 2). London: Imperial College Press, pp. 141-573.
133. Simon, H. A. (1992). Scientific discovery as problem solving. In: Egidi, M., Marris, R. (Eds.). Economics, Bounded Rationality and the Cognitive Revolution. Hants, UK, and Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 102-119.
134. Hawkins, J. (with Blakeslee, S.) (2004). On Intelligence. New York: Owl Books, pp. 177-204.
135. Arnheim, R. (1969). Visual Thinking. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, p. 274.
136. West, T. G. (1997). In the Mind's Eye. Updated edition. New York: Prometheus Books.
137. Hadamard, J. (1945). The Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 142-143. Reprinted: The Mathematician's Mind: The Psychology of invention in the Mathematical Field, 1996.
138. Gleick, J. (1993). Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman. New York: Vintage Books, p. 131.
139. Hawking, S. (1993). Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays. New York, Toronto, London, Sydney and Auckland: Bantam Books, p. 35.
140. Tesla, N. (1977). Moji Pronalasci/My Inventions, in both Serbian and English. Zagreb: Školska Knjiga. Reprinted English version: Belgrade: Nikola Tesla Museum, 2003.
141. Poincaré, H. (1913). The Foundations of Science: Science and Hypothesis, The Value of Science, Science and Method. Translated by G. B. Halsted. New York and Garrison, NY: Science Press, pp. 214-215.
142. Simon, H. A., Newell, A. (1958). Heuristic problem solving: the next advance in operations research. Oper. Res. 6:1-10.
143. Jennings, N. R., Wooldridge, M. J. (Eds.). (1998). Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets. Berlin, Heidelberg and New York: Springer-Verlag.
144. Hopfield, J. J. (1982). Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:2554-2558.
145. Churchland, P. M. (1990). Cognitive activity in artificial neural networks, In: Osherson, D. N., Smith, E. E. (Eds.). An Invitation to Cognitive Science, Volume 3: Thinking. Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press, pp. 199-227.
146. Buck, L. B. (2000). The molecular architecture of odor and pheromone sensing in mammals. Cell 100:611-618.
147. Malnic, B., Hirono, J., Sato, T., Buck, L. B. (1999). Combinatorial receptor codes for odors. Cell 96:713-723.
148. Marr, D. (1982). ViSiON, A Computational investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual information. New York: Freeman.
149. Pearce, T. C. (1997). Computational parallels between the biological olfactory pathway and its analogue 'The Electronic Nose': Part I. Biological olfaction. BioSystems 41: 43-67.
150. Pearce, T. C. (1997). Computational parallels between the biological olfactory pathway and its analogue 'The Electronic Nose': Part II. Sensor-based machine olfaction. BioSystems 41:69-90.
151. Adleman, L. M. (1994). Molecular computation of solutions to combinatorial problems. Science 266:1021-1024.