Annual intercrops: An alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture

Australian Journal of Crop Science

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 396-410

  Lithourgidis, A S ^a   Dordas, C A ^a   Damalas, C A ^b   Vlachostergios, D N ^c  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^b DEMOCRITUS UNIVERSITY OF THRACE   (Greece)

^c INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS   (Greece)

Author keywords

Agrobiodiversity; Crop mixtures; Intercropping; Monocultures; Sustainable agriculture

Indexed keywords

EID: 79955947762     PISSN: 18352693     EISSN: 18352707     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Abraham CT, Singh SP (1984) Weed management in sorghum-legume intercropping systems. J Agr Sci 103:103-115.
2. Adu-Gyamfi JJ, Myaka FA, Sakala WD, Odgaard R, Vesterager JM, Høgh-Jensen H (2007) Biological nitrogen fixation and nitrogen and phosphorus budgets in farmer-managed intercrops of maize-pigeonpea in semi- arid southern and eastern Africa. Plant Soil 295:127-136.
3. Agegnehu G, Ghizaw A, Sinebo W (2008) Yield potential and land-use efficiency of wheat and faba bean mixed intercropping. Agron Sustain Dev 28:257-263.
4. Altieri MA (1991) Traditional farming in Latin America. The Ecologist 21:93-96.
5. Altieri MA (1994) Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems. Food Products Press, New York, USA.
6. Altieri MA (1999) The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. Agr Ecosyst Environ 74:19-31.
7. Altieri MA, Letourneau DK, Davis JR (1983) Developing sustainable agroecosystems. BioScience 33:45-49.
8. Andersen MK, Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Høgh-Jensen H, Jensen ES (2007)Competition for and utilisation of sulfur in sole and intercrops of pea and barley. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 77:143-153.
9. Andow DA (1991) Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response. Annu Rev Entomol 36:561-586.
10. Andrews DJ, Kassam AH (1976) The importance of multiple cropping in increasing world food supplies. In: Papendick RI, Sanchez PA, Triplett GB (eds) Multiple Cropping. ASA Special Publication 27, American Science of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA.
11. Anil L, Park J, Phipps RH, Miller FA (1998) Temperate intercropping of cereals for forage: A review of the potential for growth and utilization with particular reference to the UK. Grass Forage Sci 53:301-317.
12. Assefa G, Ledin I (2001) Effect of variety, soil type and fertiliser on the establishment, growth, forage yield, quality and voluntary intake by cattle of oats and vetches cultivated in pure stands and mixtures. Animal Feed Sci Technol 92:95-111.
13. Atuahene-Amankwa G, Beatie AD, Michaels TE, Falk DE (2004) Cropping system evaluation and selection of common bean genotypes for a maize/bean intercrop. Afr Crop Sci J 12:105-113.
14. Autrique A, Potts MJ (1987) The influence of mixed cropping on the control of potato bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum). Ann Appl Biol 111:125-133.
15. Banik P, Midya A, Sarkar BK, Ghose SS (2006) Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment: Advantages and weed smothering. Eur J Agron 24:325-332.
16. Bannon FJ, Cooke BM (1998) Studies on dispersal of Septoria tritici pycnidiospores in wheat-clover intercrops. Plant Pathol 47:49-56.
17. Baudoin JP, Camarena F, Lobo M (1997) Improving Phaseolus genotypes for multiple cropping systems. Euphytica 96:115-123.
18. Baumann DT, Kropff MJ, Bastiaans L (2000) Intercropping leeks to suppress weeds. Weed Res 40:359-374.
19. Berry SD, Dana P, Spaull VW, Cadet P (2009) Effect of intercropping on nematodes in two small-scale sugarcane farming systems in South Africa. Nematropica 39:11-33.
20. Bilalis D, Papastylianou P, Konstantas A, Patsiali S, Karkanis A, Efthimiadou A (2010) Weed-suppressive effects of maize-legume intercropping in organic farming. Int J Pest Manag 56:173-181.
21. Björkman M, Hamback PA, Hopkins RJ, Ramert B (2010) Evaluating the enemies hypothesis in a clover-cabbage intercrop: effects of generalist and specialist natural enemies on the turnip root fly (Delia floralis). Agr Forest Entomol 12:123-132.
22. Boudreau MA, Mundt CC (1992) Mechanisms of alterations in bean rust epidemiology due to intercropping with maize. Phytopathology 82:1051-1060.
23. Bukovinszky T, Tréfás H, van Lenteren JC, Vet LEM, Fremont J (2004) Plant competition in pest-suppressive intercropping systems complicates evaluation of herbivore responses. Agr Ecosyst Environ 102:185-196.
24. Bulson HAJ, Snaydon RW, Stopes CE (1997) Effects of plant density on intercropped wheat and filed beans in an organic farming system. J Agr Sci 128:59-71.
25. Carr PM, Horsley RD, Poland WW (2004) Barley, oat and cereal-pea mixtures as dryland forages in the Northern Great Plains. Agron J 96:677-684.
26. Carrubba A, la Torre R, Saiano F, Aiello P (2008) Sustainable production of fennel and dill by intercropping. Agron Sustain Dev 28:247-256.
27. Carruthers K, Prithiviraj B, Fe Q, Cloutier D, Martin RC, Smith DL (2000) Intercropping corn with soybean, lupin and forages: yield component responses. Eur J Agron 12:103-115.
28. Cenpukdee U, Fukai S (1992a) Cassava/legume intercropping with contrasting cassava cultivars. 1. Competition between component crops under three intercropping conditions. Field Crops Res. 29:113-133.
29. Cenpukdee U, Fukai S (1992b) Cassava/legume intercropping with contrasting cassava cultivars. 2. Selection criteria for crops. Field Crops Res 29:135-149.
30. Chen C, Westcott M, Neill K, Wichman D, Knox M (2004) Row configuration and nitrogen application for barley- pea intercropping in Montana. Agronomy J 96:1730-1738.
31. Chikte P, Thakare SM, Bhalkare SK (2008) Influence of various cotton-based intercropping systems on population dynamics of thrips, Scircothrips dorsalis Hood and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. Res Crop 9:683-687.
32. Clark EA, Francis CA (1985) Transgressive yielding in bean: Maize intercrops; interference in time and space. Field Crops Res 11:37-53.
33. Clawson DL (1985) Harvest security and intraspecific diversity in traditional tropical agriculture. Econ Bot 39:56-67.
34. Cowell LE, Bremer E, Van Kessel C (1989) Yield and N2 fixation of pea and lentil as affected by intercropping and N application. Can J Soil Sci 69:243-251.
35. Dahmardeh M, Ghanbari A, Syasar B, Ramrodi M (2009) Intercropping maize (Zea mays L.) and cow pea (Vigna unguiculata L.) as a whole-crop forage: Effects of planting ratio and harvest time on forage yield and quality. J Food Agr Environ 7:505-509.
36. Dakora FD (1996) Using indigenous knowledge to increase agricultural productivity in Africa. In: Normann H, Snyman I, Cohen M (eds) Indigenous Knowledge and its Uses in Southern Africa. Human Science Research Council (HSRC) Press, Pretoria, South Africa.
37. Davis JHC, Woolley JN (1993) Genotypic requirement for intercropping. Field Crops Res 34:407-430.
38. Denevan WM (1995) Prehistoric agricultural methods as models for sustainability. Adv Plant Pathol 11:21-43.
39. Dhima KV, Lithourgidis AS, Vasilakoglou IB, Dordas CA (2007) Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio. Field Crops Res 100:249-256.
40. El-Swaify SA, Lo AKF, Joy R, Shinshiro L, Yost RS (1988) Achieving conservation effectiveness in the tropics using legume-intercrops. Soil Technol 1:1-12.
41. Entz MH, Guilford R, Gulden R (2001) Productivity of organic crop production in the eastern region of the Northern Great Plains: A survey of 14 farms. Can J Plant Sci 81:351-354.
42. Epidi TT, Bassey AE, Zuofa K (2008) Influence of intercrops on pests' populations in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.). Afr J Environ Sci Technol 2:438-441.
43. Fan F, Zhang F, Song Y, Sun J, Bao X, Guo T, Li L (2006) Nitrogen fixation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) interacting with a non-legume in two contrasting intercropping systems. Plant Soil 283:275-286.
44. Fernandez-Aparicio M, Sillero JC, Rubiales D (2007) Intercropping with cereals reduces infection by Orobanche crenata in legumes. Crop Prot 26:1166-1172.
45. Finckh MR, Gacek ES, Goyeau H, Lannou C, Merz U, Mundt CC, Munk L, Nadziak J, Newton AC, de Vallavieille-Pope C, Wolfe MS (2000) Cereal variety and species mixtures in practice, with emphasis on disease resistance. Agronomie 20:813-837.
46. Fininsa C (1996) Effect of intercropping bean with maize on bean common bacterial blight and rust diseases. Int J Pest Manag 42:51-54.
47. Francis CA, Smith ME (1985) Variety development for multiple cropping systems. Crit Rev Plant Sci 3:133-168.
48. Francis CA (1986) Distribution and importance of multiple cropping. In: Francis CA (ed) Multiple Cropping Systems. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York, USA.
49. Francis CA, Flor CA, Temple SR (1976) Adapting varieties for intercropping systems in the tropics. In: Papendick RI, Sanchez PA, Triplett GB (eds) Multiple Cropping. ASA Special Publication 27, American Science of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA.
50. Fujita K, Ofosu-Budu KG, Ogata S (1992) Biological nitrogen fixation in mixed legume-cereal cropping systems. Plant Soil 141:155-175.
51. Fukai S, Trenbath BR (1993) Processes determining intercrop productivity and yields of component crops. Field Crops Res 34:247-271.
52. Fustec J, Lesuffleur F, Mahieu S, Cliquet JB (2010) Nitrogen rhizodeposition of legumes. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 30:57-66.
53. Galwey NW, de Queiroz MA, Willey RW (1986) Genotypic variation in the response of sorghum to intercropping with cowpea, and in the effect on the associated legume. Field Crops Res 14:263-290.
54. Gebeyehu S, Simane B, Kirkby R (2006) Genotype x cropping system interaction in climbing beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown as sole crop and in association with maize (Zea mays L.). Eur J Agron 24:396-403.
55. Geren H, Avcioglu R, Soya H, Kir B (2008) Intercropping of corn with cowpea and bean: Biomass yield and silage quality. Afr J Biotechnol 7:4100-4104.
56. Ghanbari-Bonjar A, Lee HC (2002) Intercropped field beans (Vicia faba) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) for whole crop forage: effect of nitrogen on forage yield and quality. J Agr Sci 138, 311-315.
57. Ghanbari A, Dahmardeh M, Siahsar BA, Ramroudi M (2010) Effect of maize (Zea mays L.) - cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) intercropping on light distribution, soil temperature and soil moisture in and environment. J Food Agr Environ 8:102-108.
58. Ghosh PK (2004) Growth, yield, competition and economics of groundnut/cereal fodder intercropping systems in the semi-arid tropics of India. Field Crops Res 88:227-237.
59. Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Jensen ES (2001) Evaluating pea and barley cultivars for complementarity in intercropping at different levels of soil N availability. Field Crops Res 72:185-196.
60. Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Ambus P, Jensen ES (2001a) Interspecific competition, N use and interference with weeds in pea-barley intercropping. Field Crops Res 70:101-109.
61. 32P technique. Plant Soil 236:63-74.
62. Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Ambus P, Jensen ES (2003) The comparison of nitrogen use and leaching in sole cropped versus intercropped pea and barley. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 65:289-300.
63. Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Jørnsgaard B, Kinane J, Jensen ES (2008)Grain legume-cereal intercropping: The practical application of diversity, competition and facilitation in arable and organic cropping systems. Renew Agr Food Syst 23:3-12.
64. Holland JB, Brummer EC (1999) Cultivar effects on oat- berseem clover intercrops. Agronomy J 91:321-329.
65. Horwith B (1985) A role for intercropping in modern agriculture. BioScience 35:286-291.
66. Iqbal J, Cheema ZA, An M (2007) Intercropping of field crops in cotton for the management of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.). Plant Soil 300:163-171.
67. Jackson LE, Pascual U, Hodgkin T (2007) Utilizing and conserving agrobiodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Agr Ecosyst Environ 121:196-210.
68. Jannasch RW, Martin RC (1999) The potential for capturing the forage yield of white lupin by intercropping with cereals. Biol Agr Hort 17:113-130.
69. Javanmard A, Nasab ADM, Javanshir A, Moghaddam M, Janmohammadi H. (2009) Forage yield and quality in intercropping of maize with different legumes as doublecropped. J Food Agr Environ 7:163-166.
70. Jensen ES, Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Kinane J, Andersen MK, Jørnsgaard B (2005) Intercropping - The practical application of diversity, competition and facilitation in arable organic cropping systems. In: Köpke U, Niggli U, Neuhoff D, Lockeretz W, Willer H (eds) Researching Sustainable Systems 2005. Proceedings of the First Scientific Conference of the International Society of Organic Agricultural Research (ISOFAR), Bonn, Germany, 2005, pp. 22-25.
71. Karpenstein-Machan M, Stuelpnagel R (2000) Biomass yield and nitrogen fixation of legumes monocropped and intercropped with rye and rotation effects on a subsequent maize crop. Plant Soil 218:215-232.
72. Kaut AHEE, Mason HE, Navabi A, O'Donovan JT, Spaner D (2008) Organic and conventional management of mixtures of wheat and spring cereals. Agron Sustain Dev 28:363-371.
73. Keating BA, Carberry PS (1993) Resource capture and use in intercropping - solar-radiation. Field Crops Res 34:273-301.
74. Kinane J, Lyngkjær M (2002) Effect of barley-legume intercrop on disease frequency in an organic farming system. Plant Prot Sci 38:227-231.
75. Kyamanywa S, Ampofo JKO (1988) Effect of cowpea/maize mixed cropping on the incident light at the cowpea canopy and flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) population density. Crop Prot 7:186-189.
76. Kyamanywa S, Tukahirwa EM (1988) The effect of mixed cropping beans, cowpeas and maize on population densities of bean flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) (Thripidae). Insect Sci Appl 9:255-259.
77. Lammerts Van Bueren ET, Struik PC, Jacobsen E (2002) Ecological concepts in organic farming and their consequences for an organic crop ideotype. Nether J Agr Sci 50:1-26.
78. Lammerts van Bueren ET, Struik PC, Tiemens-Hulscher M, Jacobsen E (2003). Concepts of intrinsic value and integrity of plants in organic plant breeding and propagation. Crop Sci 43:1922-1929.
79. Langer V, Kinane J, Lyngkjær M (2007) Intercropping for pest management: The ecological concept. In: Koul O, Cupreus GW (eds) Ecologically Based Integrated Pest Management. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
80. Launay M, Brisson N, Satger S, Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Corre-Hellou G, Kasynova E, Ruske R, Jensen ES, Gooding MJ (2009) Exploring options for managing strategies for pea-barley intercropping using a modeling approach. Eur J Agron 31:85-98.
81. Leihner DE, Ruppenthal M, Hilger TH, Castillo JAF (1996) Soil conservation effectiveness and crop productivity of forage legume intercropping, contour grass barriers and contour ridging in cassava on Andean Hillsides. Exp Agr 32:327-338.
82. Lennartsson M (1988) Take-all disease of wheat. In: Allen P, Van Dusen D (eds) Proceedings of the 6th International Scientific Conference of the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM): Global Perspectives on Agroecology and Sustainable Agricultural Systems, 18-21 August 1986, Santa Cruz, USA, pp. 575-580.
83. Li L, Yang S, Li X, Zhang F, Christie P (1999) Interspecific complementary and competitive interactions between intercropped maize and faba bean. Plant Soil 212:105-114.
84. Lichtfouse E, Navarrete M, Debaeke P, Souchère V, Alberola C, Ménassieu J (2009) Agronomy for sustainable agriculture. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 29:1-6.
85. Liebman M, Dyck E (1993) Crop rotation and intercropping strategies for weed management. Ecol Appl 3:92-122.
86. Lithourgidis AS, Dordas CA (2010) Forage yield, growth rate, and nitrogen uptake of faba bean intercrops with wheat, barley, and rye in three seeding ratios. Crop Sci 50:2148-2158.
87. Lithourgidis AS, Dhima KV, Vasilakoglou IB, Dordas CA, Yiakoulaki MD (2007) Sustainable production of barley and wheat by intercropping common vetch. Agron Sustain Dev 27:95-99.
88. Lithourgidis AS, Vasilakoglou IB, Dhima KV, Dordas CA, Yiakoulaki MD (2006) Silage yield and quality of common vetch mixtures with oat and triticale in two seeding ratios. Field Crops Res 99:106-113.
89. Lithourgidis AS, Dordas CA, Lazaridou TB, Papadopoulos II (2008) Silage yield and protein content of common bean intercropped with corn in two row-replacements. Proceedings of the 10th European Society of Agronomy (ESA) Congress, 15-19 September 2008, Bologna, Italy, pp. 217-218.
90. Lunnan T (1989) Barley-pea mixtures for whole crop forage. Effect of different cultural practices on yield and quality. Nor J Agr Sci 3:57-71.
91. Malézieux E, Crozat Y, Dupraz C, Laurans M, Makowski D, Ozier-Lafontaine H, Rapidel B, de Tourdonnet S, Valantin-Morison M (2009) Mixing plant species in cropping systems: concepts, tools and models. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 29:43-62.
92. Midega CAO, Khan ZR, Amudavi DM, Pittchar J, Pickett JA (2010) Integrated management of Striga hermonthica and cereal stemborers in finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] through intercropping with Desmodium intortum. Int J Pest Manag 56:145-151.
93. Midmore DJ (1993) Agronomic modification of resource use and intercrop productivity. Field Crops Res 34:357-380.
94. Midya A, Bhattacharjee K, Ghose SS, Banik P (2005) Deferred seeding of blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) field on yield advantages and smothering of weeds. J Agron Crop Sci 191:195-201.
95. Morris RA, Garrity DP (1993) Resource capture and utilization in intercropping-water. Field Crops Res 34:303-317.
96. Mucheru-Muna M, Pypers P, Mugendi D, Kung'u J, Mugwe J, Merckx R, Vanlauwe B (2010) A staggered maize- legume intercrop arrangement robustly increases crop yields and economic returns in the highlands of Central Kenya. Field Crops Res 115:132-139.
97. Muoneke CO, Ogwuche MAO, Kalu BA (2007) Effect of maize planting density on the performance of maize/soybean intercropping system in a guinea savannah agroecosystem. Afr J Agr Res 2:667-677.
98. Murphy KM, Campbell KG, Lyon SR, Jones SS (2007). Evidence of varietal adaptation to organic farming systems. Field Crops Res 102:72-177.
99. Nelson SC, Robichaux RH (1997) Identifying plant architectural traits associated with yield under intercropping: Implications of genotype-cropping system interactions. Plant Breed 116:63-170.
100. Newman EI (1988) Mycorrhizal links between plants: their functioning and ecological significance. Adv Ecol Res 18:43-270.
101. O'Leary N, Smith ME (1999) Breeding corn for adaptation to two diverse intercropping companions. Am J Alt Agr 14:158-164.
102. O'Leary N, Smith ME (2004) Uncovering corn adaptation to intercrop with bean by selecting for system yield in the intercrop environment. J Sustain Agr 24:109-121.
103. Ofori F, Stern WR (1987) Cereal-legume intercropping systems. Adv Agron 41:41-90.
104. Ofosu-Anim J, Limbani NV (2007) Effect of intercropping on the growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). Int J Agr Biol 9:594-597.
105. Ogenga-Latigo MW, Baliddawa CW, Ampofo JKO (1993) Factors influencing the incidence of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scop. on common beans intercropped with maize. Afr Crop Sci J 1:49-58.
106. Olasantan FO, Lucas EO, Ezumah HC (1994) Effects of intercropping and fertilizer application on weed control and performance of cassava and maize. Field Crops Res 39:63-69.
107. Olorunmaiye PM (2010) Weed control potential of five legume cover crops in maize/cassava intercrop in a Southern Guinea savanna ecosystem of Nigeria. Aust J Crop Sci 4:324-329.
108. Olowe VIO, Adeyemo AY (2009) Enhanced crop productivity and compatibility through intercropping of sesame and sunflower varieties. Ann Appl Biol 155:285- 291.
109. Olufemi O, Pitan R, Odebiyi JA (2001) The effect of intercropping with maize on the level of infestation and damage by pod-sucking bugs in cowpea. Crop Prot 20:367-372.
110. Onduru DD, Du Preez CC (2007) Ecological and agro- economic study of small farms in sub-Saharan Africa. Agron Sustain Dev 27:197-208.
111. Osiru DSO, Ezumah HC (1994) Genotype evaluation for intercropping systems. Acta Hort 380:62-71.
112. Papanastasis VP, Arianoutsou M, Lyrintzis G (2004) Management of biotic resources in ancient Greece. Proceedings of the 10th Mediterranean Ecosystems (MEDECOS) Conference, 25 April-01 May 2004, Rhodes, Greece, pp. 1-11.
113. Papastylianou I (1990) Response of pure stands and mixtures of cereals and legumes to nitrogen fertilization and residual effects on subsequent barley. J Agr Sci 115:15-22.
114. Plucknett DL, Smith NJH (1986) Historical perspectives on multiple cropping. In: Francis CA (ed) Multiple Cropping Systems. MacMillan Publishing Company. New York, USA.
115. Putnam DH, Herbert SJ, Vargas A (1986) Intercropped corn- soybean density studies. II. yield composition and protein. Exp Agr 22:373-381.
116. Qamar IA, Keatinge JDH, Mohammad N, Ali A, Khan MA (1999) Introduction and management of vetch/barley forage mixtures in the rain fed areas of Pakistan. 3. Residual effects on following cereal crops. Aust J Agr Res 50:21-27.
117. Rahman MM, Amano T, Shiraiwa T (2009) Nitrogen use efficiency and recovery from N fertilizer under rice-based cropping systems. Aust J Crop Sci 3:336-351.
118. Rao MR (1986) Cereals in multiple cropping systems. In: Francis CA (ed) Multiple Cropping Systems. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York, USA.
119. Rao MR, Willey RW (1980) Evaluation of yield stability in intercropping: Studies on sorghum/pigeonpea. Exp Agr 16:105-116.
120. Rauber R, Schmidtke K, Kimpel-Freund H (2001) The performance of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and its role in determining yield advantages in mixed stands of pea and oat (Avena sativa L.). J Agron Crop Sci 187:137-144.
121. Risch SJ (1983) Intercropping as cultural pest control: prospects and limitations, Environ Manage 7:9-14
122. Roberts CA, Moore KJ, Johnson KD (1989) Forage quality and yield of wheat-vetch at different stages of maturity and vetch seeding rate. Agron J 81:57-60.
123. Russell AE (2002) Relationship between crop-species diversity and soil characteristics in southwest Indian agroecosystems. Agr Ecosyst Environ 92:235-249.
124. Santalla M, Rodino AP, Casquero PA, de Ron AM (2001) Interactions of bush bean intercropped with field and sweet maize. Eur J Agron 15:185-196.
125. Saucke H, Ackermann K (2006) Weed suppression in mixed cropped grain peas and false flax (Camelina sativa). Weed Res 46:453-461.
126. Scherr SJ, McNeely JA (2008) Biodiversity conservation and agricultural sustainability: towards a new paradigm of 'ecoagriculture' landscapes. Philos Trans Royal Soc B 363:477-494.
127. Schoeny A, Jumel S, Rouault F, Lemarchand E, Tivoli B (2010) Effect and underlying mechanisms of pea-cereal intercropping on the epidemic development of ascochyta blight. Eur J Plant Pathol 126:317-331.
128. Sekamatte BM, Ogenga-Latigo M, Russell-Smith A (2003) Effects of maize-legume intercrops on termite damage to maize, activity of predatory ants and maize yields in Uganda. Crop Prot 22:87-93.
129. Sharma SK, Mehta H (1988) Effect of cropping system on genetic variability and component analysis in soybean. Field Crops Res 19:103-111.
130. Sharma SK, Mehta H, Sood VK (1993) Effect of cropping systems on combining ability and gene action for grain yield and its components in soybean. Field Crops Res 34:15-22.
131. Sikirou R, Wydra K (2008) Effect of intercropping cowpea with maize or cassava on cowpea bacterial blight and yield. J Plant Dis Prot 115:145-151.
132. Smith ME, Francis CA (1986) Breeding for multiple cropping systems. In: Francis CA (ed) Multiple Cropping Systems. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York, USA.
133. Szumigalski A, Van Acker R (2005) Weed suppression and crop production in annual intercrops. Weed Sci 53:813- 825.
134. Szumigalski AR, Van Acker RC (2006) Nitrogen yield and land use efficiency in annual sole crops and intercrops. Agron J 98:1030-1040.
135. Tefera T, Tana T (2002) Agronomic performance of sorghum and groundnut cultivars in sole and intercrop cultivation under semiarid conditions. J Agron Crop Sci 188:212-218.
136. Theunissen J (1997) Intercropping in field vegetables as an approach to sustainable horticulture. Outlook Agr 26:95-99.
137. Thomson EF, Rihawi S, Nersoyan N (1990) Nutritive value and yields of some forage legumes and barley harvested as immature herbage, hay and straw in North-West Syria. Exp Agr 26:49-56.
138. Thompson DJ, Stout DG, Moore T (1992) Forage production by four annual cropping sequences emphasizing barley irrigation in southern interior British Columbia. Can J Plant Sci 72:181-185.
139. Thrupp LA (2002) Linking agricultural biodiversity and food security: the valuable role of agrobiodiversity for sustainable agriculture. Int Aff 76:283-297.
140. Tilman D, Cassman KG, Matson PA, Naylor R, Polasky S (2002) Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418:671-677.
141. Tofinga MP, Paolini R, Snaydon RW (1993) A study of root and shoot interactions between cereals and peas in mixtures. J Agr Sci 120:13-24.
142. Trenbath BR (1976) Plant interactions in mixed cropping communities. In: Papendick RI, Sanchez A, Triplett GB (eds) Multiple Cropping. ASA Special Publication 27, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA.
143. Trenbath BR (1993) Intercropping for the management of pests and diseases. Field Crops Res 34:381-405.
144. Tsubo M, Walker S, Mukhala E (2001) Comparisons of radiation use efficiency of mono-/inter-cropping systems with different row orientations. Field Crops Res 71:17- 29.
145. Vandermeer JH (1989) The Ecology of Intercropping. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
146. Vandermeer J, van Noordwijk M, Anderson J, Ong C, Perfecto I (1998) Global change and multi-species agroecosystems: Concepts and issues. Agr Ecosyst Environ 67:1-22.
147. Vasilakoglou I, Dhima K, Lithourgidis A, Eleftherohorinos I (2008) Competitive ability of winter cereal-common vetch intercrops against sterile oat. Exp Agr 44:509-520.
148. Vieira RF, de Paula Junior TJ, Teixeira H, Vieira C (2009) Intensity of angular leaf spot and anthracnose on pods of common beans cultivated in three cropping systems. Ciénc Agrotec 33:1931-1934.
149. Vilich-Meller V (1992) Mixed cropping of cereals to suppress plant diseases and omit pesticide applications. Biol Agr Hort 8:299-308.
150. Vlachostergios DN, Roupakias DG (2008) Response to conventional and organic environment of thirty-six lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) varieties. Euphytica 163:449-457.
151. Vlachostergios DN, Lithourgidis AS, Roupakias DG (2010) Adaptability to organic culture system of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) varieties developed from conventional breeding programs. J Agr Sci (doi: 10.1017/S002185961000050X).
152. Waddington SR, Mekuria M, Siziba S, Karigwindi J (2007) Long-term yield sustainability and financial returns from grain legume-maize intercrops on a sandy soil in subhumid north central Zimbabwe. Exp Agr 43:489-503.
153. Wien HC, Smithson JB (1981) The evaluation of genotypes for intercropping. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Intercropping, International Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), 10-13 January 1979, Andhra Pradesh, India, pp. 105-116.
154. Willey RW (1979) Intercropping its importance and research needs. I. Competition and yield advantages. Field Crop Abstr 32:1-10.
155. Willey RW (1985) Evaluation and presentation of intercropping advantages. Exp Agr 21:119-133.
156. Willey RW, Rao MR (1980) A competitive ratio for quantifying competition between intercrops. Exp Agr. 16:117-125.
157. Witcombe JR, Billore M, Singhal HC, Patel NB, Tikka SBS, Saini DP, Sharma LK, Sharma R, Yadav SK, Pyadavendra J (2008) Improving the food security of low-resource farmers: Introducing horsegram into maize- based cropping systems. Exp Agr 43:339-348.
158. Wolfe MS, Baresel JP, Desclaux D, Goldringer I, Hoad S, Kovacs G, Löschenberger F, MIEDANER T, Østergård H, Lammerts van Bueren ET (2008) Developments in breeding cereals for organic agriculture. Euphytica 163:323-346.
159. Yadav RS, Yadav OP (2001) The performance of cultivars of pearl millet and clusterbean under sole cropping and intercropping systems in arid zone conditions in India. Exp Agr 37:231-240.
160. Zhang F, Li L (2003) Using competitive and facilitative interactions in intercropping systems enhances crop productivity and nutrient-use efficiency. Plant Soil 248:305-312.
161. Zougmore R, Kambou FN, Ouattara K, Guillobez S (2000) Sorghum-cowpea intercropping: An effective technique against runoff and soil erosion in the Sahel (Saria, Burkina Faso). Arid Land Res Manag 14:329-342.