Guillain-Barré syndrome: Modern theories of etiology

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 197-204

  Hardy, Todd A ^a   Blum, Stefan ^b   McCombe, Pamela A ^b   Reddel, Stephen W ^c  

^a Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases   (Australia)

^b ROYAL BRISBANE AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy; Acute motor axonal neuropathy; Autoimmune disease; Guillain Barr syndrome; Immune pathogenesis

Indexed keywords

CD1 ANTIGEN; GANGLIOSIDE; GANGLIOSIDE GQ 1B ANTIBODY;

ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION; ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; BLOOD NERVE BARRIER; CROSS REACTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE MODEL; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; GUILLAIN BARRE SYNDROME; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INFECTION; MOLECULAR MIMICRY; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SENSORIMOTOR NEUROPATHY;

GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME; HUMANS; IMMUNE TOLERANCE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION;

EID: 79955916548     PISSN: 15297322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11882-011-0190-y     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Zinkernagel R. On observing and analyzing disease versus signals. Nat Immunol. 2007;8:8-10. (Pubitemid 46242349)
2. Alshekhlee A, Hussain Z, Sultan B, Katirji B. Guillain-Barre syndrome: incidence and mortality rates in US hospitals. Neurology. 2008;70:1608-13. (Pubitemid 351620316)
3. van Doorn PA, Ruts L, Jacobs BC. Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:939-50.
4. Hughes RAC, Cornblath DR. Guillain-Barre syndrome. Lancet. 2005;366:1653-66.
5. Ruts L, Drenthen J, Jacobs BC, Van Doorn PA. Distinguishing acute-onset CIDP from fluctuating Guillain-Barre syndrome: a prospective study. Neurology. 2010;74:1680-6.
6. Schonberger LB, Bregman DJ, Sullivan-Bolyai JZ, et al. Guillain- Barre syndrome following vaccination in the National Influenza Immunization Program, United States, 1976-1977. Am J Epidemiol. 1979;110:105-23. (Pubitemid 10209694)
7. Lasky T, Terracciano GJ, Magder L, et al. The Guillain-Barre syndrome and the 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 influenza vaccines. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1797-802.
8. 2009 H1N1 flu. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu.
9. Haber P, Sejvar J, Mikaeloff Y, DeStefano F. Vaccines and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Drug Saf. 2009;32:309-23.
10. Asbury AK, Arnason BG, Adams RD. The inflammatory lesion in idiopathic polyneuritis. Medicine. 1969;48:173-215.
11. Kieseier BC, Kiefer R, Gold R, et al. Advances in understanding and treatment of immune-mediated disorders of the peripheral nervous system. Muscle Nerve. 2004;30:131-56. (Pubitemid 38982218)
12. Csurhes PA, Sullivan AA, Green K, et al. T cell reactivity to P0, P2, PMP-22, and myelin basic protein in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:1431-9.
13. McCombe PA, Csurhes PA. T cells from patients with Guillain- Barre syndrome produce interferon-gamma in response to stimulation with the ganglioside GM1. J Clin Neurosci. 2010;17:537-8.
14. Chi L-J, Wang H-B, Zhang Y, Wang W-Z. Abnormality of circulating CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cell in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. J Neuroimmunol. 2007;192:206-14. (Pubitemid 350213129)
15. Harness J, McCombe PA. Increased levels of activated T-cells and reduced levels of CD4/CD25+ cells in peripheral blood of Guillain-Barré syndrome patients compared to controls. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15:1031-5.
16. Hafer-Macko CE, Sheikh KA, Li CY, et al. Immune attack on the Schwann cell surface in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:625-35. (Pubitemid 26143601)
17. Inglis HR, Csurhes PA, McCombe PA. Antibody responses to peptides of peripheral nerve myelin proteins P0 and P2 in patients with inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:419-22. (Pubitemid 46580558)
18. Feasby TE, Gilbert JJ, Brown WF, et al. An acute axonal form of Guillain-Barre polyneuropathy. Brain. 1986;109:1115-26. (Pubitemid 17212981)
19. McKhann GM, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW, et al. Acute motor axonal neuropathy: a frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis in China. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:333-42. (Pubitemid 23103964)
20. Griffin JW, Li CY, Ho TW, et al. Pathology of the motor-sensory axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1996;39:17-28.
21. Ang CW, Yuki N, Jacobs BC, et al. Rapidly progressive, predominantly motor Guillain-Barre syndrome with anti-GalNAc-GD1a antibodies. Neurology. 1999;53:2122-7.
22. Ho TW, Willison HJ, Nachamkin I, et al. Anti-GD1a antibody is associated with axonal but not demyelinating forms of Guillain- Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1999;45:168-73. (Pubitemid 29072362)
23. Yuki N, Yamada M, Koga M, et al. Animal model of axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome induced by sensitization with GM1 ganglioside. Ann Neurol. 2001;49:712-20. (Pubitemid 32530237)
24. Lopez PHH, Zhang G, Bianchet MA, et al. Structural requirements of anti-GD1a antibodies determine their target specificity. Brain. 2008;131:1926-39. (Pubitemid 351957448)
25. Kaida K, Kusunoki S. Antibodies to gangliosides and ganglioside complexes in Guillain-Barre syndrome and Fisher syndrome: Mini-review. J Neuroimmunol. 2010;223:5-12.
26. Rinaldi S, Willison HJ. Ganglioside antibodies and neuropathies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2008;21:540-6.
27. Hafer-Macko C, Hsieh ST, Li CY, et al. Acute motor axonal neuropathy: an antibody-mediated attack on axolemma. Ann Neurol. 1996;40:635-44. (Pubitemid 26357889)
28. Halstead SK, Zitman FMP, Humphreys PD, et al: Eculizumab prevents anti-ganglioside antibody-mediated neuropathy in a murine model. Brain 2008, 131:1197-1208. This study demonstrated a realistic therapy for possible trials in human GBS.
29. Yuki N, Kuwabara S, Koga M, Hirata K. Acute motor axonal neuropathy and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy share a common immunological profile. J Neurol Sci. 1999;168:121-6. (Pubitemid 29467429)
30. Uncini A, Manzoli C, Notturno F, Capasso M. Pitfalls in electrodiagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome subtypes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81:1157-63.
31. Madrid RE, Wiśniewski HM. Axonal degeneration in demyelinating disorders. J Neurocytol. 1977;6:103-17. (Pubitemid 8021790)
32. Sobottka B, Harrer MD, Ziegler U, et al. Collateral bystander damage by myelin-directed CD8+ T cells causes axonal loss. Am J Pathol. 2009;175:1160-6.
33. Chiba A, Kusunoki S, Shimizu T, Kanazawa I. Serum IgG antibody to ganglioside GQ1b is a possible marker of Miller Fisher syndrome. Ann Neurol. 1992;31:677-9.
34. Damian RT. Molecular mimicry: antigen sharing by parasite and host and its consequences. Am Nat. 1964;98:129-49.
35. Yuki N, Kuwabara S. Axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome: carbohydrate mimicry and pathophysiology. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2007;12:238-49. (Pubitemid 350179489)
36. van Belkum A, van den Braak N, Godschalk P, et al. A Campylobacter jejuni gene associated with immune-mediated neuropathy. Nat Med. 2001;7:752-3. (Pubitemid 32691611)
37. Koga M, Takahashi M, Masuda M, et al. Campylobacter gene polymorphism as a determinant of clinical features of Guillain- Barre syndrome. Neurology. 2005;65:1376-81. (Pubitemid 41552764)
38. Halstead SK, O'Hanlon GM, Humphreys PD, et al. Antidisialoside antibodies kill perisynaptic Schwann cells and damage motor nerve terminals via membrane attack complex in a murine model of neuropathy. Brain. 2004;127:2109-23. (Pubitemid 39150268)
39. Illa I, Ortiz N, Gallard E, et al. Acute axonal Guillain-Barre syndrome with IgG antibodies against motor axons following parenteral gangliosides. Ann Neurol. 1995;38:218-24.
40. Shamshiev A, Donda A, Prigozy TI, et al. The alphabeta T cell response to self-glycolipids shows a novel mechanism of CD1b loading and a requirement for complex oligosaccharides. Immunity. 2000;13:255-64.
41. Shamshiev A, Donda A, Carena I, et al. Self glycolipids as T-cell autoantigens. Eur J Immunol. 1999;29:1667-75. (Pubitemid 29224472)
42. Godfrey DI, Kronenberg M. Going both ways: immune regulation via CD1d-dependent NKT cells. J Clin Investig. 2004;114:1379-88. (Pubitemid 40385565)
43. Spies JM, Westland KW, Bonner JG, Pollard JD. Intraneural activated T cells cause focal breakdown of the blood-nerve barrier. Brain. 1995;118:857-68.
44. Pollard JD, Westland KW, Harvey GK, et al. Activated T cells of nonneural specificity open the blood-nerve barrier to circulating antibody. Ann Neurol. 1995;37:467-75.
45. Ho TW, Mishu B, Li CY, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome in northern China. Relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and anti-glycolipid antibodies. Brain. 1995;118:597-605.
46. Kuitwaard K, van Koningsveld R, Ruts L, et al: Recurrent Guillain Barre syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2009, 80:56-59. This article confirmed the low rate of recurrent GBS and demonstrated that the few patients who do have recurrences have other features of autoimmunity, and that the standard on-off case does not.
47. Steiner I, Rosenberg G,Wirguin I: Transient immunosuppression: a bridge between infection and the atypical autoimmunity of Guillain-Barre syndrome? Clin Exp Immunol 2010. This article presents an interesting related hypothesis that suggests more of a role for transient immunosuppression as an initiating feature but also deals well with the reasons why GBS is not a typical autoimmune disease.
48. Matzinger P. Friendly and dangerous signals: is the tissue in control? Nat Immunol. 2007;8:11-3.