Effects of Management of Domestic Dogs and Recreation on Carnivores in Protected Areas in Northern California;Efectos del Manejo de Perros Domésticos y Recreación sobre Carnívoros en Áreas Protegidas en el Norte de California

Conservation Biology

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 504-513

  Reed, Sarah E ^a   Merenlender, Adina M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Carnivore; Domestic dog; Management policy; Noninvasive animal survey; Protected area; Recreation

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; CANID; DEVELOPING WORLD; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HABITAT CONSERVATION; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; PROTECTED AREA; RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY; RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; SPECIES RICHNESS;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; CARNIVORA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COYOTE; DOG; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; RECREATION; UNITED STATES;

ANIMALS; BIODIVERSITY; CALIFORNIA; CARNIVORA; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; COYOTES; DOGS; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; HUMANS; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; RECREATION;

CALIFORNIA; UNITED STATES;

ANIMALIA; CANIS FAMILIARIS; CANIS LATRANS; LYNX RUFUS; MAMMALIA;

EID: 79955850019     PISSN: 08888892     EISSN: 15231739     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01641.x     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Balmford, A., J. Beresford, J. Green, R. Naidoo, M. Walpole, and A. Manica 2009. A global perspective on trends in nature-based tourism. Public Library of Science Biology 7:DOI.
2. Banks, P. B., and J. V. Bryant 2007. Four-legged friend or foe? Dog walking displaces native birds from natural areas. Biology Letters 3:611-613.
3. BAOSC (Bay Area Open Space Council). 2004. Parks, people and change: ethnic diversity and its significance for parks, recreation and open space conservation in the San Francisco Bay Area. BAOSC, Berkeley, California.
4. BAOSC (Bay Area Open Space Council). 2009. Bay area protected areas database. BAOSC, Berkeley, California Available from (accessed October 2009).
5. Bekoff, M., and C. A. Meaney 1997. Interactions among dogs, people, and the environment in Boulder, Colorado: a case study. Anthrozoos 10:23-31.
6. Bidlack, A. L., S. E. Reed, W. M. Getz, and P. J. Palsboll 2007. Characterization of a western North American carnivore community using PCR-RFLP of cytochrome b obtained from fecal samples. Conservation Genetics 8:1151-1153.
7. Burnham, K.P., and D.R. Anderson 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Springer, New York.
8. Butler, J. R. A., J. T. du Toit, and J. Bingham 2004. Free-ranging domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) as predators and prey in rural Zimbabwe: threats of competition and disease to large wild carnivores. Biological Conservation 115:369-378.
9. Cade, B. S., and B. R. Noon 2003. A gentle introduction to quantile regression for ecologists. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1:412-420.
10. Dixon, J. A., and P. B. Sherman 1991. Economics of protected areas. Ambio 20:68-74.
11. Fairbanks, W. S., and R. Tullous 2002. Distribution of pronghorn (Antilocarpa Americana Ord) on Antelope Island State Park, Utah, USA, before and after establishment of recreational trails. Natural Areas Journal 22:277-282.
12. Forrest, A., and C. C. St. Clair 2006. Effects of dog leash laws and habitat type on avian and small mammal communities in urban parks. Urban Ecosystems 9:51-66.
13. Garber, S. D., and J. Burger 1995. A 20-yr study documenting the relationship between turtle decline and human recreation. Ecological Applications 5:1151-1162.
14. George, S. L., and K. R. Crooks 2006. Recreation and large mammal activity in an urban nature reserve. Biological Conservation 133:107-117.
15. GIN (GreenInfo Network). 2009. California protected areas database. GIN, San Francisco Available from (accessed October 2009).
16. Harrison, R. L., P. S. Clarke, and C. M. Clarke 2004. Indexing swift fox populations in New Mexico using scats. American Midland Naturalist 151:42-49.
17. Hill, G. W., and P. R. Courtney 2006. Demand analysis projections for recreational visits to countryside woodlands in Great Britain. Forestry 79:185-200.
18. HSUS (Humane Society of the United States). 2009. U.S. pet ownership statistics. HSUS, Washington, D.C Available from (accessed October 2009).
19. Lenth, B. E., R. L. Knight, and M. E. Brennan 2008. The effects of dogs on wildlife communities. Natural Areas Journal 28:218-227.
20. Long, R. A., P. Mackay, W. J. Zielinski, and J. C. Ray 2008. Noninvasive survey methods for carnivores. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
21. MacArthur, R. A., V. Geist, and R. H. Johnston 1982. Cardiac and behavioral responses of mountain sheep to human disturbance. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:351-358.
22. Miklosi, A. 2007. Dog behaviour, evolution, and cognition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
23. Miller, S. G., R. L. Knight, and C. K. Miller 1998. Influence of recreational trails on breeding bird communities. Ecological Applications 8:162-169.
24. Miller, S. G., R. L. Knight, and C. K. Miller 2001. Wildlife responses to pedestrians and dogs. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:124-132.
25. Myers, N., R. A. Mittermeier, C. G. Mittermeier, G. A. B. da Fonseca, and J. Kent 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853-858.
26. Paxinos, E., C. McIntosh, K. Ralls, and R. Fleischer 1997. A noninvasive method for distinguishing among canid species: amplification and enzyme restriction of DNA from dung. Molecular Ecology 6:483-486.
27. Potvin, C., and D. A. Roff 1993. Distribution-free and robust statistical methods: viable alternatives to parametric statistics? Ecology 74:1617-1628.
28. Reed, S. E., and A. M. Merenlender 2008. Quiet, nonconsumptive recreation reduces protected area effectiveness. Conservation Letters 1:146-154.
29. Reed, S. E., and K. A. Seymour 2008. Predicting the intensity of recreational use of oak woodland preserves. General technical report PSW-GTR-217. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, California.
30. Rodriguez-Prieto, I., and E. Fernandez-Juricic 2005. Effects of direct human disturbance on the endemic Iberian frog Ranaiberica at individual and population levels. Biological Conservation 12:1-9.
31. Stander, P. E. 1998. Spoor counts as indices of large carnivore populations: the relationship between spoor frequency, sampling effort and true density. Journal of Applied Ecology 35:378-385.
32. Sterl, P., C. Brandenburg, and A. Arnberger 2008. Visitors' awareness and assessment of recreational disturbance of wildlife in the Donau-Auen National Park. Journal for Nature Conservation 16:135-145.
33. Taylor, A. R., and R. L. Knight 2003. Wildlife responses to recreation and associated visitor perceptions. Ecological Applications 13:951-963.
34. U.S. Census Bureau. 2006. County population estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Washington, D.C Available from (accessed September 2010).
35. USFS (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service). 2005. CALVEG. USFS Remote Sensing Lab, McClellan, California Available from (accessed February 2010).
36. Van Der Zande, A. N., J. C. Berkhuizen, H. C. van Latesteijn, W. J. terKeurs, and A. J. Poppelaars 1984. Impact of outdoor recreation on the density of a number of breeding bird species in woods adjacent to urban residential areas. Biological Conservation 30:1-39.
37. Vanak, A. T., and M. E. Gompper 2009. Dogs (Canis familiaris) as carnivores: their role and function in intraguild competition. Mammal Review 39:265-283.
38. Whittington, J., C. C. St. Clair, and G. Mercer 2005. Spatial responses of wolves to roads and trails in mountain valleys. Ecological Applications 15:543-553.
39. Wilson, G. J. and R. J. Delahay 2001. A review of methods to estimate the abundance of terrestrial carnivores using field signs and observation. Wildlife Research 28:151-164.
40. Yalden, P. E., and D. W. Yalden 1990. Recreational disturbance of breeding golden plovers. Biological Conservation 51:243-262.
41. Zar, J. H. 1999. Biostatistical analysis. 4th edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.