Androgen suppression strategies for prostate cancer: Is there an ideal approach?

Current Urology Reports

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 188-196

  Ismail, Mohamed ^a   Ferroni, Matthew ^b   Gomella, Leonard G ^b  

^a Wilmington VA Medical Center   (United States)

^b THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Androgen suppression therapy; Antiandrogens; Hormonal therapy; Intermittent hormonal therapy; LHRH; LHRH agonists; LHRH antagonists; Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone; Prostate cancer

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; BICALUTAMIDE; DEGARELIX; ESTROGEN; FLUTAMIDE; FOLLITROPIN; GONADORELIN; GONADORELIN AGONIST; GOSERELIN; HISTRELIN; LEUPRORELIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; NILUTAMIDE; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; TESTOSTERONE; TRIPTORELIN;

ADVANCED CANCER; ANDROGEN SYNTHESIS; ANTIANDROGEN THERAPY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MONOTHERAPY; ORCHIECTOMY; PROSTATE CANCER; RECEPTOR BINDING; REGULATORY MECHANISM; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; TESTOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; TESTOSTERONE SYNTHESIS; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT INDICATION;

ANDROGEN ANTAGONISTS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL; DISEASE-FREE SURVIVAL; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; HUMANS; MALE; NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL; NEOPLASM STAGING; PROGNOSIS; PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TESTOSTERONE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 79955797406     PISSN: 15272737     EISSN: 15346285     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11934-011-0178-0     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. A Jemal R Siegel J Xu E Ward 2010 Cancer statistics, 2010 CA Cancer J Clin 60 5 277 300 20610543 10.3322/caac.20073
2. Collette L, Struder U, Iversen P, et al. Is the degree of PSA decline after immediate androgen deprivation a prognostic factor for outcome in patients with T0-4, N0, M0 prostate cancer not suitable for local treatment with curative intent? Paper presented at: 21st Congress of the European Association of Urology; April 5-8, Paris, France: 2006.
3. M Bolla L Collette L Blank, et al. 2002 Long term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer: a phase III randomized trial Lancet 360 103 106 12126818 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09408-4 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xlt1Ohuro%3D (Pubitemid 34786197)
4. MV Pilepich K Winter CA Lawton, et al. 2005 Androgen suppression adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in prostate carcinoma-long term results of phase III RTOG 85-31 Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61 1285 1290 15817329 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.08.047 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjtV2ju74%3D (Pubitemid 40470408)
5. MV Pilepich K Winter MJ John, et al. 2001 Phase III radiation therapy oncology group (RTOG) trial 86-10 of androgen deprivation adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50 1243 1252 11483335 10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01579-6 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvjslKruw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32727802)
6. JW Denham A Steigler DS Lamb, et al. 2005 Short term androgen deprivation and radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: results from the Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology group 96.01 randomized controlled trial Lancet Oncol 6 841 850 16257791 10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70348-X 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXhtFOmsb%2FO (Pubitemid 41614795)
7. PL Nguyen MH Chen CJ Beard, et al. 2010 Radiation therapy with or without 6 months of androgen suppression therapy in intermediate-and high risk clinically localized prostate cancer: a postrandomization analysis by risk group Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 77 4 1046 1052 19864082 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.06. 038 This article demonstrates that the risks of adjuvant AST outweigh its benefits in patients with high comorbidities
8. AV D'Amico JW Denham J Crook, et al. 2007 Influence of androgen suppression therapy for prostate cancer on the frequency and timing of fatal myocardial infarctions J Clin Oncol 25 2420 2425 17557956 10.1200/JCO.2006.09. 3369 (Pubitemid 46999213)
9. M Roach K Bae J Speight, et al. 2008 Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy and external-beam radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: long term results of RTOG 8610 J Clin Oncol 26 585 591 18172188 10.1200/JCO.2007.13.9881 (Pubitemid 351264352)
10. JA Efstathiou K Bae WU Shipley, et al. 2009 Cardiovascular mortality after androgen suppression therapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: RTOG 85-31 J Clin Oncol 27 92 99 19047297 10.1200/JCO.2007.12.3752 This article demonstrates that the benefits of AST outweigh its risks in locally advanced prostate cancer
11. J Seidenfled DJ Samson V Hassellad, et al. 2000 Single-therapy androgen suppression in men with advanced prostate cancer: a systematic review and metanalysis Ann Intern Med 132 566 577 (Pubitemid 30171897)
12. IM Thompson EJ Zediman FR Rodriguez 1990 Sudden death due to disease flare with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormones agonist therapy for carcinoma of the prostate J Urol 144 1479 1480 2122011 1:STN:280:DyaK3M%2FjvFKhtQ%3D%3D
13. H Heidenreich G Aus M Bolla, et al. 2008 European Association of Urology: EUA guidelines on prostate cancer Eur Urol 53 68 80 17920184 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.09.002 This article reviews the guidelines recommend by the European Association of Urology in management of prostate cancer (Pubitemid 350166735)
14. NR Zinner M Bidair A Ceneteno, et al. 2004 Similar frequency of testosterone surge after repeat injection of goserelin (zoladex) 3.6 mg and 10.8 mg: results of a randomized open-label trial Urology 64 1177 1181 15596193 10.1016/j.urology.2004.07.033 (Pubitemid 39647062)
15. L Klotz L Boccon-Gibod ND Shore, et al. 2008 The efficacy and safety of degarelix: a 12-month, comparative, randomized, open-label, parallel-group phase III study in patients with prostate cancer BJU Int 102 11 1531 1538 19035858 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.08183.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVWktLk%3D After the results of this study, degarelix was granted FDA approval
16. P Iversen TLJ Tammela S Vaage, et al. 2002 A randomized comparison of Bicalutamide (Casodex) 150 mg versus placebo as immediate therapy either alone or as adjuvant to standard of care for early non-metastatic prostate cancer. First report from the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group study No. 6 Eur Urol 42 204 211 12234503 10.1016/S0302-2838(02)00311-1 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XosVSmsbc%3D (Pubitemid 35024229)
17. HI Scher TM Beer CS Higano, et al. 2010 Antitumour activity of MDV3100 in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a phase 1-2 study; Prostate Cancer Foundation/Department of Defense Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium Lancet 375 9724 1437 1446 20398925 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60172-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXltFOmsL0%3D
18. Prostate Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group 2000 Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: an overview of the randomized trails Lancet 355 1036 1042
19. A Nanda MH Chen AJ Moran, et al. 2010 Total androgen blockage versus luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist alone in men with high risk prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 76 5 1439 1444 19540066 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.03.034 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjvFCks70%3D This study demonstrated that radiation therapy and MAB is superior to monotherapy in the adjuvant setting
20. AV D'Amico MH Chen AA Renshaw, et al. 2008 Risk of prostate cancer recurrence in men treated with radiation alone or in conjugation with combined or less than combined androgen suppression therapy J Clin Oncol 26 1036 1042
21. JC Presti WR Fair G Andriole, et al. 1992 Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study to investigate the effect of finasteride (mK-906) on stage D prostate cancer J Urol 148 1201 1204 1383574
22. G Andriole M Lieber J Smith, et al. 1995 Treatment with finasteride following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer Urology 45 491 497 7533461 10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80021-1 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7osFShtg%3D%3D
23. AB Barqawi JW Moul L Bittman, et al. 2003 Combination of low dose flutamide and finasteride for PSA-only recurrent prostate cancer after primary therapy Urology 62 872 876 14624911 10.1016/S0090-4295(03)00667-8 (Pubitemid 37421234)
24. WK Oh J Manola L Bittman, et al. 2003 Finasterdie and flutamide therapy in patients with advanced prostate cancer: response to subsequent castration and long-term follow-up Urology 62 99 105 12837431 10.1016/S0090-4295(03)00145-6 (Pubitemid 36802080)
25. SK Shah DL Trump O Sarto, et al. 2009 Phase II study of Dutasteride for recurrent prostate cancer during androgen deprivation therapy J Urol 181 621 626 19091347 10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.014
26. G Boustead SJ Edwards 2007 Systemic review of early versus deferred hormonal treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer; a metanalysis of randomized controlled trials BJU Int 99 1383 1389 17346269 10.1111/j.1464-410X. 2007.06802.x
27. PE Spiess AK Lee Denham, et al. 2007 Surgically managed lymph node-positive prostate cancer; does delaying hormonal therapy worsens the outcome? BJU Int 99 321 325 17155975 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06648.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjt1Kgtr0%3D (Pubitemid 46110434)
28. TC Tenenholz C Shields R Ramesh, et al. 2007 Survival benefit for early hormone ablation in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer Urol Onc 25 101 109 10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.03.002 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXivVSisL0%3D (Pubitemid 46349744)
29. JW Moul H Wu L Sun, et al. 2004 Early versus delayed hormonal therapy for prostate specific antigen only recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy J Urol 171 1141 1147 14767288 10.1097/01.ju.0000113794.34810.d0 (Pubitemid 38327544)
30. M Bolla D Gonzalez P Warde, et al. 1997 Improved survival in patients with locally danced prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy and goserelin N Engl J Med 337 295 300 9233866 10.1056/NEJM199707313370502 1:CAS:528: DyaK2sXlsVGgs74%3D (Pubitemid 27318990)
31. The Medical Research Council Prostate Cancer Working Party Investigators Group 1997 Immediate versus deferred treatment for advanced prostate cancer: initial results of the Medical Research Council Trial Br J Urol 79 235 246
32. UE Studer D Hauri S Hanselmann, et al. 2004 Immediate versus deferred hormonal treatment for patients with prostate cancer who are not suitable for curative local treatment; results of the randomized trial SAKK 08/88 J Clin Oncol 22 4109 4118 15483020 10.1200/JCO.2004.11.514 (Pubitemid 41185180)
33. M Bolla TM de Reike GV Tienhoven, et al. 2009 Duration of androgen suppression in the treatment of prostate cancer N Engl J Med 360 2516 2527 19516032 10.1056/NEJMoa0810095 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXntVKqtr0%3D This study established prolonged AST as the standard of care in patients with locally advanced disease
34. EM Horwitz K Bae GE Hanks, et al. 2008 Ten-year follow-up of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group protocol 92-02: a phase III trial of the duration of elective androgen deprivation in locally advanced prostate cancer J Clin Oncol 26 2497 2504 18413638 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.9021 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXnsVKhuro%3D
35. AV D'Amico J Manola M Loffredo, et al. 2004 6 months androgen suppression plus radiation therapy vs. radiation therapy alone for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: a randomized controlled study JAMA 292 821 827 15315996 10.1001/jama.292.7.821 (Pubitemid 39079668)
36. R Choo C Danjoux S Gardner, et al. 2009 Efficacy of salvage radiotherapy plus 2 years androgen suppression for postradical prostatectomy patients with PSA relapse Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 75 4 983 989 19409726 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.12.049 This study demonstrated a benefit from addition of AST to radiation therapy in patients with PSA relapse after RP
37. R Choo C Danjoux S Gardner, et al. 2009 Prospective study evaluating postoperative radiotherapy plus 2-year androgen suppression for post-radical prostatectomy patients with pathologic T3 disease and/or positive surgical margins Int J Radiat Oncol Boil Phys 75 2 407 412 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.11.007 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtV2ktrnN This study demonstrated a benefit form addition of AST to radiation therapy in patients with pT3 and/or positive margins after RP
38. MS Bhandari J Crook M Hussain 2005 Should intermittent androgen deprivation be used in routine clinical practice? J Clin Oncol 23 8212 8218 16278475 10.1200/JCO.2005.03.2557 (Pubitemid 46211557)
39. GL Shaw P Wilson J Cuzick, et al. 2007 International study into the use of intermittent hormone therapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate: a meta-analysis of 1,446 patients BJU Int 99 1056 1065 17346277 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06770.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmvVaqsLc%3D (Pubitemid 46587917)
40. PA Abrahamasson 2010 Potental benefits of intermittent androgen suppression therapy in treatment of prostate cancer: a systemic review of the literature Eur Urol 57 49 59 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.07.049 This article reviews the benefits of phase 2 and 3 studies of IHT to date
41. JM Crook E Szumacher S Malone, et al. 1999 Intermittent androgen suppression in the management of prostate caner Urology 53 530 534 10096379 10.1016/S0090-4295(98)00547-0 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7psVSnsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29136197)
42. J de Leval P Boca E Yousef, et al. 2002 Intermittent versus continuous total androgen blockade in treatment of patients with advanced hormone-naïve prostate cancer: results of a prospective randomized multicenter trial Clin Prostate Cancer 1 163 171 15046691 (Pubitemid 37012397)
43. D Prapotnich X Cathelineau F Rozet, et al. 2009 A 16 year clinical experience with intermittent androgen deprivation for prostate cancer. Oncological results World J Urol 27 627 635 19247669 10.1007/s00345-009-0393-1 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFOrtLnK
44. M Cleave L Klotz SS Taneja 2009 The continued debate: intermittent vs. continuous hormonal ablation for metastatic prostate cancer Urol Oncol 27 81 86 10.1016/j.urolonc.2008.07.025
45. W Rosner HJ Vesper 2010 Toward excellence in testosterone testing: a consensus statement Clin Endocrinol Metab 95 4542 4548 10.1210/jc.2010-1314 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlCktLrO
46. J Morote J Planas CX Raventos, et al. 2007 Redefining clinically significant castration levels in patients with prostate cancer receiving continuous androgen deprivation therapy J Urol 178 1290 1295 17698136 10.1016/j.juro.2007.05.129 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtFKnsbrJ (Pubitemid 47368393)
47. MG Oefelein R Cornum 2000 Failure to achieve castrate levels of testosterone during luteinizing hormone releasing hormones (LHRH) agonists: the case for monitoring serum testosterone and a treatment decision algorithm J Urol 164 3 726 729 10953134 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67290-4 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3cXmtlSmsbk%3D (Pubitemid 30637611)
48. RB Montgomery EA Mostaghel R Vessella, et al. 2008 Maintenance of intratumoral androgens in metastatic prostate cancer: a mechanism for castration-resistant tumor growth Cancer Res 68 11 4447 4454 18519708 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0249 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmsFKlsr8%3D
49. S Shah C Ryan 2010 Abiraterone acetate for castration resistant prostate cancer Expert Opin Investig Drugs 19 4 563 570 20225998 10.1517/ 13543781003639427 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXkt1agurs%3D
50. HS Kim SJ Freedland 2010 Androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer: anticipated side-effects and their management Curr Opin Supp Care 4 147 152 10.1097/SPC.0b013e32833bd913 This article reviews all the complications associated with AST. The recommended management for these complications is reviewed