A History of Trade in the Sea of Melayu

Itinerario

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 87-110

  Andaya, Leonard Y ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 79955757913     PISSN: 01651153     EISSN: 20412827     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S016511530000869X     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. G.R. Tibbetts, A Study of the Arabic Texts Containing Material on South-East Asia (London/Leiden 1979) 43.
2. J.V. Mills ed., Eredia's Description of Malaca, Meridional India and Cathay. Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Reprint 14 (1997) 42.
3. O.W. Wolters, The Fall ofSrivijaya in Malay History (Ithaca 1970) 21.
4. Gungwu Wang, Community and Nation: Essays on Southeast Asia and the Chinese (Singapore 1981) 108.
5. The word ‘Melayu’, i.e. ‘Malay’, was first used in the seventh century to refer to a place in southeast Sumatra. Not until the eighteenth century did a Chinese writer use the term Melayu to describe a people. Wang, Community and Nation, 108.
6. See L.Y. Andaya, ‘The Search for the Origins of Melayu’ (in press).
7. R.A. Donkin, Dragon's Brain Perfume: A Historical Geography of Camphor (Leiden 1999) 13.
8. Edward H. Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics (Berkeley 1963) 163–165.
9. I.H., Burkill, A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula I (Kuala Lumpur 1966) 200–201.
10. Donkin, Dragon's Brain Perfume, 127. O.W. Wolters has argued that, in addition to benzoin and camphor, pine resin (Pinus merkusii, Jungh) were substituted for the original frankincense and myrrh from west Asia.
11. Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce (Ithaca 1967). A recent study has shown that it was benzoin (not pine resin) which was substituted for frankincense, and that the Chinese reference to ‘pine fragrance’ was not pine resin but benzoin.
12. Daniel B. Hale, ‘Damar in the Pasar of Manado, North Sulawesi: A Search for Resins in an Indonesian Market’, Explorations in Southeast Asian Studies 2 (1998) 41.
13. Schafer, Golden Peaches, 166.
14. Miksic, ‘Traditional Sumatran Trade’, Bulletin d'école francaise d'extreme orient 74 (1985) 438
15. Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce, 106, 296
16. H.H. Zeijlstra, ‘Boschproducten’ in: K.W. van Gorkum, Oost-Indische Cultures III (Amsterdam 1913) 826.
17. Though no comparative prices are available in this period, a nineteenth-century report estimates that between a half and fifteen kati (280 gr to 8.38 kg) could be collected per tree, and one picul (56 kg) of camphor would cost 4000 guilders, a considerable sum in the nineteenth century. Zeijlstra, ‘Boschproducten’, 826.
18. Donkin, Dragon's Brain Perfume, 130.
19. Burkill, Dictionary of the Economic Products II, 2144.
20. Burkill, Dictionary of the Economic Products I, 878.
21. Miksic, ‘Archaeology, Trade and Society in Northeast Sumatra’ (1979) 261
22. Christine Dobbin, Islamic Revivalism in a Changing Peasant Economy 47 (London 1983) 60.
23. F.L. Dunn, Rain-forest Collectors and Traders: A Study of Resource Utilization in Modem and Ancient Malaya (Kuala Lumpur 1975) 109.
24. Dobbin, Islamic Revivalism, 20–27.
25. Tibbetts, Study of the Arabic Texts, 28.
26. Rosemary Gianno, Semelai Culture and Resin Technology (New Haven 1990) 75–89.
27. In Malay areas ‘pawang’ is applied to an expert who relies on spiritual forces to accomplish his task. See R.J. Wilkinson, A Malay-English Dictionary (Romanised) (London 1959) under ‘pawang’.
28. Donkin, Dragon's Brain Perfume, 176, 178, 181–182.
29. Dunn, Rain-forest, 80, 100–101.
30. A well-known example is in Rembau when the Minangkabau settlers arrived on the Malay Peninsula and established an alliance with the Jakun communities. Michael Gates Peletz, A Share of the Harvest: Kinship, Property and Social History among the Malays of Retnbau (Berkeley 1988) 24–25.
31. Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce, 26, 105, 153, 158, 168.
32. Lesley M. Potter, ‘A Forest Product out of Control: Gutta Percha in Indonesia and the Wider Malay World, 1845–1915’ in: Peter Boomgaard et al., Paper Landscapes: Explorations in the Environmental History of Indonesia (Leiden 1997) 300–301.
33. Oyvind Sandbukt, ‘Precolonial Populations and Polities in Lowland Sumatra: An Anthropological Perspective’, Kaber Seberang 22 (1991) 43
34. Barbara Watson Andaya, To Live as Brothers (Honolulu 1993) 232–233, passim.
35. L.Y. Andaya, The Kingdom ofjohor (Kuala Lumpur 1975) 173–174
36. Timothy P. Barnard, ‘Multiple Centers of Authority: Society and Environment in Siak and Eastern Sumatra, 1674–1827’ (Ph.D. thesis, University of Hawaii 1998) 82.
37. Gianno, Semelai Culture, 37
38. W.E. Maxwell, ‘The History of Perak from Native Sources’, fournal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 9 (June 1882) 89.
39. Gianno, Semelai Culture, 37.
40. W. Cummings, ‘Cultural Interaction in a Sumatran State: Deli 1814–1872’ (M.A. thesis, University of Hawaii, May 1994) 16–17.
41. Akira Oki, ‘The River Trade in Central and South Sumatra in the 19th Century’ in: Tsuyoshi Kato et al. eds, Environment, Agriculture and Society in the Malay World (Kyoto 1986) 3–48.
42. Cummings, ‘Cultural Interaction’, 18–21.
43. Miksic, ‘Archaeology’, 97, 106.
44. Dobbin, Islamic Revivalism, 6–7, 60.
45. Oki, ‘River Trade’, 37.
46. Alastair Lamb, ‘Report on the Excavation and Reconstruction of Chandi Bukit Batu Pahat, Central Kedah’, Federation Museums journal (1960) 34.
47. Jane Drakard, A Malay Frontier: Unity and Duality in a Sumatran Kingdom (Ithaca 1990) 33–34.
48. Paul Wheatley, The Golden Khersonese (Kuala Lumpur 1961) 151–159
49. Miksic, ‘Protohistoric Settlement Patterns’ in: Early History IV: The Encyclopedia of Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur 1998) 66–67.
50. Gungwu Wang, ‘The Nanhai Trade: A Study of the Early History of Chinese Trade in the South China Sea.’, journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 31/2 (1958) 52, 68.
51. C.G.F. Simkin, The Traditional Trade of Asia (London 1968) 84.
52. Tibbetts, Study of the Arabic Texts, 33.
53. Wheatley, Golden Khersonese, xxi, xxvi.
54. Golden Khersonese., xxvii.
55. Miriam T. Stark et al., ‘Results of the 1995–1996 Archeological Field Investigations at Angkor Borei’, Asian Perspectives 38 (1999) 8, 12, 26–27, 30.
56. Miksic, ‘Trade Routes and Trade Centres’ in: Early History IV: The Encyclopedia of Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur 1998) 78.
57. Michael Vickery, Society, Economics, and Politics in Pre-Angkor Cambodia: 7th and 8th Centuries (Tokyo 1998) 282–288.
58. Janice Stargardt, ‘Hydraulic Works and Southeast Asian Polities’ in: David G. Marr and A.C. Milner eds, Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries (Singapore/Canberra 1986) 24–25, 28, 30.
59. For a study of the antecedents of Srivijaya, and its rise and subsequent demise, see Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce and his Fall of Srivijaya.
60. L.Y. Andaya, ‘The Search’.
61. Georges Coedès, ‘The Ligor Stone: The Current State of Its Interpretation’ in: G. Coedès and L.-C. Damais, Sriwijaya. Monograph 20 of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Kuala Lumpur 1992) 110–111.
62. Wolters, Fall of Srivijaya, 134
63. Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce, 185–186.
64. Nik Hassan Shuhaimi Nik Abdul Rahman, ‘The Bujang Valley’, 106–107.
65. Armando Cortesāo, The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires II (New Delhi 1990) 270.
66. Dobbin, Islamic Revivalism, 72–73
67. J. Kathirithamby-Wells, ‘Achehnese Control over West Sumatra up to the Treaty of Painan of 1663’, Journal of Southeast Asian History 10/3 (1969) 459–60
68. David Bulbeck et al., Southeast Asian Exports since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar (Leiden 1998) 5, 62, 81–82
69. Anthony Reid, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–168011: Expansion and Crisis (New Haven 1993) 19–20.
70. Cortesāo, Suma Oriental I, 140, 144.
71. Cortesāo, Suma Oriental I, 107.
72. H. Terpstra, De Factorij der Oostindische Compagnie te Patanie (The Hague 1938) 151–153.
73. Kathirithamby-Wells, The British, 16,60, 72–74
74. B.W. Andaya, To Live as Brothers, 43
75. Bulbeck et al., Southeast Asian Exports, 60.
76. Kathirithamby-Wells, The British, 16, 60–61, 212–213.
77. J.J. Ras, Hikayat Banjar. A Study in Malay Historiography (The Hague 1968) 265–267.
78. Michael Dove, ‘The Political Ecology of Pepper in the Hikayat Banjar: The Historiography of Commodity Production in a Bornean Kingdom’ in: Boomgaard et al., Paper Landscapes, 343.
79. B.W. Andaya, ‘Women and Economic Change: The Pepper Trade in Pre-Modern Southeast Asia”, Journal of the Social and Economic History of the Orient 38/2 (1993) 173–175.
80. L.Y. Andaya, Kingdom of johor.
81. Dobbin, Islamic Revivalism.
82. Jane Drakard, A Kingdom of Words: Language and Power in Sumatra (Kuala Lumpur 1999).
83. B.W. Andaya, To Live as Brothers.
84. B.W. Andaya, ‘Cash Cropping and Upstream-Downstream Tensions: The Case of Jambi in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’ in: Anthony Reid ed., Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca 1993) 99–100.
85. B.W. Andaya, ‘Women and Economic Change’, 178–179.
86. Dobbin, Islamic Revivalism, 77–78.
87. B.W. Andaya, To Live as Brothers, 213–214.
88. Lin Ken Wong, The Malayan Tin Industry to 1914 (Tucson 1965) 10.
89. B.W. Andaya, Perak: The Abode of Grace (Kuala Lumpur 1979) 21.
90. Wong, The Malayan Tin Industry, 2.
91. B.W. Andaya, Perak, 17, 21–22.
92. R.O. Winstedt, ‘The Malay Annals or Sejarah Melayu’, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 16/3 (1938).
93. For an excellent discussion of such multiple allegiances in premodern Thailand, see Winichakul Thongchai, Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation (Honolulu 1994).
94. B.W. Andaya, Perak, 19.
95. George Maxwell, ‘Barretto de Resende's Account of Malacca’, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic 60 (1911) 11.
96. B.W. Andaya, Perak, 396–368.
97. Mills, Eredia's Description, 235.
98. B.W. Andaya, Perak, 396–367.
99. Barnard, ‘Multiple Centres’, 64–65.
100. Barnard, ‘Multiple Centres’, 64–65, 77, 80–83.
101. Reinout Vos, Gentle Janus, Merchant Prince: The VOC and the Tightrope of Diplomacy in the Malay World, 1740–1800 (Leiden 1993) 217–218.
102. Wolters, Fall of Srivijaya; L.Y. Andaya, Kingdom of Johor.
103. L.Y. Andaya, Kingdom of Johor.
104. B.W. Andaya, ‘Adapting to Political and Economic Change: Palembang in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries’ in: Anthony Reid ed., The Last Stand of Asian Autonomies: Responses to Modernity in the Diverse States of Southeast Asia and Korea, 1750–1900 (London 1997) 193.
105. See, for example, L.Y. Andaya, ‘The Aceh Period of Malay History’ (in press).
106. Cortesão, Suma Orientall, 139.
107. M.A.P. Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian Trade and European Influence (The Hague 1962) 90.
108. Terpstra, De Factorij, 4.
109. W.H. Moreland ed., PeterFloris: His Voyage to the East Indies in the Globe, 1611–1615 (London 1934) 67.
110. Maxwell, ‘Barretto de Resende's Account’, 11.
111. Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian Trade, 165
112. The history of Srivijaya is a history of the interrelations between Java and Sumatra. See L.Y. Andaya, ‘The Search’, 5–8, passim.
113. So intertwined were the fortunes of both areas that the Persians and Arabs tended to view them as belonging to one kingdom. G. Ferrand, Relations des Voyages et Textes Géograhiques Arabes, Persans el Turks Relatifs a I'Extrême-Orient du VII au XVIII Siècles (Paris 1913) 91–94, 99–100.
114. Wolters, Fall of Srivijaya.
115. L.Y. Andaya, Kingdom of johor