Transcriptional control of maladaptive and protective responses in alcoholics: A role of the NF-κB system

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

Volumn 25, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2011, Pages

  Yakovleva, Tatjana ^a   Bazov, Igor ^a   Watanabe, Hiroyuki ^a   Hauser, Kurt F ^b   Bakalkin, Georgy ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Addiction; Alcoholism; Dependence; Gene transcription; Human brain; Neuroinflammation; Neuroplasticity; NF B; P50; Transcription factors

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR REL;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOLISM; CELL NUCLEUS; DOWN REGULATION; EPIGENETICS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GLIA CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; NERVE CELL LESION; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ALCOHOLISM; BRAIN; HUMANS; NEURONS; NF-KAPPA B; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 79955745564     PISSN: 08891591     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.12.019     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Agartz I., Momenan R., Rawlings R.R., Kerich M.J., Hommer D.W. Hippocampal volume in patients with alcohol dependence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1999, 56:356-363.
2. Akama K.T., Albanese C., Pestell R.G., Van Eldik L.J. Amyloid beta-peptide stimulates nitric oxide production in astrocytes through an NFkappaB-dependent mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95:5795-5800.
3. Akira S., Takeda K. Functions of toll-like receptors: lessons from KO mice. C. R. Biol. 2004, 327:581-589.
4. Alexander-Kaufman K., James G., Sheedy D., Harper C., Matsumoto I. Differential protein expression in the prefrontal white matter of human alcoholics: a proteomics study. Mol. Psychiatry 2006, 11:56-65.
5. Alfonso-Loeches S., Pascual-Lucas M., Blanco A.M., Sanchez-Vera I., Guerri C. Pivotal role of TLR4 receptors in alcohol-induced neuroinflammation and brain damage. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:8285-8295.
6. Altura B.M., Gebrewold A., Zhang A., Altura B.T. Role of leukocytes in ethanol-induced microvascular injury in the rat brain in situ: potential role in alcohol brain pathology and stroke. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2002, 448:89-94.
7. Ang E., Chen J., Zagouras P., Magna H., Holland J., Schaeffer E., Nestler E.J. Induction of nuclear factor-kappaB in nucleus accumbens by chronic cocaine administration. J. Neurochem. 2001, 79:221-224.
8. Asanuma M., Cadet J.L. Methamphetamine-induced increase in striatal NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity is attenuated in superoxide dismutase transgenic mice. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1998, 60:305-309.
9. Aschner M., Allen J.W. Astrocytes in methylmercury, ammonia, methionine sulfoximine and alcohol-induced neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2000, 21:573-579.
10. Bakalkin G., Yakovleva T., Terenius L. NF-kappa B-like factors in the murine brain. Developmentally-regulated and tissue-specific expression. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1993, 20:137-146.
11. Bakalkin G., Yakovleva T., Terenius L. Prodynorphin gene expression relates to NF-kappa B factors. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1994, 24:301-312.
12. 2+ accumulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92:9328-9332.
13. Beatty W.W., Hames K.A., Blanco C.R., Nixon S.J., Tivis L.J. Visuospatial perception, construction and memory in alcoholism. J. Stud. Alcohol 1996, 57:136-143.
14. Bhakar A.L., Tannis L.L., Zeindler C., Russo M.P., Jobin C., Park D.S., MacPherson S., Barker P.A. Constitutive nuclear factor-kappa B activity is required for central neuron survival. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:8466-8475.
15. Biswas S.K., Lopez-Collazo E. Endotoxin tolerance: new mechanisms, molecules and clinical significance. Trends Immunol. 2009, 30:475-487.
16. Blanco A.M., Valles S.L., Pascual M., Guerri C. Involvement of TLR4/type I IL-1 receptor signaling in the induction of inflammatory mediators and cell death induced by ethanol in cultured astrocytes. J. Immunol. 2005, 175:6893-6899.
17. Block M.L., Zecca L., Hong J.S. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2007, 8:57-69.
18. Bonthius D.J., Luong T., Bonthius N.E., Hostager B.S., Karacay B. Nitric oxide utilizes NF-kappaB to signal its neuroprotective effect against alcohol toxicity. Neuropharmacology 2009, 56:716-731.
19. Bowden S.C., McCarter R.J. Spatial memory in alcohol-dependent subjects: using a push-button maze to test the principle of equiavailability. Brain Cogn. 1993, 22:51-62.
20. Brambilla R., Bracchi-Ricard V., Hu W.H., Frydel B., Bramwell A., Karmally S., Green E.J., Bethea J.R. Inhibition of astroglial nuclear factor kappaB reduces inflammation and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J. Exp. Med. 2005, 202:145-156.
21. Carlezon W.A., Duman R.S., Nestler E.J. The many faces of CREB. Trends Neurosci. 2005, 28:436-445.
22. Chen-Park F.E., Huang D.B., Noro B., Thanos D., Ghosh G. The kappa B DNA sequence from the HIV long terminal repeat functions as an allosteric regulator of HIV transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:24701-24708.
23. Chen L.F., Greene W.C. Shaping the nuclear action of NF-kappaB. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2004, 5:392-401.
24. Chen Y.L., Law P.Y., Loh H.H. Nuclear factor kappaB signaling in opioid functions and receptor gene expression. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2006, 1:270-279.
25. Crews F., Nixon K., Kim D., Joseph J., Shukitt-Hale B., Qin L., Zou J. BHT blocks NF-kappaB activation and ethanol-induced brain damage. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2006, 30:1938-1949.
26. Crews F.T., Bechara R., Brown L.A., Guidot D.M., Mandrekar P., Oak S., Qin L., Szabo G., Wheeler M., Zou J. Cytokines and alcohol. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2006, 30:720-730.
27. Crews F.T., Buckley T., Dodd P.R., Ende G., Foley N., Harper C., He J., Innes D., Loh el W., Pfefferbaum A., Zou J., Sullivan E.V. Alcoholic neurobiology: changes in dependence and recovery. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2005, 29:1504-1513.
28. Davis R.L., Syapin P.J. Ethanol increases nuclear factor-kappa B activity in human astroglial cells. Neurosci. Lett. 2004, 371:128-132.
29. Deroche-Gamonet V., Sillaber I., Aouizerate B., Izawa R., Jaber M., Ghozland S., Kellendonk C., Le Moal M., Spanagel R., Schutz G., Tronche F., Piazza P.V. The glucocorticoid receptor as a potential target to reduce cocaine abuse. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:4785-4790.
30. Di Chiara G., Bassareo V., Fenu S., De Luca M.A., Spina L., Cadoni C., Acquas E., Carboni E., Valentini V., Lecca D. Dopamine and drug addiction: the nucleus accumbens shell connection. Neuropharmacology 2004, 47(Suppl. 1):227-241.
31. Ea C.K., Baltimore D. Regulation of NF-kappaB activity through lysine monomethylation of p65. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:18972-18977.
32. Edenberg H.J., Xuei X., Wetherill L.F., Bierut L., Bucholz K., Dick D.M., Hesselbrock V., Kuperman S., Porjesz B., Schuckit M.A., Tischfield J.A., Almasy L.A., Nurnberger J.I., Foroud T. Association of NFKB1, which encodes a subunit of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, with alcohol dependence. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2008, 17:963-970.
33. Ehrlich M.E., Sommer J., Canas E., Unterwald E.M. Periadolescent mice show enhanced DeltaFosB upregulation in response to cocaine and amphetamine. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:9155-9159.
34. El-Hage N., Bruce-Keller A.J., Yakovleva T., Bazov I., Bakalkin G., Knapp P.E., Hauser K.F. Morphine exacerbates HIV-1 Tat-induced cytokine production in astrocytes through convergent effects on [Ca(2+)](i), NF-kappaB trafficking and transcription. PLoS One 2008, 3:e4093.
35. Fadda F., Rossetti Z.L. Chronic ethanol consumption: from neuroadaptation to neurodegeneration. Prog. Neurobiol. 1998, 56:385-431.
36. Farina C., Aloisi F., Meinl E. Astrocytes are active players in cerebral innate immunity. Trends Immunol. 2007, 28:138-145.
37. Farris S.P., Wolen A.R., Miles M.F. Using expression genetics to study the neurobiology of ethanol and alcoholism. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2010, 91:95-128.
38. Flatscher-Bader T., van der Brug M., Hwang J.W., Gochee P.A., Matsumoto I., Niwa S., Wilce P.A. Alcohol-responsive genes in the frontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of human alcoholics. J. Neurochem. 2005, 93:359-370.
39. Fridmacher V., Kaltschmidt B., Goudeau B., Ndiaye D., Rossi F.M., Pfeiffer J., Kaltschmidt C., Israel A., Memet S. Forebrain-specific neuronal inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activity leads to loss of neuroprotection. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:9403-9408.
40. Ghosh S., Hayden M.S. New regulators of NF-kappaB in inflammation. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2008, 8:837-848.
41. Ghosh S., Karin M. Missing pieces in the NF-kappaB puzzle. Cell 2002, 109(Suppl.):S81-S96.
42. Grant K.A., Lovinger D.M. Cellular and behavioral neurobiology of alcohol: receptor-mediated neuronal processes. Clin. Neurosci. 1995, 3:155-164.
43. Grant K.A., Valverius P., Hudspith M., Tabakoff B. Ethanol withdrawal seizures and the NMDA receptor complex. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1990, 176:289-296.
44. Green T.A., Alibhai I.N., Hommel J.D., DiLeone R.J., Kumar A., Theobald D.E., Neve R.L., Nestler E.J. Induction of inducible cAMP early repressor expression in nucleus accumbens by stress or amphetamine increases behavioral responses to emotional stimuli. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:8235-8242.
45. Green T.A., Alibhai I.N., Unterberg S., Neve R.L., Ghose S., Tamminga C.A., Nestler E.J. Induction of activating transcription factors (ATFs) ATF2, ATF3, and ATF4 in the nucleus accumbens and their regulation of emotional behavior. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:2025-2032.
46. Grilli M., Memo M. Nuclear factor-kappaB/Rel proteins: a point of convergence of signalling pathways relevant in neuronal function and dysfunction. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1999, 57:1-7.
47. Grundstrom S., Anderson P., Scheipers P., Sundstedt A. Bcl-3 and NFkappaB p50-p50 homodimers act as transcriptional repressors in tolerant CD4+ T cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:8460-8468.
48. Guan H., Hou S., Ricciardi R.P. DNA binding of repressor nuclear factor-kappaB p50/p50 depends on phosphorylation of Ser337 by the protein kinase A catalytic subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:9957-9962.
49. Guerrini L., Blasi F., Denis-Donini S. Synaptic activation of NF-kappa B by glutamate in cerebellar granule neurons in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92:9077-9081.
50. Gutierrez H., Hale V.A., Dolcet X., Davies A. NF-kappaB signalling regulates the growth of neural processes in the developing PNS and CNS. Development 2005, 132:1713-1726.
51. Hajishengallis G., Genco R.J. Downregulation of the DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB p65 subunit in Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbria-induced tolerance. Infect. Immun. 2004, 72:1188-1191.
52. Harper C.G., Daly J., Kril J. Brain water in chronic alcoholics: a necropsy study. Lancet 1985, 2:327.
53. Hartupee J., Li X., Hamilton T. Interleukin 1alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation and chemokine mRNA stabilization diverge at IRAK1. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:15689-15693.
54. Hirano F., Tanaka H., Hirano Y., Hiramoto M., Handa H., Makino I., Scheidereit C. Functional interference of Sp1 and NF-kappaB through the same DNA binding site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1998, 18:1266-1274.
55. Hiroi N., Brown J.R., Haile C.N., Ye H., Greenberg M.E., Nestler E.J. FosB mutant mice: loss of chronic cocaine induction of Fos-related proteins and heightened sensitivity to cocaine's psychomotor and rewarding effects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94:10397-10402.
56. Hoberg J.E., Popko A.E., Ramsey C.S., Mayo M.W. IkappaB kinase alpha-mediated derepression of SMRT potentiates acetylation of RelA/p65 by p300. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2006, 26:457-471.
57. Hope B.T., Nye H.E., Kelz M.B., Self D.W., Iadarola M.J., Nakabeppu Y., Duman R.S., Nestler E.J. Induction of a long-lasting AP-1 complex composed of altered Fos-like proteins in brain by chronic cocaine and other chronic treatments. Neuron 1994, 13:1235-1244.
58. Huang C.J., Nazarian R., Lee J., Zhao P.M., Espinosa-Jeffrey A., de Vellis J. Tumor necrosis factor modulates transcription of myelin basic protein gene through nuclear factor kappa B in a human oligodendroglioma cell line. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 2002, 20:289-296.
59. Irla M., Hollander G., Reith W. Control of central self-tolerance induction by autoreactive CD4+ thymocytes. Trends Immunol. 2010, 31:71-79.
60. Jensen G.B., Pakkenberg B. Do alcoholics drink their neurons away?. Lancet 1993, 342:1201-1204.
61. Johansson S., Ekstrom T.J., Marinova Z., Okvist A., Sheedy D., Garrick T., Harper C., Kuzmin A., Yakovleva T., Bakalkin G. Dysregulation of cell death machinery in the prefrontal cortex of human alcoholics. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009, 12:109-115.
62. Kaltschmidt B., Kaltschmidt C. NF-kappaB in the nervous system. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2009, 1:a001271.
63. Kaltschmidt B., Ndiaye D., Korte M., Pothion S., Arbibe L., Prullage M., Pfeiffer J., Lindecke A., Staiger V., Israel A., Kaltschmidt C., Memet S. NF-kappaB regulates spatial memory formation and synaptic plasticity through protein kinase A/CREB signaling. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2006, 26:2936-2946.
64. Kaltschmidt B., Uherek M., Volk B., Baeuerle P.A., Kaltschmidt C. Transcription factor NF-kappaB is activated in primary neurons by amyloid beta peptides and in neurons surrounding early plaques from patients with Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94:2642-2647.
65. Kaltschmidt B., Widera D., Kaltschmidt C. Signaling via NF-kappaB in the nervous system. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2005, 1745:287-299.
66. Kaltschmidt C., Kaltschmidt B., Baeuerle P.A. Brain synapses contain inducible forms of the transcription factor NF-kappa B. Mech. Dev. 1993, 43:135-147.
67. Kearns J.D., Basak S., Werner S.L., Huang C.S., Hoffmann A. IkappaBepsilon provides negative feedback to control NF-kappaB oscillations, signaling dynamics, and inflammatory gene expression. J. Cell Biol. 2006, 173:659-664.
68. Khorooshi R., Babcock A.A., Owens T. NF-kappaB-driven STAT2 and CCL2 expression in astrocytes in response to brain injury. J. Immunol. 2008, 181:7284-7291.
69. Koob G.F. Alcoholism: allostasis and beyond. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2003, 27:232-243.
70. Kril J.J., Halliday G.M., Svoboda M.D., Cartwright H. The cerebral cortex is damaged in chronic alcoholics. Neuroscience 1997, 79:983-998.
71. Kril J.J., Harper C.G. Neuronal counts from four cortical regions of alcoholic brains. Acta Neuropathol. 1989, 79:200-204.
72. Lee H., Jeong J., Son E., Mosa A., Cho G.J., Choi W.S., Ha J.H., Kim I.K., Lee M.G., Kim C.Y., Suk K. Ethanol selectively modulates inflammatory activation signaling of brain microglia. J. Neuroimmunol. 2004, 156:88-95.
73. Lewohl J.M., Wang L., Miles M.F., Zhang L., Dodd P.R., Harris R.A. Gene expression in human alcoholism: microarray analysis of frontal cortex. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2000, 24:1873-1882.
74. Li C.C., Dai R.M., Chen E., Longo D.L. Phosphorylation of NF-KB1-p50 is involved in NF-kappa B activation and stable DNA binding. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:30089-30092.
75. Li Q., Verma I.M. NF-kappaB regulation in the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2002, 2:725-734.
76. Lilienbaum A., Israel A. From calcium to NF-kappa B signaling pathways in neurons. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003, 23:2680-2698.
77. Lin W.W., Karin M. A cytokine-mediated link between innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. J. Clin. Invest. 2007, 117:1175-1183.
78. Liu J., Lewohl J.M., Dodd P.R., Randall P.K., Harris R.A., Mayfield R.D. Gene expression profiling of individual cases reveals consistent transcriptional changes in alcoholic human brain. J. Neurochem. 2004, 90:1050-1058.
79. Liu J., Lewohl J.M., Harris R.A., Iyer V.R., Dodd P.R., Randall P.K., Mayfield R.D. Patterns of gene expression in the frontal cortex discriminate alcoholic from nonalcoholic individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31:1574-1582.
80. Lu T., Jackson M.W., Wang B., Yang M., Chance M.R., Miyagi M., Gudkov A.V., Stark G.R. Regulation of NF-kappaB by NSD1/FBXL11-dependent reversible lysine methylation of p65. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:46-51.
81. Mackler S.A., Korutla L., Cha X.Y., Koebbe M.J., Fournier K.M., Bowers M.S., Kalivas P.W. NAC-1 is a brain POZ/BTB protein that can prevent cocaine-induced sensitization in the rat. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:6210-6217.
82. Mao X.R., Moerman-Herzog A.M., Chen Y., Barger S.W. Unique aspects of transcriptional regulation in neurons - nuances in NFkappaB and Sp1-related factors. J. Neuroinflamm. 2009, 6:16.
83. Martinez F., Abril E.R., Earnest D.L., Watson R.R. Ethanol and cytokine secretion. Alcohol 1992, 9:455-458.
84. Mattson M.P. NF-kappaB in the survival and plasticity of neurons. Neurochem. Res. 2005, 30:883-893.
85. Meberg P.J., Kinney W.R., Valcourt E.G., Routtenberg A. Gene expression of the transcription factor NF-kappa B in hippocampus: regulation by synaptic activity. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1996, 38:179-190.
86. Meffert M.K., Baltimore D. Physiological functions for brain NF-kappaB. Trends Neurosci. 2005, 28:37-43.
87. Meffert M.K., Chang J.M., Wiltgen B.J., Fanselow M.S., Baltimore D. NF-kappa B functions in synaptic signaling and behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 2003, 6:1072-1078.
88. Michaelson J.S., Leder P. RNAi reveals anti-apoptotic and transcriptionally repressive activities of DAXX. J. Cell Sci. 2003, 116:345-352.
89. Miguel-Hidalgo J.J., Overholser J.C., Meltzer H.Y., Stockmeier C.A., Rajkowska G. Reduced glial and neuronal packing density in the orbitofrontal cortex in alcohol dependence and its relationship with suicide and duration of alcohol dependence. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2006, 30:1845-1855.
90. Minambres R., Guasch R.M., Perez-Arago A., Guerri C. The RhoA/ROCK-I/MLC pathway is involved in the ethanol-induced apoptosis by anoikis in astrocytes. J. Cell Sci. 2006, 119:271-282.
91. Minghetti L. Role of inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2005, 18:315-321.
92. Mittal N., Nathan J.B., Pandey S.C. Neuroadaptational changes in DNA binding of stimulatory protein-1 and nuclear factor-kB gene transcription factors during ethanol dependence. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1999, 386:113-119.
93. Moynagh P.N. The NF-kappaB pathway. J. Cell Sci. 2005, 118:4589-4592.
94. Mulligan M.K., Ponomarev I., Hitzemann R.J., Belknap J.K., Tabakoff B., Harris R.A., Crabbe J.C., Blednov Y.A., Grahame N.J., Phillips T.J., Finn D.A., Hoffman P.L., Iyer V.R., Koob G.F., Bergeson S.E. Toward understanding the genetics of alcohol drinking through transcriptome meta-analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103:6368-6373.
95. Natoli G. Control of NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional responses by chromatin organization. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2009, 1:a000224.
96. Nelson S., Bagby G.J., Bainton B.G., Summer W.R. The effects of acute and chronic alcoholism on tumor necrosis factor and the inflammatory response. J. Infect. Dis. 1989, 160:422-429.
97. Nestler E.J. Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction?. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:1445-1449.
98. Nickols J.C., Valentine W., Kanwal S., Carter B.D. Activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in Schwann cells is required for peripheral myelin formation. Nat. Neurosci. 2003, 6:161-167.
99. Niquet J., Baldwin R.A., Allen S.G., Fujikawa D.G., Wasterlain C.G. Hypoxic neuronal necrosis: protein synthesis-independent activation of a cell death program. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:2825-2830.
100. Niquet J., Seo D.W., Wasterlain C.G. Mitochondrial pathways of neuronal necrosis. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2006, 34:1347-1351.
101. Nye H.E., Nestler E.J. Induction of chronic Fos-related antigens in rat brain by chronic morphine administration. Mol. Pharmacol. 1996, 49:636-645.
102. O'Mahony A., Raber J., Montano M., Foehr E., Han V., Lu S.M., Kwon H., LeFevour A., Chakraborty-Sett S., Greene W.C. NF-kappaB/Rel regulates inhibitory and excitatory neuronal function and synaptic plasticity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2006, 26:7283-7298.
103. O'Neill L.A., Kaltschmidt C. NF-kappa B: a crucial transcription factor for glial and neuronal cell function. Trends Neurosci. 1997, 20:252-258.
104. O'Riordan K.J., Huang I.C., Pizzi M., Spano P., Boroni F., Egli R., Desai P., Fitch O., Malone L., Ahn H.J., Liou H.C., Sweatt J.D., Levenson J.M. Regulation of nuclear factor kappaB in the hippocampus by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:4870-4879.
105. Okvist A., Johansson S., Kuzmin A., Bazov I., Merino-Martinez R., Ponomarev I., Mayfield R.D., Harris R.A., Sheedy D., Garrick T., Harper C., Hurd Y.L., Terenius L., Ekstrom T.J., Bakalkin G., Yakovleva T. Neuroadaptations in human chronic alcoholics: dysregulation of the NF-kappaB system. PLoS One 2007, 2:e930.
106. Parsons O.A., Nixon S.J. Neurobehavioral sequelae of alcoholism. Neurol. Clin. 1993, 11:205-218.
107. Pfefferbaum A., Desmond J.E., Galloway C., Menon V., Glover G.H., Sullivan E.V. Reorganization of frontal systems used by alcoholics for spatial working memory: an fMRI study. Neuroimage 2001, 14:7-20.
108. Pich E.M., Pagliusi S.R., Tessari M., Talabot-Ayer D., Hooft van Huijsduijnen R., Chiamulera C. Common neural substrates for the addictive properties of nicotine and cocaine. Science 1997, 275:83-86.
109. Puto L.A., Reed J.C. Daxx represses RelB target promoters via DNA methyltransferase recruitment and DNA hypermethylation. Genes Dev. 2008, 22:998-1010.
110. Rao P., Hayden M.S., Long M., Scott M.L., West A.P., Zhang D., Oeckinghaus A., Lynch C., Hoffmann A., Baltimore D., Ghosh S. IkappaBbeta acts to inhibit and activate gene expression during the inflammatory response. Nature 2010, 466:1115-1119.
111. Ratti M.T., Bo P., Giardini A., Soragna D. Chronic alcoholism and the frontal lobe: which executive functions are impaired?. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2002, 105:276-281.
112. Rattner A., Korner M., Rosen H., Baeuerle P.A., Citri Y. Nuclear factor kappa B activates proenkephalin transcription in T lymphocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1991, 11:1017-1022.
113. Repunte-Canonigo V., van der Stap L.D., Chen J., Sabino V., Wagner U., Zorrilla E.P., Schumann G., Roberts A.J., Sanna P.P. Genome-wide gene expression analysis identifies K-ras as a regulator of alcohol intake. Brain Res. 2010, 1339:1-10.
114. Rosenfeld M.G., Lunyak V.V., Glass C.K. Sensors and signals: a coactivator/corepressor/epigenetic code for integrating signal-dependent programs of transcriptional response. Genes Dev. 2006, 20:1405-1428.
115. Rulten S.L., Ripley T.L., Hunt C.L., Stephens D.N., Mayne L.V. Sp1 and NFkappaB pathways are regulated in brain in response to acute and chronic ethanol. Genes Brain Behav. 2006, 5:257-273.
116. Russo S.J., Wilkinson M.B., Mazei-Robison M.S., Dietz D.M., Maze I., Krishnan V., Renthal W., Graham A., Birnbaum S.G., Green T.A., Robison B., Lesselyong A., Perrotti L.I., Bolanos C.A., Kumar A., Clark M.S., Neumaier J.F., Neve R.L., Bhakar A.L., Barker P.A., Nestler E.J. Nuclear factor kappa B signaling regulates neuronal morphology and cocaine reward. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:3529-3537.
117. Sarnico I., Lanzillotta A., Benarese M., Alghisi M., Baiguera C., Battistin L., Spano P., Pizzi M. NF-kappaB dimers in the regulation of neuronal survival. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2009, 85:351-362.
118. Schmidt-Ullrich R., Memet S., Lilienbaum A., Feuillard J., Raphael M., Israel A. NF-kappaB activity in transgenic mice: developmental regulation and tissue specificity. Development 1996, 122:2117-2128.
119. Schmidt K.S., Gallo J.L., Ferri C., Giovannetti T., Sestito N., Libon D.J., Schmidt P.S. The neuropsychological profile of alcohol-related dementia suggests cortical and subcortical pathology. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 2005, 20:286-291.
120. Schultz C., Konig H.G., Del Turco D., Politi C., Eckert G.P., Ghebremedhin E., Prehn J.H., Kogel D., Deller T. Coincident enrichment of phosphorylated IkappaBalpha, activated IKK, and phosphorylated p65 in the axon initial segment of neurons. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2006, 33:68-80.
121. Smale S.T. Selective transcription in response to an inflammatory stimulus. Cell 2010, 140:833-844.
122. Sullivan E.V., Pfefferbaum A. Neurocircuitry in alcoholism: a substrate of disruption and repair. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2005, 180:583-594.
123. Teferedegne B., Green M.R., Guo Z., Boss J.M. Mechanism of action of a distal NF-kappaB-dependent enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2006, 26:5759-5770.
124. Ubogu E.E., Cossoy M.B., Ransohoff R.M. The expression and function of chemokines involved in CNS inflammation. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2006, 27:48-55.
125. Valles S.L., Blanco A.M., Pascual M., Guerri C. Chronic ethanol treatment enhances inflammatory mediators and cell death in the brain and in astrocytes. Brain Pathol. 2004, 14:365-371.
126. Wang H.J., Zakhari S., Jung M.K. Alcohol, inflammation, and gut-liver-brain interactions in tissue damage and disease development. World J. Gastroenterol. 2010, 16:1304-1313.
127. Ward R.J., Zhang Y., Crichton R.R., Piret B., Piette J., de Witte P. Identification of the nuclear transcription factor NFkappaB in rat after in vivo ethanol administration. FEBS Lett. 1996, 389:119-122.
128. Watanabe H., Henriksson R., Ohnishi Y.N., Ohnishi Y.H., Harper C., Sheedy D., Garrick T., Nyberg F., Nestler E.J., Bakalkin G., Yakovleva T. FOSB proteins in the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices of human alcoholics. Addict. Biol. 2009, 14:294-297.
129. Wellmann H., Kaltschmidt B., Kaltschmidt C. Retrograde transport of transcription factor NF-kappa B in living neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:11821-11829.
130. Yamamoto Y., Gaynor R.B. Therapeutic potential of inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway in the treatment of inflammation and cancer. J. Clin. Invest. 2001, 107:135-142.
131. Yamamoto Y., Gaynor R.B. IkappaB kinases: key regulators of the NF-kappaB pathway. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2004, 29:72-79.
132. Yeh S.H., Lin C.H., Gean P.W. Acetylation of nuclear factor-kappaB in rat amygdala improves long-term but not short-term retention of fear memory. Mol. Pharmacol. 2004, 65:1286-1292.
133. Young C., Roth K.A., Klocke B.J., West T., Holtzman D.M., Labruyere J., Qin Y.Q., Dikranian K., Olney J.W. Role of caspase-3 in ethanol-induced developmental neurodegeneration. Neurobiol. Dis. 2005, 20:608-614.
134. Zhong H., May M.J., Jimi E., Ghosh S. The phosphorylation status of nuclear NF-kappa B determines its association with CBP/p300 or HDAC-1. Mol. Cell 2002, 9:625-636.
135. Zou J., Crews F. CREB and NF-kappaB transcription factors regulate sensitivity to excitotoxic and oxidative stress induced neuronal cell death. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2006, 26:385-405.
136. Zou J., Crews F. Induction of innate immune gene expression cascades in brain slice cultures by ethanol: key role of NF-kappaB and proinflammatory cytokines. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2010, 34:777-789.