Intensive medical care of patients with intracerebral hemorrhaging;Intensivmedizinische versorgung von patienten mit intrazerebraler blutung

Nervenarzt

Volumn 82, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 431-446

  Diedler, J ^a   Sykora, M ^a,c   Herweh, C ^b   Orakcioglu, B ^a   Zweckberger, K ^a   Steiner, T ^a   Hacke, W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

^b Neuroradiologische U   (Germany)

^c Neurologische Universitätsklinik   (Slovakia)

Author keywords

Impedance of hematoma growth; Intensive care; Intracerebral hemorrhage; Prognostic factors; Treatment

Indexed keywords

BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 7A;

AGING; BLOOD VOLUME; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; HEMATOMA; HEMOSTASIS; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; PROGNOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; STROKE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; FACTOR VIIA; GERMANY; HEMOSTATICS; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES;

EID: 79955743091     PISSN: 00282804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00115-010-3072-y     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Broderick JP, Brott T, Tomsick T et al (1993) Intracerebral hemorrhage more than twice as common as subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 78:188-191 (Pubitemid 23039117)
2. Counsell C, Boonyakarnkul S, Dennis M et al (1995) Primary intracerebral hemorrhage in the Oxfordshire community stroke project, 2: prognosis. Cerebrovasc Dis 5:26-34
3. Flaherty M, Woo D, Haverbusch M et al (2005) Racial variations in location and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 36:934-937 (Pubitemid 40629279)
4. Qureshi AI, Tuhrim S, Broderick JP et al (2001) Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 344:1450-1460 (Pubitemid 32402103)
5. Anderson CS, Chakera TM, Stewart-Wynne EG et al (1994) Spectrum of primary intracerebral haemorrhage in Perth, Western Australia, 1989-90: incidence and outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57:936-940 (Pubitemid 24251057)
6. Broderick JP, Brott T, Duldner J et al (1993) Volume of intracerebral hemorrhage: a powerful and easy-to-use predictor of 30-day mortality. Stroke 24:987-993 (Pubitemid 23201455)
7. Hemphill JC 3rd, Bonovich DC, Besmertis L et al (2001) The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 32:891-897
8. Bamford JM, Sandercock P, Dennis M et al (1990) A prospective study of acute cerebrovascular disease in the community: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project-1981-86. 2. Incidence, case fatality rates and overall outcome at one year of cerebral infarction, primary intracerebral and subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53:16-22 (Pubitemid 20034358)
9. Paolucci S, Antonucci G, Grasso MG et al (2003) Functional outcome of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients after inpatient rehabilitation: a matched comparison. Stroke 34:2861-2865 (Pubitemid 37517757)
10. Becker KJ, Baxter AB, Cohen WA et al (2001) Withdrawal of support in intracerebral hemorrhage may lead to selffulfilling prophecies. Neurology 56:766-772 (Pubitemid 32240097)
11. Gujjar AR, Deibert E, Manno EM et al (1998) Mechanical ventilation for ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage: indications, timing, and outcome. Neurology 51:447-451 (Pubitemid 28406320)
12. Diringer MN, Edwards DF (2001) Admission to a neurologic/neurosurgical intensive care unit is associated with reduced mortality rate after intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 29:635-640 (Pubitemid 32225309)
13. Brott T, Broderick J, Kothari R et al (1997) Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 28:1-5 (Pubitemid 27039454)
14. Davis SM, Broderick J, Hennerici M et al (2006) Hematoma growth is a determinant of mortality and poor outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 66:1175-1181 (Pubitemid 43739699)
15. Roch A, Michelet P, Jullien AC et al (2003) Long-term outcome in intensive care unit survivors after mechanical ventilation for intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 31:2651-2656 (Pubitemid 37452846)
16. Georgiadis D, Schwarz S, Baumgartner RW et al (2001) Influence of positive end-expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 32:2088-2092 (Pubitemid 32868103)
17. Muench E, Bauhuf C, Roth H et al (2005) Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on regional cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and brain tissue oxygenation. Crit Care Med 33:2367-2372 (Pubitemid 41437494)
18. Georgiadis D, Schwarz S, Kollmar R et al (2002) Influence of inspiration:expiration ratio on intracranial and cerebral perfusion pressure in acute stroke patients. Intensive Care Med 28:1089-1093 (Pubitemid 34985232)
19. Scales DC, Thiruchelvam D, Kiss A et al (2008) The effect of tracheostomy timing during critical illness on long-term survival. Crit Care Med 36(9):2547-2557
20. Dunham CM, Ransom KJ (2006) Assessment of early tracheostomy in trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am Surg 72:276-281 (Pubitemid 351837711)
21. Qureshi AI, Suarez JI, Parekh PD et al (2000) Prediction and timing of tracheostomy in patients with infratentorial lesions requiring mechanical ventilatory support. Crit Care Med 28:1383-1387 (Pubitemid 30324510)
22. Huttner HB, Kohrmann M, Berger C et al (2006) Predictive factors for tracheostomy in neurocritical care patients with spontaneous supratentorial hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 21:159-165
23. Karabinis A, Mandragos K, Stergiopoulos S et al (2004) Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil vs. standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: a randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN50308308]. Crit Care 8:R268-R280
24. Kelly DF, Goodale DB, Williams J et al (1999) Propofol in the treatment of moderate and severe head injury: a randomized, prospective double-blinded pilot trial. J Neurosurg 90:1042-1052 (Pubitemid 29241171)
25. Chamorro C, Latorre FJ de, Montero A et al (1996) Comparative study of propofol vs. midazolam in the sedation of critically ill patients: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Crit Care Med 24:932-939 (Pubitemid 26189932)
26. Prasad A, Worrall BB, Bertram EH et al (2001) Propofol and midazolam in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia 42:380-386 (Pubitemid 32275918)
27. Bourgoin A, Albanese J, Wereszczynski N et al (2003) Safety of sedation with ketamine in severe head injury patients: comparison with sufentanil. Crit Care Med 31:711-717 (Pubitemid 36379573)
28. Kidwell CS, Saver JL, Mattiello J et al (2001) Diffusion-perfusion MR evaluation of perihematomal injury in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 57:1611-1617 (Pubitemid 33055479)
29. Herweh C, Juttler E, Schellinger PD et al (2007) Evidence against a perihemorrhagic penumbra provided by perfusion computed tomography. Stroke 38:2941-2947 (Pubitemid 350035687)
30. Powers WJ, Zazulia AR, Videen TO et al (2001) Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow surrounding acute (6 to 22 hours) intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 57:18-24 (Pubitemid 32634845)
31. Anderson CS, Huang Y, Wang JG et al (2008) Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT): a randomised pilot trial. Lancet Neurol 7:391-399
32. ATACH Investigators (2010) Antihypertensive treatment of acute cerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 38:637-648
33. Broderick J, Connolly S, Feldmann E et al (2007) Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in adults: 2007 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, High Blood Pressure Research Council, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation 116:e391-e413
34. Steiner T, Kaste M, Forsting M et al (2006) Recommendations for the management of intracranial haemorrhage - part I: spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. The European Stroke Initiative Writing Committee and the Writing Committee for the EUSI Executive Committee. Cerebrovasc Dis 22:294-316 (Pubitemid 44338094)
35. Czosnyka M, Smielewski P, Kirkpatrick P et al (1997) Continuous assessment of the cerebral vasomotor reactivity in head injury. Neurosurgery 41:11-19 (Pubitemid 27282076)
36. Steiner LA, Czosnyka M, Piechnik SK et al (2002) Continuous monitoring of cerebrovascular pressure reactivity allows determination of optimal cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med 30:733-738 (Pubitemid 34297786)
37. Chillon JM, Baumbach GL (2002) Autoregulation: arterial and intracranial pressure. In: Edvinsson L, Krause DN (eds) Cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 395-412
38. Diedler J, Sykora M, Rupp A et al (2009) Impaired cerebral vasomotor activity in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 40:815-819
39. Reinhard M, Neunhoeffer F, Gerds TA et al (2009) Secondary decline of cerebral autoregulation is associated with worse outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Intensive Care Med
40. Fernandes HM, Siddique S, Banister K et al (2000) Continuous monitoring of ICP and CPP following ICH and its relationship to clinical, radiological and surgical parameters. Acta Neurochir (Suppl 76):463-466
41. Vespa PM, O'Phelan K, Shah M et al (2003) Acute seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage: a factor in progressive midline shift and outcome. Neurology 60:1441-1446 (Pubitemid 36554803)
42. Passero S, Rocchi R, Rossi S et al (2002) Seizures after spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Epilepsia 43:1175-1180 (Pubitemid 35176125)
43. Claassen J, Mayer SA (2002) Continuous electroencephalographic monitoring in neurocritical care. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2:534-540
44. Berger AR, Lipton RB, Lesser ML et al (1988) Early seizures following intracerebral hemorrhage: implications for therapy. Neurology 38:1363-1365
45. Adams HP (2004) Effective prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis after stroke: low-dose anticoagulation rather than stockings alone: for. Stroke 35:2911-2912
46. Davis SM, Donnan GA (2004) Effective prophylaxis for deep venous thrombosis after stroke: both lowdose anticoagulation and stockings for most cases. Stroke 35:2910 (Pubitemid 39565193)
47. Dennis MS (2004) Effective prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis after stroke: low-dose anticoagulation rather than stockings alone: against. Stroke 35:2912-2913
48. Boeer A, Voth E, Henze T et al (1991) Early heparin therapy in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 54:466-467
49. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K et al (2001) Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview. Stroke 32:2426-2432 (Pubitemid 32954818)
50. Berghe G van den, Wouters P, Weekers F et al (2001) Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 345:1359-1367
51. Van Berghe G den, Wilmer A, Hermans G et al (2006) Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 354:449-461 (Pubitemid 43200296)
52. Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F et al (2008) Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 358:125-139
53. Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Sandercock PA et al (2007) Glucose-potassium- insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: the UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK). Lancet Neurol 6:397-406 (Pubitemid 46551852)
54. (n a) (2008) Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis 25:457-507
55. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM et al (2008) Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 36:296-327
56. Schwarz S, Hafner K, Aschoff A et al (2000) Incidence and prognostic significance of fever following intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 54:354-361 (Pubitemid 30078066)
57. Krieger DW, Yenari MA (2004) Therapeutic hypothermia for acute ischemic stroke: what do laboratory studies teach us? Stroke 35:1482-1489
58. Kawai N, Nakamura T, Okauchi M et al (2000) Effects of hypothermia on intracranial hemodynamics and ischemic brain damage: studies in the rat acute subdural hematoma model. Acta Neurochir (Suppl 76):529-533
59. Kawai N, Nakamura T, Okauchi M et al (2000) Effects of hypothermia on intracranial pressure and brain edema formation: studies in a rat acute subdural hematoma model. J Neurotrauma 17:193-202 (Pubitemid 30174158)
60. Schwab S, Schwarz S, Spranger M et al (1998) Moderate hypothermia in the treatment of patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke 29:2461-2466 (Pubitemid 28543990)
61. Schwab S, Georgiadis D, Berrouschot J et al (2001) Feasibility and safety of moderate hypothermia after massive hemispheric infarction. Stroke 32:2033-2035 (Pubitemid 32868093)
62. Georgiadis D, Schwarz S, Aschoff A et al (2002) Hemicraniectomy and moderate hypothermia in patients with severe ischemic stroke. Stroke 33:1584-1588 (Pubitemid 34619962)
63. Kollmar R, Schellinger PD, Steigleder T et al (2009) Ice-cold saline for the induction of mild hypothermia in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a pilot study. Stroke 40:1907-1909
64. MacLellan C, Shuaib A, Colbourne F (2002) Failure of delayed and prolonged hypothermia to favorably affect hemorrhagic stroke in rats. Brain Res 958:192-200 (Pubitemid 35441228)
65. Feng H, Shi D, Wang D et al (2002) Effect of local mild hypothermia on treatment of acute intracerebral hemorrhage, a clinical study [Article in Chinese]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 82:1622-1624
66. Zygun D (2008) Can we demonstrate the efficacy of monitoring? Eur J Anaesthesiol 25(Suppl 42):94-97
67. Czosnyka M, Smielewski P, Piechnik S et al (2000) Continuous assessment of cerebral autoregulation-clinical verification of the method in head injured patients. Acta Neurochir (Suppl 76):483-484
68. Bhatia A, Gupta AK (2007) Neuromonitoring in the intensive care unit. II. Cerebral oxygenation monitoring and microdialysis. Intensive Care Med 33:1322-1328
69. Bhatia A, Gupta AK (2007) Neuromonitoring in the intensive care unit. I. Intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow monitoring. Intensive Care Med 33:1263-1271
70. Steiner T, Pilz J, Schellinger P et al (2001) Multimodal online monitoring in middle cerebral artery territory stroke. Stroke 32:2500-2506 (Pubitemid 33055296)
71. Stuart RM, Schmidt M, Kurtz P et al (2010) Intracranial multimodal monitoring for acute brain injury: A single institution review of current practices. Neurocrit Care (in press)
72. Zazulia AR, Diringer MN, Videen TO et al (2001) Hypoperfusion without ischemia surrounding acute intracerebral hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 21:804-810 (Pubitemid 32613534)
73. Zazulia AR, Videen TO, Powers WJ (2009) Transient focal increase in perihematomal glucose metabolism after acute human intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 40:1638-1643
74. Vespa PM (2009) Metabolic penumbra in intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 40:1547-1548
75. Fabricius M, Fuhr S, Bhatia R et al (2006) Cortical spreading depression and peri-infarct depolarization in acutely injured human cerebral cortex. Brain 129:778-790 (Pubitemid 43278239)
76. Garcia-Morales EJ, Cariappa R, Parvin CA et al (2004) Osmole gap inneurologic-neurosurgical intensive careunit: its normal value, calculation and relationshipwith mannitol serum concentrations. Crit Care Med 32:986-991 (Pubitemid 38471520)
77. Diringer MN, Zazulia AR (2004) Osmotic therapy: fact and fiction. Neurocrit Care 1:219-233 (Pubitemid 41278371)
78. Schwab S, Spranger M, Schwarz S et al (1997) Barbiturate coma in severe hemispheric stroke: useful or obsolete? Neurology 48:1608-1613
79. Poungvarin N, Bhoopat W, Viriyavejakul A et al (1987) Effects of dexamethasone in primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 316:1229-1233 (Pubitemid 17069351)
80. Feigin VL, Anderson N, Rinkel GJ et al (2005) Corticosteroids for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and primary intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD004583
81. Vahedi K, Hofmeijer J, Juettler E et al (2007) Early decompressive surgery in malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery: a pooled analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol 6:215-222 (Pubitemid 46237760)
82. Murthy JM, Chowdary GV, Murthy TV et al (2005) Decompressive craniectomy with clot evacuation in large hemispheric hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2:258-262 (Pubitemid 41112396)
83. Maira G, Anile C, Colosimo C et al (2002) Surgical treatment of primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage in stuporous and comatose patients. Neurol Res 24:54-60 (Pubitemid 34038397)
84. Ramnarayan R, Anto D, Anilkumar TV et al (2009) Decompressive hemicraniectomy in large putaminal hematomas: an Indian experience. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 18:1-10
85. Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K et al (2005) Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 352:777-785
86. Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K et al (2008) Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 358:2127-2137 (Pubitemid 351679599)
87. Mayer SA, Davis SM, Skolnick BE et al (2009) Can a subset of intracerebral hemorrhage patients benefit from hemostatic therapy with recombinant activated factor VII? Stroke 40:833-840
88. Steiner T, Rosand J, Diringer M (2006) Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with oral anticoagulant therapy: current practices and unresolved questions. Stroke 37:256-262 (Pubitemid 43732088)
89. SPIRIT Study Group (1997) A randomized trial of anticoagulants vs. aspirin after cerebral ischemia of presumed arterial origin. The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group. Ann Neurol 42:857-865
90. Flibotte JJ, Hagan N, O'Donnell J et al (2004) Warfarin, hematoma expansion, and outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 63:1059-1064 (Pubitemid 39287915)
91. Huttner HB, Schellinger PD, Hartmann M et al (2006) Hematoma growth and outcome in treated neurocritical care patients with intracerebral hemorrhage related to oral anticoagulant therapy: comparison of acute treatment strategies using vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, and prothrombin complex concentrates. Stroke 37:1465-1470 (Pubitemid 44305727)
92. Schulman S (2003) Clinical practice. Care of patients receiving long-term anticoagulant therapy. N Engl J Med 349:675-683
93. Firozvi K, Deveras RA, Kessler CM (2006) Reversal of low-molecular-weight heparin-induced bleeding in patients with pre-existing hypercoagulable states with human recombinant activated factor VII concentrate. Am J Hematol 81:582-589 (Pubitemid 44066168)
94. Nehls DG, Mendelow DA, Graham DI et al (1990) Experimental intracerebral hemorrhage: early removal of a spontaneous mass lesion improves late outcome. Neurosurgery 27:674-682 (Pubitemid 20339218)
95. Kingman TA, Mendelow AD, Graham DI et al (1987) Experimental intracerebral mass: time-related effects on local cerebral blood flow. J Neurosurg 67:732-738 (Pubitemid 17161405)
96. Orakcioglu B, Becker K, Sakowitz OW et al (2008) MRI of the perihemorrhagic zone in a rat ICH model: effect of hematoma evacuation. Neurocrit Care 8:448-455
97. Prasad K, Mendelow AD, Gregson B (2009) Surgery for primary supratentorial intracerebral hematoma. Stroke 40:e624-e626
98. Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM et al (2005) Early surgery vs. initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet 365:387-397 (Pubitemid 40179225)
99. Marquardt G, Wolff R, Sager A et al (2003) Subacute stereotactic aspiration of haematomas within the basal ganglia reduces occurrence of complications in the course of haemorrhagic stroke in non-comatose patients. Cerebrovasc Dis 15:252-257 (Pubitemid 36438728)
100. Cho DY, Chen CC, Chang CS et al (2006) Endoscopic surgery for spontaneous basal ganglia hemorrhage: comparing endoscopic surgery, stereotactic aspiration, and craniotomy in noncomatose patients. Surg Neurol 65:547-556
101. Teernstra OP, Evers SM, Lodder J et al (2003) Stereotactic treatment of intracerebral hematoma by means of a plasminogen activator: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (SICHPA). Stroke 34:968-974 (Pubitemid 36402971)
102. Vespa P, McArthur D, Miller C et al (2005) Frameless stereotactic aspiration and thrombolysis of deep intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with reduction of hemorrhage volume and neurological improvement. Neurocrit Care 2:274-281 (Pubitemid 41112399)
103. Kaneko M, Tanaka K, Shimada T et al (1983) Long-term evaluation of ultra-early operation for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in 100 cases. J Neurosurg 58:838-842 (Pubitemid 13096636)
104. Morgenstern LB, Demchuk AM, Kim DH et al (2001) Rebleeding leads to poor outcome in ultra-early craniotomy for intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 56:1294-1299 (Pubitemid 32455286)
105. Zuccarello M, Brott T, Derex L et al (1999) Early surgical treatment for supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a randomized feasibility study. Stroke 30:1833-1839 (Pubitemid 29411823)
106. Sutherland CS, Hill MD, Kaufmann AM et al (2008) Recombinant factor VIIa plus surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage. Can J Neurol Sci 35:567-572
107. Loon J van, Van Calenbergh F, Goffin J et al (1993) Controversies in the management of spontaneous cerebellar haemorrhage. A consecutive series of 49 cases and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir 122:187-193
108. Firsching R, Huber M, Frowein RA (1991) Cerebellar haemorrhage: management and prognosis. Neurosurg Rev 14:191-194
109. Da Pian R, Bazzan A, Pasqualin A (1984) Surgical vs. medical treatment of spontaneous posterior fossa haematomas: a cooperative study on 205 cases. Neurol Res 6:145-151 (Pubitemid 15223068)
110. Morioka J, Fujii M, Kato S et al (2006) Surgery for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage has greater remedial value than conservative therapy. Surg Neurol 65:67-72 (Pubitemid 43003440)
111. Kirollos RW, Tyagi AK, Ross SA et al (2001) Management of spontaneous cerebellar hematomas: a prospective treatment protocol. Neurosurgery 49:1378-1386
112. Butler AB, Partain RA, Netsky MG (1972) Primary intraventricular hemorrhage. A mild and remediable form. Neurology 22:675-687
113. Diringer MN, Edwards DF, Zazulia AR (1998) Hydrocephalus: a previously unrecognized predictor of poor outcome from supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 29:1352-1357 (Pubitemid 28300069)
114. Tuhrim S, Horowitz DR, Sacher M et al (1999) Volume of ventricular blood is an important determinant of outcome in supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 27:617-621 (Pubitemid 29162685)
115. Naff NJ, Hanley DF, Keyl PM et al (2004) Intraventricular thrombolysis speeds blood clot resolution: results of a pilot, prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Neurosurgery 54:577-583; discussion 583-584
116. Lee MW, Pang KY, Ho WW et al (2003) Outcome analysis of intraventricular thrombolytic therapy for intraventricular haemorrhage. Hong Kong Med J 9:335-340 (Pubitemid 37247858)
117. Nieuwkamp DJ, Gans K de, Rinkel GJ et al (2000) Treatment and outcome of severe intraventricular extension in patients with subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review of the literature. J Neurol 247:117-121 (Pubitemid 30162526)
118. Huttner HB, Nagel S, Tognoni E et al (2007) Intracerebral hemorrhage with severe ventricular involvement: lumbar drainage for communicating hydrocephalus. Stroke 38:183-187 (Pubitemid 46035625)