Lumbar spondylolysis: A review

Skeletal Radiology

Volumn 40, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 683-700

  Leone, Antonio ^a   Cianfoni, Alessandro ^b   Cerase, Alfonso ^c   Magarelli, Nicola ^a   Bonomo, Lorenzo ^a  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF SIENA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; CT; MRI; Single photon emission computed tomography; Spine; Spondylolysis

Indexed keywords

BONE GRAFT; BONE RADIOGRAPHY; BRACE; CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; LUMBAR SPONDYLOLYSIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOGENESIS; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION DOSE; REVIEW; SCINTISCANNING; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SPONDYLOLISTHESIS; SPONDYLOLYSIS; TREATMENT INDICATION;

ATHLETIC INJURIES; BIOMECHANICS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMANS; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SPONDYLOLYSIS; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED, SINGLE-PHOTON; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 79955726592     PISSN: 03642348     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00256-010-0942-0     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. RA Rauch JR Jinkins 1993 Lumbosacral spondylolisthesis associated with spondylolysis Neuroimaging Clin N Am 3 543 555 (Pubitemid 23261498)
2. LL Wiltse SLG Rothman 1989 Spondylolisthesis: classification, diagnosis and natural history Semin Spine Surg 1 78 94
3. Brooks BK, Southam S, Mlady GW, Logan J, Rosett M. Lumbar spine spondylolysis in the adult population: using computed tomography to evaluate the possibility of adult onset lumbar spondylosis as a cause of back pain. Skeletal Radiol 2009; doi: 10.1007/s00256-009-0825-4
4. F Rossi 1988 Spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis and sports J Sports Med Phys Fit 18 317 340
5. LL Wiltse 1957 Etiology of spondylolisthesis Clin Orthop 10 48 60 13561552 1:STN:280:DyaG1c7gsVKmug%3D%3D
6. BE Fredrickson D Baker WJ McHolick HA Yuan JP Lubicky 1984 The natural history of spondylolysis, and spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents J Bone Joint Surg Am 66 699 707 6373773 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3ht1Khuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14082334)
7. S Sonne-Holm S Jacobsen HC Rovsing H Monrad P Gebuhr 2007 Lumbar spondylolysis: a life long dynamic condition? A cross sectional survey of 4.151 adults Eur Spine J 16 821 828 17120072 (Pubitemid 46944605)
8. GG Rowe MB Roche 1953 The etiology of separate neural arch J Bone Joint Surg Am 35 102 109 13022711
9. JP Grogan S Hemminghytt AL Williams GF Carrera VM Haughton 1982 Spondylolysis studied with computed tomography Radiology 145 737 742 7146406 1:STN:280:DyaL3s%2Fms1Wgtw%3D%3D
10. JG Teplick PA Lafley A Berman ME Haskin 1986 Diagnosis and evaluation of spondylolisthesis and/or spondylolysis on axial CT AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 7 479 491 3085451 1:STN:280:DyaL283htFOrsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16083434)
11. SLG Rothman WV Glenn 1984 CT multiplanar reconstruction in 253 cases of lumbar spondylolysis AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 5 81 90 6421129 1:STN:280: DyaL2c7isVynsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14153709)
12. LL Wiltse EH Widell DW Jackson 1975 Fatigue fracture: the basic lesion in isthmic spondylolisthesis J Bone Joint Surg Am 57 17 22 1123367 1:STN:280:DyaE2M7jtlKntg%3D%3D
13. M Albanese PD Pizzutillo 1982 Family study of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis J Pediatr Orthop 2 496 499 6761366 1:STN:280: DyaL3s7js1amsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 13098235)
14. RH Turner A Bianco Jr. 1971 Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in children and teen-agers J Bone Joint Surg Am 53 1298 1306 4939956 1:STN:280:DyaE38%2FivVOruw%3D%3D
15. R Wynne-Davies JHS Scott 1979 Inheritance and spondylolisthesis-a radiographic family survey J Bone Joint Surg 61 301 305 (Pubitemid 10212540)
16. JDG Troup 1976 Mechanical factors in spondylolisthesis and spondylolysis Clin Orthop 147 59 67
17. JD Goldstein PE Berger GE Windler DW Jackson 1980 Spine injuries in gymnasts and swimmers. An epidemiologic investigation Am J Sports Med 19 463 467
18. H Saraste 1987 Long-term clinical and radiological follow-up of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis J Pediatr Orthop 7 631 638 2963019 1:STN:280:DyaL1c7hsF2ntA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 18017935)
19. Wiltse LL. Spondylolisthesis: classification and etiology. In American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: Symposium of the Spine. St. Louis: Mosby; 1969. p. 143-68.
20. CV Ward B Latimer DH Alander, et al. 2007 Radiographic assessment of lumbar facet distance spacing and spondylolysis Spine 32 E85 E88 17224804
21. SW Zehnder CV Ward AJ Crow D Alander B Latimer 2009 Radiographic assessment of lumbar facet distance spacing and pediatric spondylolysis Spine 34 285 290 19179924
22. MH Pope 1989 Biomechanics of the lumbar spine Ann Med 21 347 351 2532524 1:STN:280:DyaK3c7gsFSitg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 20012329)
23. M Guillot J Fournier G Vanneuville, et al. 1988 Mechanics of the characteristic geometry of the human spine undergoing vertical pressure Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 55 351 359 3291081 1:STN:280:DyaL1c3msVSktA%3D%3D
24. Wempner G, Talaslidis D. Von Mises yield criterion. In: Wempner G, Talaslidis D, editors. Mechanics of solids and shells. Theories and approximations. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press; 2003. p. 168-9.
25. Tozeren A. Bodies in planar motion. In: Tozeren A, editor. Human body dynamics. Classical mechanics and human movements. New York: Springer; 2000. p. 84-116.
26. JM Mac-Thiong H Labelle E Berthonnaud RR Betz P Roussouly 2007 Sagittal spinopelvic balance in normal children and adolescents Eur Spine J 16 2 227 234 16311754 (Pubitemid 46295187)
27. R Vialle B Ilharreborde C Danzac T Lenoir L Rillardon P Guigui 2007 Is there a sagittal imbalance of the spine in isthmic spondylolisthesis? A correlation study Eur Spine J 16 1641 1649 17437136 (Pubitemid 47594202)
28. B Blondel JL Jouve M Panuel, et al. 2008 Pelvic incidence reliability in spine sagittal balance Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 94 321 326 18555857 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cvos1WlsA%3D%3D
29. Y Floman 2000 Progression of lumbosacral isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults Spine 25 342 347 10703107 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7mslOmsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30097045)
30. H Mihara K Onari BC Cheng SM David TA Zdeblick 2003 The biomechanical effect of spondylolysis and its treatment Spine 28 235 238 12567023 (Pubitemid 36177185)
31. HF Farfan V Osteria C Lamy 1976 The mechanical etiology of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis Clin Orthop 117 40 55 1277685
32. K Sairyo S Katoh T Ikata K Fujii K Kajiura VK Goel 2001 The pathomechanism of isthmic lumbar spondylolisthesis Spine J 1 3 171 175 14588344 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3srhsV2qtw%3D%3D
33. K Kajiura S Katoh K Sairyo T Ikata VK Goel RI Murakami 2001 Slippage mechanism of pediatric spondylolysis: biomechanical study using immature calf spines Spine 26 20 2208 2012 11598509 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MnnsFChtQ%3D%3D
34. K Sairyo VK Goel LJ Grobler T Ikata S Katoh 1998 The pathomechanism of isthmic lumbar spondylolisthesis. A biomechanical study in immature calf spines Spine 23 1442 1446 9670394 1:STN:280:DyaK1czjsFSmsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28439610)
35. RJ Konz VK Goel LJ Grobler, et al. 2001 The pathomechanism of spondylolytic spondylolisthesis in immature primate lumbar spines in vitro and finite element assessments Spine 26 4 E38 E49 11224899 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3M3mvFalsw%3D%3D
36. T Ikata R Miyake S Katoh T Morita M Murase 1996 Pathogenesis of sports-related spondylolisthesis in adolescents. Radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging study Am J Sports Med. 24 1 94 98 8638762 1:STN:280: DyaK283gtlekuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26036335)
37. K Sairyo VK Goel, et al. 2006 Three dimensional finite element analysis of the pediatric lumbar spine. II. Biomechanical change as the initiating factor for pediatric isthmic spondylolisthesis at the growth plate Eur Spine J 15 6 930 935 16614856 (Pubitemid 43873782)
38. T Sakamaki S Katoh K Sairyo 2002 Normal and spondylolytic pediatric spine movements with reference to instantaneous axis of rotation Spine 27 2 141 145 11805658 (Pubitemid 34215552)
39. H Labelle P Roussouly E Berthonnaud E Transfeldt M O'Brien D Chopin, et al. 2004 Spondylolisthesis, pelvic incidence, and spinopelvic balance: a correlation study Spine 29 2049 2054 15371707 (Pubitemid 40207433)
40. C Marty b Boisaubert H Descamps JP Montigny J Hecquet J Legaye, et al. 2002 The sagittal anatomy of the sacrum among young adults, infants, and spondylolisthesis patients Eur Spine J 11 119 125 11956917 1:STN:280: DC%2BD383hvFeltQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 34328113)
41. DS Hanson KH Bridwell JM Rhee LG Lenke 2002 Correlation of pelvic incidence with low- and high-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis Spine 27 2026 2029 12634563
42. J Legaye G Duval-Beaupere J Hecquet C Marty 1998 Pelvic incidence: a fundamental pelvic parameter for three-dimensional regulation of spinal sagittal curves Eur Spine J 7 99 103 9629932 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3ptFyrtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28223594)
43. F Postacchini 1989 The evolution of spondylolysis into spondylolisthesis during adult age Ital J Orthop Traumatol 15 209 216 (Pubitemid 19181991)
44. Osterman K, Schlenzka D, Poussa M, et al. Isthmic spondylolisthesis in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects, epidemiology, and natural history with special reference to disk abnormality and mode of treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;(297):65-70. (Pubitemid 24000635)
45. AH McGregor L Anderton WM Gedroyc J Johnson SP Hughes 2002 The use of interventional open MRI to assess the kinematics of the lumbar spine in patients with spondylolisthesis Spine 27 1582 1586 12131722 (Pubitemid 34787187)
46. P Axelsson R Johnsson B Strömqvist 2000 Is there increased intervertebral mobility in isthmic adult spondylolisthesis? A matched comparative study using roentgen stereophotogrammetry Spine 25 13 1701 1703 10870146 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvgslGkuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30460472)
47. EP Szypryt P Twining RC Mulholland BS Worthington 1989 The prevalence of disc degeneration associated with neural arch defects of the lumbar spine assessed by magnetic resonance imaging Spine 14 9 977 981 2789436 1:STN:280:DyaL1MzovVCrsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19227765)
48. PG Turner PG Hancock JH Gren, et al. 1989 Back pain in childhood Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 14 812 814 1:STN:280:DyaL1MzovVCntw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19227735)
49. HA King 1984 Back pain in children Pediatr Clin N Am 31 1083 1095 1:STN:280:DyaL2M%2Fhtl2isQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14021632)
50. SJ Anderson 1991 Assessment and management of the pediatric and adolescent patient with low back pain Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2 157 185
51. JA Smith SS Hu 1999 Management of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in the pediatric and adolescent population Orthop Clin N Am 30 487 499 1:STN:280:DyaK1Mzit1WnsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29360084)
52. LJ Micheli 1979 Low back pain in the adolescent: differential diagnosis Am J Sports Med 7 362 364 159627 1:STN:280:DyaL3c%2Fmt1yisg%3D%3D
53. PD Pizzutillo CD Hummer 1989 Nonoperative treatment for painful adolescent spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis J Pediatr Orthop 9 538 540 2529267 1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2FgvFaktg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19211969)
54. LL Wiltse DW Jackson 1976 Treatment of spondylolisthesis and spondylolysis in children Clin Orthop 117 92 100 1277690
55. V Dreyzin SI Esses 1994 A comparative analysis of spondylolysis repair Spine 19 1909 1914 7997923 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FptVGisg%3D%3D
56. M Amato WG Totty LA Gilula 1984 Spondylolysis of the lumbar spine: demonstration of defects and laminal fragmentation Radiology 153 627 629 6494460 1:STN:280:DyaL2M%2FjvFaquw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15186407)
57. G Ravichandran 1980 A radiologic sign in spondylolisthesis AJR Am J Roentgenol 134 113 117 6766001 1:STN:280:DyaL3c%2FosV2qsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 10176194)
58. BE Maldague 1976 Unilateral arch hypertrophy with spinous process tilt: a sign of arch deficiency Diagn Radiol 121 567 574 1:STN:280: DyaE2s%2FjslCmuw%3D%3D
59. LA Hardley 1955 Bony masses projecting into the spinal canal opposite a break in the neural arch of the fifth lumbar vertebra J Bone Joint Surg 37 787 797
60. T Araki S Harata K Nakano T Satoh 1992 Reactive sclerosis of the pedicle associated with contralateral spondylolysis Spine 17 1424 1426 1462223 1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2Fpslajtw%3D%3D
61. A Saifuddin J White S Tucker BA Taylor 1998 Orientation of lumbar pars defects; implications for radiographic demonstration and surgical management J Bone Joint Surg Br 80 208 211 9546445 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3gs1Ghsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 128472079)
62. HW Meyerding 1941 Low backache and sciatic pain associated with spondylolisthesis and protruded intervertebral disk J Bone and Joint Surg 23 461 466
63. LL Wiltse RB Winter 1983 Terminology and measurement of spondylolisthesis J Bone Joint Surg 65 768 772 6863359 1:STN:280:DyaL3s3jvVGqtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 13025988)
64. A Leone G Guglielmi VN Cassar-Pullicino L Bonomo 2007 Lumbar intervertebral instability: a review Radiology 245 62 77 17885181 Review (Pubitemid 47417789)
65. AH McGregor ID McCarthy SP Hughes 1995 Motion characteristics of the lumbar spine in the normal population Spine 20 2421 2428 8578393 1:STN:280:DyaK287ls1KntQ%3D%3D
66. J Dvorak MM Panjabi D Chang R Theiler D Grob 1991 Functional radiographic diagnosis of the lumbar spine: flexion-extension and lateral bending Spine 16 562 571 2052999 1:STN:280:DyaK3M3nt1Smuw%3D%3D
67. MA Hayes TC Howard CR Grue JA Kopta 1989 Roentgenographic evaluation of lumbar spine flexion-extension in asymptomatic individuals Spine 14 327 331 2711247 1:STN:280:DyaL1M3it1Kiug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19090542)
68. SD Boden SW Wiesel 1990 Lumbosacral segmental motion in normal individuals: have we been measuring instability properly? Spine 15 571 576 2402698 1:STN:280:DyaK3czosFeksw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 20247239)
69. EN Hanley Jr. 1995 The indications for lumbar spinal fusion with and without instrumentation Spine 20 24 Suppl 143S 153S 8747269 (Pubitemid 26011062)
70. PR Hession WP Butt 1996 Imaging of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis Eur Radiol 6 284 290 8797997 1:STN:280:DyaK28zptFShtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 126458075)
71. AJ Dunn RS Campbell PE Mayor D Rees 2008 Radiological findings and healing patterns of incomplete stress fractures of the pars interarticularis Skeletal Radiol 37 5 443 450 18283450
72. RS Campbell AJ Grainger IG Hide S Papastefanou CG Greenough 2005 Juvenile spondylolysis: a comparative analysis of CT, SPECT and MRI Skeletal Radiol 34 2 63 73 15668821 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M%2FktFWrtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 40174010)
73. DW Johnson GN Farnum RE Latchaw SM Erba 1989 MR imaging of the pars interarticularis AJR Am J Roentgenol AJR 152 327 332 1:STN:280: DyaL1M7gtlSnsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19052142)
74. A Saifuddin SJD Burnett 1997 The value of lumbar spine MRI in the assessment of the pars interarticularis Clin Radiol 52 666 671 9313730 1:STN:280:DyaK2svlvV2mtw%3D%3D
75. RS Campbell AJ Grainger 1999 Optimization of MRI pulse sequences to visualize the normal pars interarticularis Clin Radiol 54 63 68 9915513 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7ht1Oiuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29020895)
76. GM Hollenberg PF Beattie SP Meyers EP Weinberg MJ Adams 2002 Stress reactions of the lumbar pars interarticularis: the development of a new MRI classification system Spine 27 2 181 186 11805665 (Pubitemid 34215559)
77. JR Jinkins JC Matthes RN Sener S Venkatappan R Rauch 1992 Spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, and associated nerve root entrapment in the lumbosacral spine: MR evaluation AJR Am J Roentgenol 159 799 803 1529846 1:STN:280:DyaK38vhtFSktA%3D%3D
78. JL Ulmer AD Elster VP Mathews JC King 1994 Distinction between degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis on sagittal MR images: importance of increased anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal ("wide canal sign") AJR Am J Roentgenol 163 411 416 8037041 1:STN:280: DyaK2czhtFWgsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24242531)
79. JL Ulmer AD Elster VP Mathews AM Allen 1995 Lumbar spondylolysis: reactive marrow changes seen in adjacent pedicles on MR images AJR Am J Roentgenol 164 429 433 7839983 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7ktF2mtw%3D%3D
80. JL Ulmer VP Mathews AD Elster LP Mark DL Daniels W Mueller 1997 MR imaging of lumbar spondylolysis: the importance of ancillary observations AJR Am J Roentgenol 169 233 239 9207531 1:STN:280:DyaK2szltFanuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27289642)
81. H Saraste LA Broston T Aparisi 1984 Prognostic radiographic aspects of spondylolisthesis Acta Radiol Diagn 25 427 432 1:STN:280:DyaL2M%2FmvVyitw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15190175)
82. A De Roos H Kressel C Spritzer M Dalinka 1987 MR imaging of marrow changes adjacent to end-plates in degenerative disk disease AJR Am J Roentgenol 149 531 534 3497539 (Pubitemid 17145140)
83. MT Modic PM Steinberg JS Ross TJ Masarik JR Carter 1988 Imaging of degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging Radiology 166 193 199 3336678 1:STN:280:DyaL1c%2FpvVWjtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 18027070)
84. N Grenier HY Kressel ML Schiebler RI Grossman 1989 Isthmic spondylolysis of the lumbar spine: MR imaging at 1.5 T Radiology 170 489 493 2911673 1:STN:280:DyaL1M%2FpvFKmug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19035681)
85. NM Major CA Helms WJ Richardson 1999 MR imaging of fibrocartilaginous masses arising on the margins of spondylolysis defects AJR Am J Roentgenol 173 673 676 10470901 1:STN:280:DyaK1MzpslGjsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29395290)
86. WK Payne III JW Ogilvie 1996 Back pain in children and adolescents Pediatr Clin N Am 43 899 917 (Pubitemid 26321241)
87. S Elliot MA Hutson ML Wastie 1988 Bone scintigraphy in the assessment of spondylolysis in patients attending a sports injury clinic Clin Radiol 39 269 272
88. N Papanicolaou RH Wilkinson JB Emans S Treves LJ Micheli 1985 Bone scintigraphy and radiography in young athletes with low back pain AJR Am J Roentgenol 145 1039 1044 2931965 1:STN:280:DyaL28%2Fit1Gnuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16234121)
89. RJ Ryan T Gibson I Fogleman 1992 The identification of spinal pathology in chronic low back pain using single photon computed tomography Nucl Med Commun 13 497 502 1386656 1:STN:280:DyaK38zlslejsA%3D%3D
90. BD Collier RP Johnson GF Carrera, et al. 1985 Painful spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis studied by radiography and single photon emission computed tomography Radiology 154 207 211 3155479 1:STN:280:DyaL2M%2FmsVGltQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15196314)
91. RD Bellah DA Summerville ST Treves LJ Micheli 1991 Low back pain in adolescent athletes: detection of stress injury to the pars interarticularis with SPECT Radiology 180 509 512 1829845 1:STN:280:DyaK3M3pslSqtA%3D%3D
92. N Raby S Mathews 1993 Symptomatic spondylolysis: correlation of CT and SPECT with clinical outcome Clin Radiol 48 97 99 8004904 1:STN:280: DyaK2c3ntlCntw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23238750)
93. PL Gregory ME Batt RW Kerslake JK Webb 2005 Single photon emission computerized tomography and reverse gantry computerized tomography findings in patients with back pain investigated for spondylolysis Clin J Sport Med 15 2 79 86 15782051 (Pubitemid 40462881)
94. FA Mettler W Huda TT Yoshizumi M Mahadevappa 2008 Effective doses in radiology and diagnostic nuclear medicine: a catalog Radiology 248 254 263 18566177
95. DA Schauer OW Linton 2009 Ionizing radiation exposure of the population of the United States. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements-NCRP report N. 160 Health Phys 97 1 1 5 19509507 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmslOks7Y%3D
96. J Valentin 2005 Low-dose extrapolation of radiation-related cancer risk Ann ICRP 35 4 1 140
97. ME Steiner LJ Micheli 1985 Treatment of symptomatic spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis with the modified Boston brace Spine 10 937 943 3914087 1:STN:280:DyaL287otVWlsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16168112)
98. J Blanda D Bethem W Moats M Lew 1993 Defects of pars interarticularis in athletes: a protocol for nonoperative treatment J Spinal Disord 6 406 411 8274809 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7gtVKhsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23290035)
99. SS Wu CH Lee PQ Chen 1999 Operative repair of symptomatic spondylolysis following a positive response to diagnostic pars injection J Spinal Disord 12 10 16 10078944 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7ns1ygsg%3D%3D
100. EV Cheung MJ Herman R Cavalier PD Pizzutillo 2006 Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents. II. Surgical management J Am Acad Orthop Surg 14 488 498 16885480 (Pubitemid 44916638)
101. JE Buck 1970 Direct repair of the defect in spondylolisthesis. Preliminary report J Bone Joint Surg Br 52 432 437 4916960 1:STN:280: DyaE3c3otFSjsA%3D%3D
102. DS Bradford J Iza 1985 Repair of the defect in spondylolysis or minimal degrees of spondylolisthesis by segmental wire fixation and bone grafting Spine 10 673 679 3906936 1:STN:280:DyaL28%2FntVGqsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16210001)
103. M Kakiuchi 1997 Repair of the defect in spondylolysis. Durable fixation with pedicle screws and laminar hooks J Bone Joint Surg Am 79 818 825 9199377 1:STN:280:DyaK2szkt1Krsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27280002)
104. E Morscher B Gerber J Fasel 1984 Surgical treatment of spondylolisthesis by bone grafting and direct stabilization of spondylolysis by means of a hook screw Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 103 175 178 6497607 1:STN:280: DyaL2M%2FksF2iug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14032123)
105. MN Songer R Rovin 1998 Repair of the pars interarticularis defect with a cable-screw construct. A preliminary report Spine 23 263 269 9474736 1:STN:280:DyaK1c7jsFSktQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28128164)
106. A Zagra F Giudici L Minoia AS Corriero I Zagra 2009 Long-term results of pediculo-body fixation and posterolateral fusion for lumbar spondylolisthesis Eur Spine J 1 151 155
107. GV Johnson AG Thompson 1992 The Scott wiring technique for direct repair of lumbar spondylolysis J Bone Joint Surg Br 74-B 426 430
108. CA Reitman SI Esses 2002 Direct repair of spondylolytic defects in young competitive athletes Spine J 2 142 144 14588273
109. PT Rubery 2002 Athletic activity after spine surgery in children and adolescents: results of a survey Spine 15 423 427 (Pubitemid 34224659)