Traffic impacts on PM2.5 air quality in Nairobi, Kenya

Environmental Science and Policy

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 369-378

  Kinney, Patrick L ^a   Gichuru, Michael Gatari ^b   Volavka Close, Nicole ^c   Ngo, Nicole ^c   Ndiba, Peter K ^b   Law, Anna ^a   Gachanja, Anthony ^d   Gaita, Samuel Mwaniki ^b   Chillrud, Steven N ^e   Sclar, Elliott ^c  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI   (Kenya)

^c Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^d JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Kenya)

^e Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Health; Nairobi; Outdoor air quality; Sub Saharan Africa; Transport; Urban

Indexed keywords

AIR MONITORING; AIR PARTICLE CONTROL; AIR POLLUTION; AIR QUALITY; AIR SAMPLING; AIRBORNE PARTICLE; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; KENYA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TRAFFIC;

EID: 79955709861     PISSN: 14629011     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2011.02.005     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Aligula E.M., Abiero-Gariy Z., Mutua J., Owegi F., Osengo C., Olela R. Urban Public Transport Patterns in Kenya: A Case Study of Nairobi City. Special Report No. 7 2005, Kenya Institute for Public Policy and Research Analysis, Nairobi, Kenya.
2. African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC) Population and Health Dynamics in Nairobi's Informal Settlements 2002, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi.
3. Bennet C., Jonsson P., Lingren E.S. Concentrations and sources of trace elements in particulate air pollution, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, studied by EDXRF. X-Ray Spectrometry 2005, 34:1-6.
4. Carr W., Zeitel L., Weiss K. Variations in asthma hospitalization and deaths in New York City. Journal of the American Medical Association 1992, 82:59-65.
5. Clougherty J.E., Kheirbek I., Johnson S., Pezeshki G., Bryan Jacobson J., Eisl H.M., Gorczynski J.E., Ross Z., Kitson H., Benson A., Camacho A., Werbe-Fuentes J., Haviland-Markowitz J., Munoz R., Tilles A., Strickland C.H., Charles-Guttman K., Markowitz S., Kass D., Matte T. The New York City Community Air Survey: Results from Summer Monitoring 2009 2009, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, and NYC Mayor's Office for Long-Term Planning and Sustainability, http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/eode/nyccas-report-summer09.pdf (accessed 08.04.10).
6. Clougherty J.E., Kheirbek I., Johnson S., Pezeshki G., Bryan Jacobson J., Eisl H.M., Gorczynski J.E., Ross Z., Kitson H., Benson A., Camacho A., Werbe-Fuentes J., Haviland-Markowitz J., Munoz R., Tilles A., Strickland C.H., Charles-Guttman K., Markowitz S., Kass D., Matte T. The New York City Community Air Survey: Results from Winter Monitoring 2008-2009 2009, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, and NYC Mayor's Office for Long-Term Planning and Sustainability, http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/eode/nyccas_master_report_12_15_09.pdf (accessed 08.04.10).
7. Cohen A., Anderson H., Ostra B., Pandey D., Krzyzanowski M., Künzli N., Gutschmidt K., Pope C.A., Romieu I., Samet J., Smith K. Urban air pollution. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors 2004, vol. 1:1353-1434. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, (Chapter 17).
8. Dionisio K.L., Arku R.E., Friedman A.B., Hughes A.F., Vallarino J., Carmichael H., Spengler J.D., Agyei-Mensah S., Ezzati M. Air pollution in Accra neighborhoods: spatial, socioeconomic and temporal patterns. Environmental Science and Technology 2010, 44(7):2270-2276.
9. Dockery D.W., Pope C.A., Xu X., Spengler J.D., Ware J.H., Fay M.E., Ferris B.G., Speizer F.A. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. New England Journal of Medicine 1993, 329(24):1753-1759.
10. Frumkin H., Frank L., Jackson R. Urban Sprawl and Public Health: Designing. Planning and Building for Healthy Communities 2004, Island Press, Washington, DC.
11. Gatari M.J. Studies of Atmospheric Aerosols and Development of Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer 2006, PhD Thesis, Department of Chemistry, Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden, ISBN: 91-628-6755-5.
12. Gatari M.J., Boman J. Black carbon and total carbon measurements at urban and rural sites in Kenya, East Africa. Atmospheric Environment 2003, 37:1149-1154.
13. Gatari M.J., Wagner A., Boman J. Elemental composition of tropospheric aerosols in Hanoi, Vietnam and Nairobi, Kenya. Science of the Total Environment 2005, 341:241-249.
14. Gatebe C.K., Kinyua A.M., Mangala M.J., Kwach R., Njau L.N., Mukolwe E.A., Maina D.M. Determination of suspended particulate matter of major significance to human health using nuclear techniques in Kenya. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 1996, 203:125-134.
15. Hagler G.S.W., Bergin M.H., Salmon L.G., Yu J.Z., Wan E.C.H., Zheng M., Zeng L.M., Kiang C.S., Zhang Y.H., Schauer J.J. Local and regional anthropogenic influence on PM2.5 elements in Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment 2007, 41(28):5994-6004.
16. Hedley A.J., Wong C.-M., Lam T.H., McGhee S., Ma S. Air quality in Hong Kong and the impact of pollution on health 1988-1997. Air Pollution and Health in Rapidly Developing Countries. 2003, 176-188. Earthscan Publications, Sterling, Virginia. G. McGranahan, F. Murray (Eds.).
17. HEI - International Scientific Oversight Committee Outdoor Air Pollution and Health in the Developing Countries of Asia: A Comprehensive Review. Special Report 18 2010, Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA.
18. Hoek G., Meliefste K., Cyrys J., Lewné M., Bellander T., Brauer M., Fischer P., Gehring U., Heinrich J., van Vliet P., Brunekreef B. Spatial variability of fine particle concentrations in three European areas. Atmospheric Environment 2002, 36:4077-4088.
19. Ibald-Mulli A., Timonen K.L., Peters A., Heinrich J., Wolke G., Lanki T., Buzorius G., Kreyling W.G., de Hartog J., Hoek G., ten Brink H.M., Pekkanen J. Effects of particulate air pollution on blood pressure and heart rate in subjects with cardiovascular disease: a multicenter approach. Environmental Health Perspectives 2004, 112:369-377.
20. Jansen K.L., Larson T.V., Koenig J.Q., Mar T.F., Fields C., Stewart J., Lippmann M. Associations between health effects and particulate matter and black carbon in subjects with respiratory disease. Environmental Health Perspectives 2005, 113:1741-1746.
21. Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) The Study on a Master Plan for Urban Transport in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area in the Republic of Kenya, Final Report 2006, JICA, Tokyo.
22. Kenworthy J.R. Automobile dependence in Bangkok: an international comparison with implications for planning policies and air pollution. Health at the Crossroads: Transport Policy and Urban Health 1997, 215-233. John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, England. T. Fletcher, A.J. McMichael (Eds.).
23. Khayesi M., Monheim H., Nebe J.M. Negotiating " streets for all" in urban transport planning: the case for pedestrians, cyclists and street vendors in Nairobi, Kenya. Antipode 2010, 24(1):103-126.
24. Kinney P.L., Aggarwal M., Northridge M., Janssen N.A.H., Shepard P. Airborne concentrations of PM2.5 and diesel exhaust particles on Harlem sidewalks: a community-based pilot study. Environmental Health Perspectives 2000, 108(3):213-218.
25. Klopp, J., Ngau, P., Sclar, E. 2011. University/City Partnerships: Creating Policy Networks for Urban Transformation in Nairobi. Metropolitan Universities, forthcoming.
26. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2007. Ministry of Planning. Republic of Kenya Economic Survey 2007. http://www.cbs.go.ke/.
27. Laden F., Schwartz J., Speizer F.E., Dockery D.W. Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality: extended follow-up of the Harvard six cities study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2006, 173:667-672.
28. Maina D.M., Gatari M.J., Bundi P., Muturi H. Impact of road transport on air quality in Kenya; Roadside survey in the cities of Mombassa and Nairobi. Proceedings of International Aerosol Conference (IAC2006) 2006.
29. Ministry of Nairobi Metropolitan Development Nairobi Metro 2030: A World Class African Metropolis - Building a Safe, Secure and Prosperous Metropolitan 2008, Government of Kenya, Nairobi.
30. Ministry of Transport Sessional Paper on Integrated National Transport Policy 2010, Government of Kenya, Nairobi.
31. Ministry of Transport and Communications Recommendations on Integrated National Transport Policy: Moving a Working Nation 2004, Government of Kenya, Nairobi.
32. Nyberg F., Gustavsson P., Järup L., Bellander T., Berglind N., Jakobsson R., Pershagen G. Urban air pollution and lung cancer in Stockholm. Epidemiology 2000, 7(5):487-495.
33. Obudho R.A. Nairobi: national capital and regional hub. The Urban Challenge in Africa 1997, 292-336. United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan. Carol Rakodi (Ed.).
34. Odhiambo G.O., Kinyua A.M., Gatebe C.K., Awange J. Motor vehicles air pollution in Nairobi, Kenya. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences 2010, 2(4):178-187.
35. Pope C.A., Dockery D.W. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines that connect. The Journal of Air and Waste Management Association 2006, 56:709-742.
36. Pope C.A., Dockery D.W. Acute health effects of PM10 pollution on symptomatic and asymptomatic children. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1992, 145:1123-1128.
37. Pope C.A., Burnett R.T., Thun M.J., Calle E.E., Krewski D., Ito K., Thurston G.D. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Journal of the American Medical Association 2002, 287(9):1132-1141.
38. Ramanathan V., Carmichael G. Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nature Geoscience 2008, 1:221-227.
39. Rojas-Martinez R., Perez-Padilla R., Olaiz-Fernandez G., Mendoza-Alvarado L., Moreno-Macias H., Fortoul T., McDonnell W., Loomis D., Romieu I. Lung function growth in children with long-term exposure to air pollutants in Mexico City. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2007, 176:377-384.
40. Salon D., Gulyani S. Mobility, poverty and gender: travel 'choices' of slum residents in Nairobi, Kenya. Transport Reviews 2010, 30(5):641-657.
41. Samet J., Zeger S., Dominici F., et al. The National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study, Part II: Morbidity and Mortality from Air Pollution in the United States 2000, Research Report 94, Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA.
42. Schroeder E.B., Welch V.L., Couper D., Nieto F.J., Liao D., Rosamond W.D., Heiss G. Lung function and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2003, 158(12):1171-1181.
43. Schunemann H.J., Dorn J., Grant B.J., Winkelstein W.J., Trevisan M. Pulmonary function is a long-term predictor of mortality in the general population: 29-year follow-up of the Buffalo Health Study. Chest 2000, 118(3):656-664.
44. Schwartz J. Air pollution and daily mortality: a review and meta-analysis. Environmental Research 1994, 64:36-52.
45. Schwela D., Haq G., Huizenga C., Han W.-J., Fabian H., Ajero M. Urban Air Pollution in Cities; Status, Challenges and Management 2006, Earthscan, London.
46. Smith K.R. Development, health and the risk transition. International Perspectives in Environment, Development and Health 1997, 51-62. Springer, New York. G. Shahi (Ed.).
47. Smith K.R., Akbar S. Health-damaging air pollution: a matter of scale. Air Pollution and Health in Rapidly Developing Countries 2003, Earthscan, Canada. G. McGranahan, F. Murray (Eds.).
48. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision 2010, United Nations, New York.
49. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Urban Air Pollution. (accessed 14.12.10). http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/issues/urban_air.asp.
50. van Vliet E.D.S., Kinney P.L. Impacts of roadway emissions on urban particulate matter concentrations in sub-Saharan Africa: new evidence from Nairobi, Kenya. Environmental Research Letters 2007, 2(4).
51. Volavka-Close N., Sclar E.D. Improving population health in a rapidly urbanizing world. Urban Health; Global Perspectives 2010, 453-467. Jossey Bass, San Francisco, California. D. Vlahov, J.I. Boufford, C. Pearson, L. Norris (Eds.).
52. Wang J.S., Chan T.L., Ning Z., Leung C.W., Cheung C.S., Hung W.T. Roadside measurement and prediction of CO and PM2.5 dispersion from on-road vehicles in Hong Kong. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2006, 11:242-249.
53. World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines: Global Update 2005 2006, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.
54. Wong C.-M., Vichit-Vadakan V.-V., Kan H., Quian Z., the PAPA Project Teams Public health and air pollution in Asia (PAPA): a multicity study of short-term effects of air pollution on mortality. Environmental Health Perspectives 2008, 116:1195-1202.
55. Woodruff T.J., Parker J.D., Schoendorf K.C. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution and selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality in California. Environmental Health Perspectives 2006, 105:608-612.