The gender of criminal opportunity: The impact of male co-offenders on women's crime

Feminist Criminology

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 79-110

  Becker, Sarah ^a   McCorkel, Jill A ^b  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b VILLANOVA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

co offenders; crime; gender; illicit labor markets; NIBRS

Indexed keywords

EID: 79955680629     PISSN: 15570851     EISSN: 1557086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1557085110396501     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, and bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4, 139-158.
2. Alarid, L.F., Marquart, J.W., Burton, V.S., Cullen, F.T., & Cuvelier, S.J. (1996). Women's roles in serious offenses: A study of adult felons. Justice Quarterly, 13, 431-454.
3. Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the street. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
4. Austin, R. (1982). Women's liberation and increases in major, minor, and occupational offenses. Criminology, 20, 407-430.
5. Barnett, C. (2005). The measurement of white collar crime using uniform crime reporting (UCR) data. Retrieved fromhttp://www.fbi.gov/ucr/whitecollarforweb.pdf.
6. Baskin, D.J., & I.B. Sommers. (1998). Casualties of community disorder. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
7. Belknap, J. (2000). The invisible woman (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
8. Belknap, J. (2007). The invisible woman (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
9. Belknap, J., & Holsinger, K. (2006). The gendered nature of risk factors for delinquency. Feminist Criminology, 1, 48-71.
10. Bielby, D.D., & Bielby, W.T. (1984). Work commitment, sex role attitudes, and women's employment. American Sociological Review, 49, 234-247.
11. Boritch, H., & Hagan, J. (1990). A century of crime in Toronto: Gender, class, and patterns of social control, 1859-1955. Criminology, 28, 567-599.
12. Britton, D. (2000). Feminism in criminology: engendering the outlaw. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 571, 57-76.
13. Broidy, L., Cauffman, E., Espelage, D., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (2003). Sex differences in empathy and its relation to juvenile offending. Violence and Victims, 18, 503-516.
14. Box, Steven. 1987. Recession, Crime and Punishment. NY Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
15. Caputo, G. (2008). Out in the storm. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
16. Carrington, C. (2002). Group crime in Canada. Canadian Review of Criminology, 44, 277-315.
17. Carlen, Pat. 1988. Women, Crime, and Poverty. NY Open University Press.
18. Chesney-Lind, M. (2004). The female offender. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
19. Chilton, R., Major, V., & Propheter, S. (1998). Victims and offenders: A new UCR supplement to present incident-based data from participating agencies. Retrieved fromhttp://www.fbi.gov/ucr/nibrs/nibrss.pdf.
20. Cloward, R., & Ohlin, L. (1960). Delinquency and opportunity. New York, NY: Free Press.
21. Cohen, A. (1955). Delinquent boys: The culture of the gang. New York, NY: Free Press.
22. Connell, R.W. (1987). Gender & power. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
23. Daly, K. (1989). Gender and varieties of white collar crime. Criminology, 27, 769-794.
24. Daly, K. (1992). Women's pathways to felony court. Review of Law and Women's Studies, 2, 11-52.
25. Decker, S., Wright, R., & Logie, R. (1993). Perceptual deterrence among active residential burglars: A research note. Criminology, 31(1), 135-147.
26. England, P. (1992). Comparable Worth: Theories and Evidence. NY: Aldine.
27. England, P., Farkas, G., Kilbourne, B., & Dou, T. (1988). Explaining occupational sex segregation and wages: Findings from a model with fixed effects. American Sociological Review 53, 544-558.
28. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
29. Giordano, P., Cernkovich, S., & Pugh, M.D. (1986). Friendship and delinquency. American Journal of Sociology, 91, 1170-1202.
30. Hagan, J., Simpson, J., & Gillis, A.R. (1979). The sexual stratification of social control: A gender-based perspective on crime & delinquency. British Journal of Sociology, 30(1), 25-38.
31. Hagan, J., Albonetti, C., Alwin, D., Gillis, A.R., Hewitt, J., Palloni, A. Simpson, J. (1989). Structural criminology. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
32. Heimer, K. (2000). Changes in the gender gap in crime and women's economic marginalization. In G. LaFree, J. F. Short, R. Bursik, & R. B. Taylor (Eds.), The nature of crime:Continuity and Change. Criminal justice 2000 (Vol. 1, pp. 427-483). Washington, DC: Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.
33. Hochstetler, A. (2001). Opportunities and decisions: Interactional dynamics in robbery and burglary groups. Criminology, 39, 737-763.
34. Holtfreter, K. (2005). Is occupational fraud "typical" white-collar crime? Journal of Criminal Justice, 33, 153-165.
35. Hunnicutt, G., & Broidy, L. (2004). Liberation and economic marginalization: A reformulation and test for (formerly?) competing models. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 41, 130-155.
36. Katz, J. (1988). Seductions of crime. New York, NY: Basic Books.
37. Klein, D. (1973). The etiology of female crime: A review of the literature. Issues in Criminology, 8(2), 3-30.
38. Koons-Witt, B.A., & Schram, P.J. (2003). The prevalence and nature of violent offending by females. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31, 361-371.
39. Kurtz, S.P., Surratt, H.L., Inciardi, J.A., & Kiley, M.C. (2004). Sex work and "date" violence. Violence Against Women, 10, 357-385.
40. Laidler, K., & Hunt, G. (2001). Accomplishing femininity among girls in the gang. British Journal of Criminology, 41, 656-678.
41. Lauritson, J.L., Heimer, K., & Lynch, J.P. (2009). Trends in the gender gap in violent offending: New evidence from the National Crime Victimization Surveys. Criminology, 47, 361-399.
42. Maher, L. (1997). Sexed work: Gender, race, and resistance in a Brooklyn drug market. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
43. McCarthy, B., Felmlee, D., & Hagan, J. (2004). Girl friends are better: Gender, friends, and crime among high school and street youth. Criminology, 42, 805-836.
44. McCarthy, B., & Hagan, J. (1995). Getting into street crime: The structure and process of criminal embeddedness. Social Science Research, 24, 63-95.
45. McCarthy, B., Hagan, J., & Cohen, L. (1998). Uncertainty, cooperation, and crime: Understanding the decision to co-offend. Social Forces, 77, 155-184.
46. McCarthy, B., Hagan, J., & Woodward, T. (1999). In the company of women: structure agency in a revised power-control theory of gender and delinquency. Criminology, 37, 761-788.
47. McCord, J., & Conway, K.P. (2002). Patterns of juvenile delinquency and co-offending. in E. Waring & D. Weisburd (Eds.), Advances in criminological theory, Vol. 10: Crime and social organization. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
48. McCorkel, J. (1996). Justice, gender, and incarceration: An overview and analysis of the leniency/severity debate. In J. A. Inciardi (Ed.), Examining the justice process (pp. 157-176). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
49. Merton, R. (1968). Social theory and social structure. New York, NY: Macmillan.
50. Messerschmidt, J. (1993). Masculinities and crime. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
51. Messerschmidt, J. (1997). Crime as structured action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
52. Miller, E. (1986). Street women. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
53. Miller, J. (2000). One of the guys: Girls, gangs, and gender. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
54. Miller, J. (1998). Up it up: Gender and the accomplishment of street robbery. Criminology, 36(1), 37-66.
55. Miller, J., & Brunson, R. (2000). Gender dynamics in youth gangs: A comparison of males' and females' accounts. Justice Quarterly, 17, 419-448.
56. Mosher, C., Miethe, T., & Phillips, D. (2002). The mismeasure of crime. London, UK: Sage.
57. Mullins, C., & Wright, R. (2003). Gender, social networks, and residential burglary. Criminology, 41, 813-840.
58. Mullins, C., Wright, R., & Jacobs, B. (2004). Gender, streetlife, and criminal retaliation. Criminology, 42, 911-940.
59. Peterson, D., Miller, J., & Esbensen, F.-A. (2001). The impact of sex composition on gangs and gang delinquency. Criminology, 39, 411-439.
60. Reisig, M.D., Holtfreter, K., & Morash, M. (2006). Assessing recidivism risk across female pathways to crime. Justice Quarterly, 23, 384-405.
61. Reiss, A. (1988). Co-offending and juvenile careers. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol. 10 (pp. 117-170). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
62. Reiss, A.J., Jr., & Farrington, D.P. (1991). Advancing knowledge about co-offending: Results from a prospective longitudinal survey of London males. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 82, 360-395.
63. Rennison, C.M. (2009). A new look at the gender gap in offending. Women and Criminal Justice, 19, 171-190.
64. Reskin, B. (1993). Sex segregation in the workplace. Annual Review of Sociology, 19, 241-270.
65. Reskin, B., & Roos, P. (1991). Job queues, gender queues: Explaining women's inroads into male occupations. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
66. Romenesko, K., & Miller, E.M. (1989). The second step in double jeopardy: Appropriating the labor of female street hustlers. Crime and Delinquency, 35(1), 109-135.
67. Simon, R. (1975). Women and crime. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
68. Simon, R.J., & Ahn-Redding, H. (2005). The crimes women commit, the punishments they receive. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
69. Shover, N. (1996). Great pretenders: Pursuits and careers of persistent thieves. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
70. Smart, C. (1976). Women, crime, and criminology. Boston, MA: Routledge & K. Paul.
71. Smith, D., & Paternoster, R. (1987). The gender gap in theories of deviance: Issues and Evidence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 24, 140-172.
72. Snell, T., & Morton, D.C. (1994). Women in prison. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
73. Steffensmeier, D. (1983). Organization properties and sex-segregation in the underworld: Building a sociological theory of sex differences in crime. Social Forces, 61, 1010-1032.
74. Steffensmeier, D. (1993). National trends in female arrests, 1960-1990: Assessment and recommendations for research. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 9, 411-441.
75. Steffensmeier, D., & Allan, E. (1991). Gender, age, and crime. In J. Sheley (Ed.), Criminology: A contemporary handbook (pp. 67-93). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
76. Steffensmeier, D., & Haynie, D. (2000). Gender, structural disadvantage and urban crime: Do macrosocial variables also explain female offending rates? Criminology, 38, 403-438.
77. Steffensmeier, D., Schwartz, J., Zhong, H., & Ackerman, J. (2005). An assessment of recent trends in girls' violence using diverse longitudinal sources: Is the gender gap closing? Criminology, 43, 355-406.
78. Steffensmeier, D., & Terry, R. (1986). Institutional sexism in the underworld: A view from the inside. Sociological Inquiry, 56, 304-323.
79. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2002. NATIONAL INCIDENT-BASED REPORTING SYSTEM, [Computer file]. Compiled by the U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. ICPSR04066-v2. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor], 2007-03-15. doi:10.3886/ ICPSR04066.
80. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2003. NATIONAL INCIDENT-BASED REPORTING SYSTEM, [Computer file]. Compiled by the U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. ICPSR04292-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor], 2006-10-26. doi:10.3886/ ICPSR04292.
81. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2004. NATIONAL INCIDENT-BASED REPORTING SYSTEM,[Computer file]. Compiled by the U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. ICPSR04468-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor], 2006-09-20. doi:10.3886/ ICPSR04468.
82. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2005. NATIONAL INCIDENT-BASED REPORTING SYSTEM, [Computer file].Compiled by the U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. ICPSR04720-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor], 2007-06-08. doi:10.3886/ ICPSR04720.
83. United States Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2006. National Incident-Based Reporting System, [Computer File]. ICPSR22407-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2008-08-11. doi:10.3886/ ICPSR22407.
84. United States Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2007. National Incident-Based Reporting System, [Computer file]. ICPSR25113-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2009-05-09. doi:10.3886/ ICPSR25113.
85. United States Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2008. National Incident-Based Reporting System, [Computer file].ICPSR27647-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2010-05-03. doi:10.3886/ ICPSR27647.
86. U.S. Department of Justice. (2005). National Incident-Based Reporting System: General information. Retrieved fromhttp://www.fbi.gov/ucr/faqs.htm.
87. U.S. Department of Justice. (2009). Crime in the United States, 2008. Retrieved fromhttp://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2008/index.html.
88. van Mastrigt, S.B., & Farrington, D.P. (2009). Co-offending, age, gender and crime type: Implications for criminal justice policy. British Journal of Criminology, 49, 552-573.
89. Warr, M. (1996). Organization and instigation in delinquent groups. Criminology, 36, 11-37.
90. Wellford, C. (1990). Class, Status, and Criminological Theory. Contemporary Sociology, 18, 1516.
91. Wilson, J.Q., & Herrnstein, R. (1985). Crime and human nature. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
92. Wright, R., & Decker, S. (1997). Armed Robbers in Action: Stickups and Street Culture. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
93. Zietz, D. (1981). Women who embezzle or defraud. New York, NY: Praeger.