Congenital brain tumors: Diagnostic pitfalls and therapeutic interventions

Journal of Child Neurology

Volumn 26, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 599-614

  Manoranjan, Branavan ^a   Provias, John P ^a  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

choroid plexus papilloma; congenital brain tumors; fetal neurosurgery; gemistocytic astrocytoma; glioblastoma; teratoma

Indexed keywords

ASTROCYTOMA; BRAIN TUMOR; CHOROID PLEXUS PAPILLOMA; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; FEMALE; FETUS; GLIOBLASTOMA; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INFANT; NEURORADIOLOGY; NEUROSURGERY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RARE DISEASE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW;

ASTROCYTOMA; BRAIN; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; GLIOBLASTOMA; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; PAPILLOMA, CHOROID PLEXUS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; TERATOMA; TOMOGRAPHY SCANNERS, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 79955603737     PISSN: 08830738     EISSN: 17088283     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0883073810394848     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Holt LE Gliosarcoma in an infant of seven weeks, resembling hydrocephalus. Am J Dis Child. 1917 ; 14: 219-221.
2. Arnstein LH, Boldrey E., Naffziger HC A case report and survey of brain tumors during the neonatal period. J Neurosurg. 1951 ; 8: 315-319.
3. Solitare GB, Krigman MR Congenital intracranial neoplasm: a case report and review of the literature. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1964 ; 23: 280-292.
4. Wakai S., Arai T., Nagai S. Congenital brain tumors. Surg Neurol. 1984 ; 21: 597-609. (Pubitemid 14117417)
5. Gruszkiewicz J., Doron Y., Gellei B., Peyser E. Brain tumors during the first year of life. Zentralbl Neurochir. 1972 ; 33: 183-188.
6. Jellinger K., Sunder-Plassmann M. Connatal intracranial tumours. Neuropadiatrie. 1973 ; 4: 46-63.
7. Janisch W., Haas JF, Schreiber D., Gerlach H. Primary central nervous system tumors in stillborns and infants: epidemiological considerations. J Neurooncol. 1984 ; 2: 113-116. (Pubitemid 14050552)
8. Isaacs H. Jr. Congenital and neonatal malignant tumors: a 28-year experience at Children's Hospital of Los Angeles. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1987 ; 9: 121-129. (Pubitemid 17079229)
9. Isaacs H. Jr. I, perinatal brain tumors: a review of 250 cases. Pediatr Neurol. 2002 ; 27: 249-261. (Pubitemid 35341695)
10. Oi S., Matsumoto S., Choi JU, et al. Brain tumors diagnosed in the first year of life in five Far-Eastern countries: statistical analysis of 307 cases. Childs Nerv Syst. 1990 ; 6: 79-85. (Pubitemid 20165056)
11. Parkes SE, Muir KR, Southern L., et al. Neonatal tumours: a thirty-year population-based study. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1994 ; 22: 309-317. (Pubitemid 24105212)
12. Xue H., Horowitz JR, Smith MB, et al. Malignant solid tumors in neonates: a 40-year review. J Pediatr Surg. 1995 ; 30: 543-545.
13. Buetow PC, Smirniotopoulos JG, Done S. Congenital brain tumors: a review of 45 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990 ; 155: 587-593. (Pubitemid 20254508)
14. Jänisch W. Brain tumors in the infancy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1995 ; 54 (suppl): 55S - 56S.
15. Jooma R., Kendall BE Intracranial tumours in the first year of life. Neuroradiology. 1982 ; 23: 267-274. (Pubitemid 12029376)
16. Mazewski CM, Hudgins RJ, Reisner A., Geyer JR Neonatal brain tumors: a review. Semin. Perinatol. 1999 ; 23: 286-298. (Pubitemid 29399384)
17. Bader JL, Miller RW US cancer incidence and mortality in the first year of life. Am J Dis Child. 1979 ; 133: 157-159. (Pubitemid 9212642)
18. Isaacs H. Jr. Neoplasms in infants: a report of 265 cases. Pathol Annu. 1983 ; 18: 165-214.
19. Morof DF, Levine D., Stringer KF, et al. Congenital glioblastoma multiforme: prenatal diagnosis on the basis of sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Ultrasound Med. 2001 ; 20: 1369-1375. (Pubitemid 33104492)
20. Haddad SF, Menezes AH, Bell WE, et al. Brain tumors occurring before 1 year of age: a retrospective review of 22 cases in an 11-year period (1977-1987). Neurosurgery. 1991 ; 29: 8-13.
21. Radkowski MA, Naidich TP, Tomita T., et al. Neonatal brain tumors: CT and MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1988 ; 12: 10-20. (Pubitemid 18036648)
22. Schlembach D., Bornemann A., Rupprecht T., Beinder E. Fetal intracranial tumors detected by ultrasound: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1999 ; 14: 407-418. (Pubitemid 30088172)
23. Sherer DM, Onyeije CI Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of fetal intracranial tumors: a review. Am J Perinatol. 1998 ; 15: 319-328. (Pubitemid 28257211)
24. Uysal A., Oztekin O., Oztekin D., Polat M. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal intracranial tumor. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2005 ; 272: 87-89. (Pubitemid 40896643)
25. Raisanen JM, Davis RL Congenital brain tumors. Pathology. 1993 ; 2: 103-116.
26. Rickert CH Neuropathology and prognosis of foetal brain tumours. Acta Neuropathol. 1999 ; 98: 567-576.
27. Isaacs H. Jr. II. Perinatal brain tumors: a review of 250 cases. Pediatr Neurol. 2002 ; 27: 333-342.
28. Giuffre R. Biological aspects of brain tumors in infancy and childhood. Childs Nerv Syst. 1989 ; 5: 55-59. (Pubitemid 19120687)
29. Fort DW, Rushing EJ Congenital central nervous system tumors. J Child Neurol. 1997 ; 12: 157-164. (Pubitemid 27184787)
30. Ortega-Aznar A., Romero-Vidal FJ, de la Torre J., et al. Neonatal tumors of the CNS: a report of 9 cases and a review. Clin Neuropathol. 2001 ; 20: 181-189. (Pubitemid 32911162)
31. Chung SK, Wang KC, Nam DH, Cho BK Brain tumor in the first year of life: a single institute study. J Korean Med Sci. 1998 ; 13: 65-70.
32. Severino M., Schwartz ES, Thurnher MM, Rydland J., et al. Congenital tumors of the central nervous system. Neuroradiology. 2010 ; 52: 531-548.
33. Nanda A., Schut L., Sutton L. Congenital forms of intracranial teratoma. Childs Nerv Syst. 1991 ; 7: 112-114.
34. Vinters HV, Murphy J., Wittmann B., Norman MG Intracranial teratoma: antenatal diagnosis at 31 weeks' gestation by ultrasound. Acta Neuropathol. 1982 ; 58: 233-236. (Pubitemid 13250721)
35. Chervenak FA, Isaacson G., Touloukian R., et al. Diagnosis and management of fetal teratomas. Obstet Gynecol. 1985 ; 66: 666-671. (Pubitemid 16216157)
36. Lipman SP, Pretorius DH, Rumack CM, Manco-Johnson ML Fetal intracranial teratoma: US diagnosis of three cases and a review of the literature. Radiology. 1985 ; 157: 491-494. (Pubitemid 16231448)
37. Rostad S., Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Manchester DK Two massive congenital intracranial immature teratomas with neck extension. Teratology. 1985 ; 32: 163-169. (Pubitemid 15234509)
38. Odell JM, Allen JK, Badura RJ, Weinberger E. Massive congenital intracranial teratoma: a report of two cases. Pediatr Pathol. 1987 ; 7: 333-340.
39. Ang AT, Ho NK, Ong CL Giant epignathus with intracranial teratoma in a newborn infant. Australas Radiol. 1990 ; 34: 358-360.
40. Oi S., Tamaki N., Kondo T., et al. Massive congenital intracranial teratoma diagnosed in utero. Childs Nerv Syst. 1990 ; 6: 459-461.
41. Kuller JA, Laifer SA, Martin JG Unusual presentations of fetal teratoma. J Perinatol. 1991 ; 11: 294-296.
42. Saiga T., Osasa H., Hatayama H., et al. The origin of extragonadal teratoma: case report of an immature teratoma occurring in a prenatal brain. Pediatr Pathol. 1991 ; 11: 759-770.
43. ten Broeke ED, Verdonk GW, Roumen FJ Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of an intracranial teratoma influencing management: case report and review of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1992 ; 45: 210-214.
44. Poremba C., Dockhorn-Dworniczak B., Merritt V., et al. Immature teratomas of different origin carried by a pregnant mother and her fetus. Diagn Mol Pathol. 1993 ; 2: 131-136. (Pubitemid 23236017)
45. Sherer DM, Abramowicz JS, Eggers PC, et al. Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of intracranial teratoma and massive craniomegaly with associated high-output cardiac failure. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993 ; 168 (1pt1). 97-99. (Pubitemid 23047620)
46. Weyerts LK, Catanzarite V., Jones MC, Mendoza A. Prenatal diagnosis of a giant intracranial teratoma associated with pulmonary hypoplasia. J Med Genet. 1993 ; 30: 880-882. (Pubitemid 23299933)
47. DiGiovanni LM, Sheikh Z. Prenatal diagnosis, clinical significance and management of fetal intracranial teratoma: a case report and literature review. Am J Perinatol. 1994 ; 11: 420-422. (Pubitemid 24375037)
48. Naudin ten Cate L., Vermeij-Keers C., Smit DA, et al. Intracranial teratoma with multiple fetuses: pre- and post-natal appearance. Hum Pathol. 1995 ; 26: 804-807.
49. Washburne JF, Magann EF, Chauhan SP, et al. Massive congenital intracranial teratoma with skull rupture at delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995 ; 173: 226-228.
50. Prause JU, Borgesen SE, Carstensen H., et al. Cranio-orbital teratoma. Acta Ophthalmol Scand Suppl. 1996 ; 74: 53-56. (Pubitemid 26124229)
51. Soares FA, Fischer SE, Reis MA, Soares EG Massive intracranial immature teratoma: report of a case with polyhidramnios and intense pelvic pain. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1996 ; 54: 309-312. (Pubitemid 126509411)
52. Horton D., Pilling DW Early antenatal ultrasound diagnosis of fetal intracranial teratoma. Br J Radiol. 1997 ; 70: 1299-1301. (Pubitemid 28026361)
53. Rickert CH, Probst-Cousin S., Louwen F., et al. Congenital immature teratoma of the fetal brain. Childs Nerv Syst. 1997 ; 13: 556-559. (Pubitemid 27517722)
54. Storr U., Rupprecht T., Bornemann A., et al. Congenital intracerebral teratoma: a rare differential diagnosis in newborn hydrocephalus. Pediatr Radiol. 1997 ; 27: 262-264. (Pubitemid 27135420)
55. Lanzino G., Kaptain GJ, Jane JA, Lin KY Successful excision of a large immature teratoma involving the cranial base: report of a case with long-term follow-up. Neurosurgery. 1998 ; 42: 389-393. (Pubitemid 28076801)
56. Peng SS, Shih JC, Liu HM, et al. Ultrafast fetal MR images of intracranial teratoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1999 ; 23: 318-319. (Pubitemid 29138515)
57. Pinto V., Meo F., Loiudice L., D'Addario V. Prenatal sonographic imaging of an immature intracranial teratoma. Fetal Diagn Ther. 1999 ; 14: 220-222. (Pubitemid 29327140)
58. Chien YH, Tsao PN, Lee WT, et al. Congenital intracranial teratoma. Pediatr Neurol. 2000 ; 22: 72-74.
59. Rickert CH, Paulus W. No chromosomal imbalances detected by comparative genomic hybridisation in a case of fetal immature teratoma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2002 ; 18: 639-643. (Pubitemid 36013720)
60. Rodriguez-Mojica W., Goni M., Correa MS, et al. Prenatal sonographic evaluation of two intracranial teratomas. P R Health Sci J. 2002 ; 21: 43-45.
61. Lee JC, Jung SM, Chao AS, Hsueh C. Congenital mixed malignant germ cell tumor involving cerebrum and orbit. J Perinat Med. 2003 ; 31: 261-265. (Pubitemid 36723218)
62. Bhattacharya B., Cochran E., Loew J. Pathologic quiz case: a 27-week female fetus with massive macrocephaly and generalized anasarca: congenital immature intracranial teratoma with skull rupture and high output cardiac failure. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004 ; 128: 102-104.
63. Piastra M., DeCarolis MP, Tempera A., et al. Massive congenital intracranial teratoma: perioperative coagulation impairment. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2004 ; 26: 712-717. (Pubitemid 39577717)
64. Sandow BA, Dory CE, Aguiar MA, Abuhamad AZ Best cases from the AFIP: congenital intracranial teratoma. Radiographics. 2004 ; 24: 1165-1170. (Pubitemid 38943345)
65. Yokoi K., Akiyama M., Yanagisawa T., et al. RNA expression analysis of a congenital intracranial teratoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2005 ; 44: 516-520. (Pubitemid 40614502)
66. Koken G., Yilmazer M., Sahin FK, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of a fetal intracranial immature teratoma. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2008 ; 24: 368-371.
67. Tsutsumi S., Kondo A., Yasumoto Y., Ito M. Rapid growth of congenital diffuse brain tumor considered to be teratoma: case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2008 ; 48: 322-325.
68. Vibert-Guigue C., Gonzales M., Gouellet N., et al. Vaginal delivery using cranioclasia following prenatal diagnosis of a giant fetal intracranial teratoma. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2008 ; 23: 222-227. (Pubitemid 351555845)
69. Azizkhan RG, Caty MG Teratomas in childhood. Curr Opin Pediatr. 1996 ; 8: 287-292. (Pubitemid 26241945)
70. Hou LC, Bababeygy SR, Sarkissian V., et al. Congenital glioblastoma multiforme: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2008 ; 44: 304-312. (Pubitemid 351931434)
71. Guibaud L., Champion F., Buenerd A., et al. Fetal intraventricular glioblastoma: ultrasonographic, magnetic resonance imaging, and pathologic findings. J Ultrasound Med. 1997 ; 16: 285-288. (Pubitemid 27391829)
72. Marsh JS Supratentorial glioblastoma multiforme in infancy: report of three cases occurring before the age of one. Bull Los Angel Neurol Soc. 1956 ; 21: 30-36.
73. Winters JL, Wilson D., Davis DG Congenital glioblastoma multiforme: a report of three cases and a review of the literature. J Neurol Sci. 2001 ; 188: 13-19. (Pubitemid 32727867)
74. Amolsch AL The interpretation of the histologic findings in encephalitis congenital. Am J Clin Pathol. 1935 ; 5: 371-383.
75. Thiele RL, Dimmick MJ Intracranial malignant neoplasm with onset before birth. J Pediatr. 1951 ; 39: 611-615.
76. Takaku A., Kodama N., Ohara H., Hori S. Brain tumor in newborn babies. Childs Brain. 1978 ; 4: 365-375. (Pubitemid 8391015)
77. Sabet LM Congenital glioblastoma multiforme associated with congestive heart failure. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1982 ; 106: 31-34. (Pubitemid 12209871)
78. Itoh Y., Kowada M., Mineura K., Kojima H. Congenital glioblastoma of the cerebellum with cytofluorometric deoxyribonucleic acid analysis. Surg Neurol. 1987 ; 27: 163-167. (Pubitemid 17229394)
79. Riboni G., De Simoni M., Leopardi O., Molla R. Ultrasound appearance of a glioblastoma in a 33-week fetus in utero. J Clin Ultrasound. 1985 ; 13: 345-346. (Pubitemid 16149291)
80. Alvarez M., Chitkara U., Lynch L., et al. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal brain tumors. Fetal Ther. 1987 ; 2: 203-208. (Pubitemid 19143506)
81. Geraghty AV, Knott PD, Hanna HM Prenatal diagnosis of fetal glioblastoma multiforme. Prenat Diagn. 1989 ; 9: 613-616. (Pubitemid 19236347)
82. Jung WH, Choi S., Oh KK, Chi JG Congenital glioblastoma multiforme-report of an autopsy case. J Korean Med Sci. 1990 ; 5: 225-231.
83. McConachie NS, Twining P., Lamb MP Case report: antenatal diagnosis of congenital glioblastoma. Clin Radiol. 1991 ; 44: 121-122.
84. Doren M., Tercanli S., Gullotta F., Holzgreve W. Prenatal diagnosis of a highly undifferentiated brain tumour-a case report and review of the literature. Prenat Diagn. 1997 ; 17: 967-971. (Pubitemid 27440470)
85. Kamitomo M., Sameshima H., Uetsuhara K., et al. Fetal glioblastoma: rapid growth during the third trimester. Fetal Diagn Ther. 1998 ; 13: 339-342. (Pubitemid 29069016)
86. Park S., Yang S., Lim S., et al. A case of congenital cerebral glioblastoma multiforme. Korean J Obstet Gynecol. 1998 ; 41: 1206-1209.
87. Sylvestre G., Sherer DM Prenatal sonographic findings associated with malignant astrocytoma following normal early third-trimester ultrasonography. Am J Perinatol. 1998 ; 15: 581-584. (Pubitemid 29048784)
88. Lee DY, Kim YM, Yoo SJ, et al. Congenital glioblastoma diagnosed by fetal sonography. Childs Nerv Syst. 1999 ; 15: 197-201.
89. Leins AM, Kainer F., Weis S. Sonography and neuropathology of a congenital brain tumor: report of a rare incident. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001 ; 17: 245-247. (Pubitemid 32336768)
90. Pyun H., Kim ME, Kim MR, et al. Congenital glioblastoma multiforme: a case report. J Korean Radiol Soc. 2001 ; 45: 631-634.
91. Ha HI, Hong SM, Lee SK, Khang SK Congenital desmoplastic cerebral glioblastoma: a case report. Korean J Pathol. 2002 ; 35: 440-444.
92. Nakayama K., Nakamura Y. Localization of congenital glioblastomas in the Japanese: a case report and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst. 2002 ; 18: 149-152. (Pubitemid 36024323)
93. Schindelmann S., Sandner G., Harbeck N., Debus G. Prenatal manifestation of a congenital glioblastoma-case report. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 2002 ; 206: 19-21. (Pubitemid 34206365)
94. Chuang YM, Guo WY, Ho DM, et al. Skew ocular deviation: a catastrophic sign on MRI of fetal glioblastoma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2003 ; 19: 371-375. (Pubitemid 36869212)
95. Seker A., Ozek MM Congenital glioblastoma multiforme: case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 2006 ; 105 (6suppl). 473-479. (Pubitemid 44968380)
96. Sell M., Huber-Schumacher S., van Landeghem FK Congenital glioblastoma multiforme with abnormal vascularity presenting as intracranial hemorrhage in prenatal ultrasound. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006 ; 22: 729-733. (Pubitemid 43933698)
97. Kleihues P., Ohgaki H. Primary and secondary glioblastomas: from concept to clinical diagnosis. Neuro Oncol. 1999 ; 1: 44-51.
98. Pollack IF, Finkelstein SD, Burnham J., et al. Age and TP53 mutation frequency in childhood malignant gliomas: results in a multi-institutional cohort. Cancer Res. 2001 ; 61: 7404-7407. (Pubitemid 32995024)
99. Pollack IF, Finkelstein SD, Woods J., et al. Expression of p53 and prognosis in children with malignant gliomas. N Engl J Med. 2002 ; 346: 420-427. (Pubitemid 34437697)
100. Kleihues P., Cavenee WK Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Nervous System. Lyon, France: IARC Press ; 2000.
101. Bleggi-Torres LF, Pope LZ, Koerbel A., et al. November 2003: neonatal female with congenital brain tumor: congenital gemistocytic astrocytoma. Brain Pathol. 2004 ; 14: 227-228.
102. Nozaki M., Ohnishi A., Fujimaki T., et al. Congenital gemistocytic astrocytoma in a fetus. Childs Nerv Syst. 2006 ; 22: 168-171. (Pubitemid 43231171)
103. Krouwer HG, Davis RL, Silver P., Prados M. Gemistocytic astrocytomas: a reappraisal. J Neurosurg. 1991 ; 74: 399-406.
104. McEvoy AW, Harding BN, Phipps KP, et al. Management of choroid plexus tumours in children: 20 years experience at a single neurosurgical centre. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2000 ; 32: 192-199. (Pubitemid 30665910)
105. Tacconi L., Delfini R., Cantore G. Choroid plexus papillomas: consideration of a surgical series of 33 cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1996 ; 138: 802-810. (Pubitemid 26238131)
106. Schellhas KP, Siebert RC, Heithoff KB, Franciosi RA Congenital choroid plexus papilloma of the third ventricle: diagnosis with real-time sonography and MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1988 ; 9: 797-798.
107. Lippa C., Abroms IF, Davidson R., DeGirolami U. Congenital choroid plexus papilloma of the fourth ventricle. J Child Neurol. 1989 ; 4: 127-130. (Pubitemid 19115772)
108. McCune AB, Cohen BA, Gartner JC Congenital choroid plexus papilloma and giant nevomelanocytic nevus: report of a case. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990 ; 22 (5pt1). 849-851. (Pubitemid 20154091)
109. Anderson DR, Falcone S., Bruce JH, et al. Radiologic-pathologic correlation: congenital choroid plexus papillomas. AJNR. Am J Neuroradiol. 1995 ; 16: 2072-2076.
110. Cohen ZR, Achiron R., Feldman Z. Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of lateral ventricle choroid plexus papilloma in an in vitro fertilization-induced pregnancy. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2002 ; 37: 267-270. (Pubitemid 36160171)
111. Noguchi A., Shiokawa Y., Kobayashi K., et al. Choroid plexus papilloma of the third ventricle in the fetus: case illustration. J Neurosurg. 2004 ; 100 (2suppl pediatrics). 224. (Pubitemid 38141355)
112. Barber MA, Eguiluz I., Plasencia W., et al. Intracranial fetal hemorrhage due to choroid plexus papilloma. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009 ; 105: 172-173.
113. Jooma R., Hayward RD, Grant DN Intracranial neoplasms during the first year of life: analysis of one hundred consecutive cases. Neurosurgery. 1984 ; 14: 31-41. (Pubitemid 14224323)
114. Thompson JR, Harwood-Nash DC, Fitz CR The neuroradiology of childhood choroid plexus neoplasms. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1973 ; 118: 116-133.
115. Gradin WC, Taylon C., Fruin AH Choroid plexus papilloma of the third ventricle: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1983 ; 12: 217-220. (Pubitemid 13145196)
116. Sutton LN, Sun P., Adzick NS Fetal neurosurgery. Neurosurgery. 2001 ; 48: 124-144. (Pubitemid 32039835)
117. Hooker D., Nicholas J. Spinal cord section in rat fetuses. J Comp Neurol. 1930 ; 50: 413-467.
118. Barron D. An experimental analysis of some factors involved in the development of the fissure pattern of the cerebral cortex. J Exp Zool. 1950 ; 113: 553-581.
119. Rakic P., Goldman-Rakic P. Use of fetal neurosurgery for experimental studies of structural and functional brain development in nonhuman primates. In: Thompson RA, Green JR, Johnsen SD, eds. Perinatal Neurology and Neurosurgery. New York, NY: SP Medical & Scientific Books; 1985: 1-15.
120. Clewell WH, Johnson ML, Meier PR, et al. A surgical approach to the treatment of fetal hydrocephalus. N Engl J Med. 1982 ; 306: 1320-1325.
121. Michejda M., Patronas N., Di Chiro G., Hodgen GD Fetal hydrocephalus, II: amelioration of fetal porencephaly by in utero therapy in nonhuman primates. JAMA. 1984 ; 251: 2548-2552. (Pubitemid 14149009)
122. Michejda M., Queenan JT, McCullough D. Present status of intrauterine treatment of hydrocephalus and its future. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1986 ; 155: 873-882. (Pubitemid 17178349)
123. Nakayama DK, Harrison MR, Berger MS, et al. Correction of congenital hydrocephalus in utero I, the model: intracisternal kaolin produces hydrocephalus in fetal lambs and rhesus monkeys. J Pediatr Surg. 1983 ; 18: 331-338. (Pubitemid 13028862)
124. Oi S., Yamada H., Sasaki K., Matsumoto S. Diagnosis and treatment of fetal hydrocephalus: problems in evaluation of the hydrocephalic state and selection for intrauterine shunt procedure. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1985 ; 25: 195-202. (Pubitemid 15113362)
125. Tarbell NJ, Loeffler J. Recent trends in the radiotherapy of pediatric gliomas. J Neurooncol. 1996 ; 28: 233-244. (Pubitemid 26192398)
126. Hoff NR, Mackay IM Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of intracranial teratoma. J Clin Ultrasound. 1980 ; 8: 247-249. (Pubitemid 10113642)
127. Cavalheiro S., Moron AF, Hisaba W., et al. Fetal brain tumors. Childs Nerv Syst. 2003 ; 19: 529-536. (Pubitemid 37161599)
128. Quinn TM, Hubbard AM, Adzick NS Prenatal magnetic resonance imaging enhances fetal diagnosis. J Pediatr Surg. 1998 ; 33: 553-558. (Pubitemid 28173668)
129. Girard N., Raybaud C., Poncet M. In vivo MR study of brain maturation in normal fetuses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995 ; 16: 407-413.
130. Levine D., Barnes PD, Sher S., et al. Fetal fast MR imaging: reproducibility, technical quality, and conspicuity of anatomy. Radiology. 1998 ; 206: 549-554. (Pubitemid 28112973)
131. Bosmans H., Van Hoe L., Gryspeerdt S., et al. Single-shot T2-weighted MR imaging of the upper abdomen: preliminary experience with double-echo HASTE technique. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997 ; 169: 1291-1293. (Pubitemid 27452486)
132. Levine D., Barnes PD, Madsen JR, et al. Fetal CNS anomalies revealed on ultrafast MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999 ; 172: 813-818. (Pubitemid 29102160)
133. Kanal E. Pregnancy and the safety of magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1994 ; 2: 309-317.
134. Levine D., Barnes PD, Sher S., et al. Fetal fast MR imaging: reproducibility, technical quality, and conspicuity of anatomy. Radiology. 1998 ; 206: 549-554. (Pubitemid 28112973)