The prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease and peripheral arterial disease risk factors in the US population

Holistic Nursing Practice

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 147-161

  Aponte, Judith ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX; ARTICLE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; MALE; NUTRITION; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; SOCIOECONOMICS; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DYSLIPIDEMIAS; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MALE; NUTRITION SURVEYS; PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 79955578482     PISSN: 08879311     EISSN: 15505138     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/HNP.0b013e3182157c4a     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. American Heart Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2008 update. Circulation. 2008;117(4):e25-e146.
2. HirschAT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, et al.ACC/AHA2005 practice guidelines for the management of patients' peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease): endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation. Circulation. 2006;113:e463-e465.
3. Criqui MH, Langer RD, Fronek A, et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(6):381-386.
4. Criqui MH, Ninomiya JK, Wingard DL, Ji M, Fronek A. Progression of peripheral arterial disease predicts cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. J Am Colle Cardiol. 2008;52(21):1736-1742.
5. Fintel DJ. The Burden of PAD: diagnosis and contemporary medical management through risk-factor modification. Intern J Cardiol. 2009;6(2). http://www.ispub.com/journal/the internet journal of cardiology/volume 6 number 2 24/article/the burden of pad diagnosis and contemporary medical management through risk factor modification.html. Accessed February 09, 2010.
6. Mahameed AA. Peripheral arterial disease. http://www. clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/cardiology /peripheral-arterial-disease/. Accessed January 30, 2011.
7. Hirsch AT, Gloviczki P, Drooz A, Lovell M, Creager MA, Board of Directors of the Vascular Disease Foundation. The mandate for creation of a national Peripheral Arterial Disease Public Awareness Program: an opportunity to improve cardiovascular health. Vasc Med. 2004;9(1): 78-86. (Pubitemid 38878029)
8. American Diabetes Association. Peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetes. Diab Care. 2003;26(12):3333-3341.
9. American Heart Association. Symptoms and diagnosis of PAD. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/PeripheralArtery Disease/Symptoms-and-Diagnosis-of-PAD UCM 301306 Article.jsp. Accessed June10, 2009.
10. Gornik HL, Beckman JA. Peripheral arterial disease. Circulation. 2009;111(13):e169-e172.
11. Pearson T, Kukulka G, Rahman ZU. Ankle Brachial Index measurement in primary care setting: how long does it take? South Med J. 2009;102(11):1106- 1110.
12. Sheehan P. Peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetes: consensus statement recommends screening. Clin Diab. 2004;22(4):179-180.
13. American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. Acute coronary syndrome and peripheral arterial disease: applying diagnostics for early detection and intervention. http://www.acspad.org/files/ABI how to 050508%20V2 reduced.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2011.
14. Khan NA, Rahim SA, Anand SS, Simel DL, Panju A. Does the clinical examination predict lower extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease? JAMA. 2006;295(5):536-546. (Pubitemid 43200348)
15. Lundin M, Wiksten JP, Perakyla T, et al. Distal pulse palpation: is it reliable? World J Surg. 1999;23(3):252-255.
16. Collins TC, Suarez-Almazor M, Peterson NJ. An absent pulse is not sensitive for the early detection of peripheral arterial disease. Fam Med. 2006;38(1):38-42. (Pubitemid 43161717)
17. Collins TC, Petersen NJ, Suarez-Almazor M, Ashton CM. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a racially diverse population. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(12):1469-1474. (Pubitemid 36758920)
18. Reed III JF. Prevalence of Peripheral Artery Disease varies significantly depending upon the method of calculating Ankle Brachial Index. Intern J Epidemiol. 2009;7(2). http://www.ispub.com/ journal/the internet journal of epidemiology/volume 7 number 2 25/ article/risk-factors-for-peripheral-arterial- disease-in-united-statesasymptomatic- patients-aged-40-69-and-asymptomatic- patients-aged- 70-results-from-nhanes-1999-2004.html#h1-1. Accessed March 09, 2010.
19. American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics- 2010 Update. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association; 2010. http://www.americanheart. org/downloadable/heart/1265665152970DS- 3241%20HeartStrokeUpdate 2010.pdf. Accessed March 28, 2010.
20. American Heart Association. Symptoms and diagnosis of PAD. http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/Symptoms-and- Diagnosis-of-PAD UCM 301306 Article.jsp. Accessed February 4, 2011.
21. Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA. 2001;286(11):1317-1324. (Pubitemid 33015522)
22. Streiner DL, Norman GR. Diagnostic testing. Community Oncol. 2009;6(9):428-430.
23. Criqui MH, Fronek A, Klauber MR, Barrett-Connor E, Gabriel S. The sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of traditional clinical evaluation of Peripheral Arterial Disease: results from noninvasive testing in a defined population. Circulation. 1985;71(3):516-522. (Pubitemid 15133810)
24. Pearson TL. Correlation of Ankle-Brachial Index values with carotid disease, coronary disease, and cardiovascular risk factors in women. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2007;22(6):436-439.
25. Brearley S, Shearman CP, Simms MH. Peripheral pulse palpation: an unreliable physical sign. Ann Roy Colle Surg Engl. 1992;74(3):169-171.
26. Meyers KA, Scott DF, Devine TJ, Johnson AH, Denton MJ, Gilfillan IS. Palpation of the femoral and popliteal pulses: a study of the accuracy as assessed by agreement between multiple observers. Eur J Vascul Surg. 1987;1(4):245-249.
27. Sen S, Lynch DR, Kaltsas E, et al. Association of asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease with vascular events in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2009;40(11):3472-3477.
28. Diehm C, Allenberg JR, Pittrow D, et al. Mortality and vascular morbidity in older adults with asymptomatic versus symptomatic peripheral artery disease. Circulation. 2009;120(21):2053-2061.
29. Meves SH, Diehm C, Berger K, et al. Peripheral arterial disease as an independent predictor for excess stroke morbidity and mortality in primary-care patients: 5-year results of the getABI Study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010;29(6):546-554.
30. GetABI Study Group. GetABI: German epidemiological trial on Ankle Brachial Index for elderly patients in family practice to detect peripheral arterial disease, significant marker for high mortality. VASA. 2002;31(4):241-248.
31. Dormandy JA, Murray GD. The fate of the claudicant-a prospective study of 1969 claudicants. Eur J Vascul Surg. 1991;5(2):131-133.
32. Leng GC, Fowkes FG, Lee AJ, Dunbar J, Housley E, Ruckley CV. Use of Ankle Brachial Pressure Index to predict cardiovascular events and death: a cohort study. BMJ. 1996;313(7070):1440-1444. (Pubitemid 26408032)
33. McDermott MM, Liu K, Criqui MH, et al. Ankle-Brachial Index and subclinical cardiac and carotid disease: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162(1):33-41. (Pubitemid 40884998)
34. Zheng ZJ, Sharrett AR, Chambless LE, et al. Associations of Ankle- Brachial Index with clinical coronary heart disease, stroke, and preclinical carotid and popliteal atherosclerosis: the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) study. Atherosclerosis. 1997;131(1): 115-125. (Pubitemid 27240104)
35. Mohler III ER, Treat-Jacobson D, Reilly MP, et al. Utility and barriers to performance of the Ankle Brachial Index in primary care practice. Vascul Med. 2004;9(4):253-260. (Pubitemid 40202240)
36. Beckman JA, Higgins CO, Gerhard-Herman M. Automated oscillometric determination of the ankle-brachial index provides accuracy necessary for office practice. Hypertension. 2006;47(1):35-38. (Pubitemid 43177812)
37. Rice KL. How to measure Ankle. Brachial Index. Nursing. 2005;35(1): 1-3.
38. American Medical Association. Corrections Document-CPT 2011. http://www.ama-assn.org/ama1/pub/upload/mm/362/cpt-2011- corrections.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2011.
39. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Peripheral Arterial Disease: Recommendation statement. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; August 2005. AHRQ Publication No.05- 0583-A-EF. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf05/pad/padrs. htm. Accessed April 03, 2010.
40. US Department of Health and Human Services. NHLBI workshop on peripheral arterial disease (PAD): developing a public awareness campaign. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/heart/other/pad sum.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2011.
41. Larson L. The key to nurse and patient satisfaction. http://sageteam. com/pdf/RestoringRelationship.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2011.
42. Cook P. Influencing health policy. Kai Tiaki Nursing N Zeal. 2008;14(9):22.
43. American Diabetes Association. Peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetes. Clin Diab. 2004;22(4):181-189.
44. Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) Coalition. About P.A.D.: what is P.A.D.: diagnosis. Diagnosis. http://padcoalition.com/about-pad/whatis-pad/ diagnosis.php. Accessed February 09, 2010.
45. Marso SP, Hiatt WR. Peripheral arterial disease in patients with diabetes. J Am Colle Cardiol. 2006;47(5):921-929.
46. Stoyioglou A, Jaff MR. Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease: a comprehensive review. J Vascul Interv Radiol. 2004;15(11): 1197-1207. (Pubitemid 39487849)
47. Isbell DC, Berr SS, Toledano AY, et al. Delayed calf muscle phosphocreatine recovery after exercise identifies peripheral arterial disease. J Am Colle Cardiol. 2006;47(11):2289-2295. (Pubitemid 43795051)
48. National Center for Health Statistics. Questionnaires, datasets, and related documentation. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nhanes questionnaires.htm. Accessed July 27, 2009.
49. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey overview. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/ nhanes 03 04/overviewbrochure 0304.pdf. Accessed June 01, 2009.
50. National Center for Health Statistics. NHANES 2003-2004 public data general release file documentation. Data collection procedures. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes 03 04/general data release doc 03-04.pdf. Accessed July 27, 2009.
51. Aponte J. Self-reported diabetes-risk factors in Mexican Americans. Medsurg Nurs: J Adult Health. 2009;18(5):265-301.
52. National Center for Health Statistics. NHANES analytic guidelines. NHANES analytic guidelines June 2004 version. http://www.cdc.gov/ nchs/data/nhanes/ nhanes general guidelines june 04.pdf. Accessed February 01, 2009.
53. American Heart Association. Diseases and conditions?: high blood pressure. What is high blood pressure? http://www.americanheart. org/presenter.jhtml?identifier = 2112. Accessed June10, 2009.
54. Ahmed SM, Clasen ME, Donnelly JF. Management of dyslipidemia in adults. Am Fam Phys. 1998;57(9):2192-2204. (Pubitemid 28222289)
55. Price JF, Mowbray PI, Lee AJ, Rumley A, Lowe GD, Fowkes FGR. Relationship between smoking and cardiovascular risk factors in the development of peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease: Edinburgh Artery study. Eur Heart J. 1999;20(5):344-353. (Pubitemid 29103732)
56. American Heart Association. Peripheral arterial disease-statistics. http://www.americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1136822690283PA D06%20REVdoc.pdf. Accessed June 14, 2010.
57. Alzamora MT, Fores R, Baena-Diaz JM, et al. The peripheral arterial disease (PERART/ARTPER): prevalence and risk factors in the general population. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:38. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-38.
58. Ostchega Y, Paulose-Ram R, Dillon CF, Gu Q, Hughes JP. Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and risk factors in persons aged 60 and older: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55(4):583-589. (Pubitemid 46496588)
59. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diab Care. 2009;32(suppl 1):S62-S67.
60. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2007-2008 data documentation, codebook, and frequencies. http://www.cdc.gov/ nchs/nhanes/nhanes2007-2008/OGTT E.htm. Accessed June 14, 2010.
61. Aponte J. Key elements of large survey data sets. Nurs Econ$. 2010;28(1):1-10.
62. Novo S. Classification, epidemiology, risk factors, and natural history of peripheral arterial disease. Diab, Obes Metabol. 2002;4(suppl 2):S1-S6. (Pubitemid 41185668)
63. Dormandy JA, Heeck L, Vig S. Peripheral arterial occlusive disease: clinical data for decision making. Semin Vascul Surg. 1999;12: 93-162.
64. Higgins JP, Higgins JA. Epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease in women. J Epidemiol. 2003;13(1):1-14. (Pubitemid 44137122)
65. Hooi JD, Kester ADM, Stoffers HEJH, Overdijk MM, Ree JWV, Knottnerus JA. Incidence of and risk factors for asymptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a longitudinal study. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(7):666-672. (Pubitemid 32250974)
66. Bennett PC, Silverman S, Gill PS, Lip GYH. Ethnicity and peripheral artery disease. QJM: An Int J Med. 2009;102(1):3-16.
67. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360(9349):1903-1913.
68. Lane DA, Lip GYH. Treatment of Hypertension in Peripheral Arterial Disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD003075. http://onlinelibrary. wiley.com/o/ochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003075/ pdf abstract fs.html. Accessed September 03, 2010.
69. National Cholesterol Education Program. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): Final Report. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Health. (NIH Publication No. 02-5215)
70. Aronow WS. Peripheral arterial disease. Geriatrics. 2007;62(1):19-25.
71. Oka RK, Giacomini JC, Umoh E, Szuba A, Cooke JP. Suboptimal intensity of risk factor modification in patients with PAD. Vascul Med. 2005;10(2):91-96. (Pubitemid 40883245)
72. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560-2572. (Pubitemid 37430158)
73. Lu JT, Creager MA. The relationship of cigarette smoking to peripheral arterial disease. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2004;5(4):189-193. (Pubitemid 40011950)
74. Dormandy JA, Rutherford RB. Management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). TASC working group. TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC). J Vascul Surg. 2000;31(1, Pt 2):S1-S296.
75. Cacoub P, Cambou JP, Kownator S, et al. Peripheral arterial disease versus other localizations of vascular disease: the ATTEST study. J Vascul Surg. 2009;44(2):314-318. (Pubitemid 44160761)
76. Hiatt WR. Can measuring the Ankle-Brachial Index improve public health? J Am Colle Cardiol. 2008;52(21):1743-1744.
77. Clairotte C, Retout S, Potier L, Roussel R, Escoubet B. Automated Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index measurement by clinical staff for peripheral arterial disease diagnosis in nondiabetic and diabetic patients. Diab Care. 2009;32(7):1231-1236.
78. Hirsch AT, Murphy TP, Lovell MB, et al. Gaps in public knowledge of peripheral arterial disease: the first national PAD public awareness survey. Circulation. 2007;116(18):2086-2094. (Pubitemid 350023753)
79. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) Coalition. High mortality, heart attack and stroke rates acoompany peripheral arterial disease. http://www. padcoalition.org/downloads/pdf/pad-awareness-month.pdf. Accessed January 30, 2011.
80. Lawson G. Teaching the Ankle-Brachial Index in nursing: a new core competency. J Vascul Nurs. 2005;23(2):69-71. (Pubitemid 41105441)
81. Sa TL, Cohen J, Marculescu G. nurse practitioners' attitudes and knowledge toward current procedural terminology (CPT) coding. Nurs Econ$. 2001;19(3):100-106, 114.