The underpinnings of the relationship of species richness with space and time

Ecological Monographs

Volumn 81, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 195-213

  Scheiner, Samuel M ^a   Chiarucci, Alessandro ^b   Fox, Gordon A ^c   Helmus, Matthew R ^d   McGlinn, Daniel J ^e   Willig, Michael R ^f  

^a NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SIENA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^d CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (China)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

A diversity; Area; B diversity; Biodiversity; C diversity; Differentiation diversity; Inventory diversity; Species richness; Species area curve; Species area relationship

Indexed keywords

BIOTIC FACTOR; DISPERSAL; HETEROGENEITY; NUMERICAL MODEL; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPECIES INVENTORY; SPECIES POOL; SPECIES RICHNESS; SPECIES-AREA RELATIONSHIP;

EID: 79955520101     PISSN: 00129615     EISSN: 15577015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/10-1426.1     Document Type: Article

References (169)

1. Adler, P. B. 2004. Neutral models fail to reproduce observed species-time and species-area relationships in Kansas grasslands. Ecology 85:1265-1272. (Pubitemid 39188083)
2. Adler, P. B., and W. K. Lauenroth. 2003. The power of time: spatiotemporal scaling of species diversity. Ecology Letters 6:749-756. (Pubitemid 36941110)
3. Adler, P. B., E. P. White, W. K. Lauenroth, D. M. Kaufman, A. Rassweiler, and J. A. Rusak. 2005. Evidence for a general species-time-area relationship. Ecology 86:2032-2039. (Pubitemid 41117471)
4. Allen, A. P., and E. P. White. 2003. Effects of range size on species-area relationships. Evolutionary Ecology Research 5:493-499. (Pubitemid 38681675)
5. Anjos, M. B. Dos, J. Zuanon. 2007. Sampling effort and fish species richness in small terra firme forest streams of central Amazonia, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 5:45-52. (Pubitemid 46515183)
6. Arnolds, E. J. M. 1981. Ecology and coenology of macrofungi in grasslands and moist heathlands in Drenthe, The Netherlands. Part 1. Introduction and synecology. Bibliotheca Mycologica 83:1-410.
7. Arrhenius, O. 1921. Species and area. Journal of Ecology 9:95-99.
8. Barkman, J. J. 1989. A critical evaluation of minimum area concepts. Plant Ecology 85:89-104. (Pubitemid 20424148)
9. Baselga, A. 2010. Multiplicative partition of true diversity yields independent alpha and beta components; additive partition does not. Ecology 91:1974-1981.
10. Bierregaard, R. O., Jr., C. Gascon, T. E. Lovejoy, and R. Mesquita. 2001. Lessons from Amazonia: the ecology and conservation of a fragmented forest. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
11. Braun-Blanquet, J. 1932. Plant sociology: the study of plant communities. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, USA. Cain, S. A. 1938. The species-area curve. American Midland Naturalist 19:573-581.
12. Cannon, C. H., D. R. Peart, and M. Leighton. 1998. Tree species diversity in commercially logged Bornean rainforest. Science 281:1366-1368. (Pubitemid 28406832)
13. Carey, S., A. Ostling, J. Harte, and R. d. Moral. 2007. Impact of curve construction and community dynamics on the species-time relationship. Ecology 88:2145-2153. (Pubitemid 351345124)
14. Chesson, P. 2000. Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31:343-366. (Pubitemid 32122406)
15. Chesson, P., and N. Huntly. 1997. The roles of harsh and fluctuating conditions in the dynamics of ecological communities. American Naturalist 150:519-553. (Pubitemid 27451563)
16. Chesson, P. L., and N. Huntly. 1988. Community consequences of life history traits in a variable environment. Annales Zoologici Fennici 25:5-16. (Pubitemid 19320366)
17. Chiarucci, A. 1996. Species diversity in plant communities on ultramafic soils in relation to pine afforestation. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:57-62.
18. Chiarucci, A., G. Bacaro, D. Rocchini, and L. Fattorini. 2008. Discovering and rediscovering the sample-based rarefaction formula in the ecological literature. Community Ecology 9:121-123.
19. Chiarucci, A., G. Bacaro, D. Rocchini, C. Ricotta, M. W. Palmer, and S. M. Scheiner. 2009. Spatially constrained rarefaction: incorporating the autocorrelated structure of biological communities in sample-based rarefaction. Community Ecology 10:209-214.
20. Chiarucci, A., S. Maccherini, and V. De Dominicis. 2001. Evaluation and monitoring of the flora in a nature reserve by estimation methods. Biological Conservation 101:305-314. (Pubitemid 32792757)
21. Chytrý , M., and Z. Otýpková . 2003. Plot sizes used for phytosociological sampling of European vegetation. Journal of Vegetation Science 14:563-570. (Pubitemid 37244973)
22. Coleman, B. D. 1981. On random placement and species-area relations. Mathematical Biosciences 54:191-215.
23. Coleman, B. D., M. A. Mares, M. R. Willig, and Y.-H. Hsieh. 1982. Randomness, area, and species richness. Ecology 63:1121-1133.
24. Collins, M., and D. Simberloff. 2009. Rarefaction and nonrandom spatial dispersion patterns. Environmental and Ecological Statistics 16:89-103.
25. Colwell, R. K., and J. A. Coddington. 1994. Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 345:101-118.
26. Colwell, R. K., C. X. Mao, and J. Chang. 2004. Interpolating, extrapolating, and comparing incidence-based species accumulation curves. Ecology 85:2717-2727. (Pubitemid 39448246)
27. Condit, R., S. P. Hubbell, J. V. LaFrankie, R. Sukumar, N. Manokaran, R. B. Foster, and P. S. Ashton. 1996. Species-area and species-individual relationships for tropical trees: a comparison of three 50-ha plots. Journal of Ecology 84:549-562.
28. Connor, E. F., and E. D. McCoy. 1979. The statistics and biology of the species-area relationship. American Naturalist 113:791-833.
29. Crist, T. O., and J. A. Veech. 2006. Additive partitioning of rarefaction curves and species-area relationships: unifying α-, β- and γ-diversity with sample size and habitat area. Ecology Letters 9:923-932. (Pubitemid 44167968)
30. de Candolle, A. 1855. Géographie botanique raisonné e: ou l'exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plates de l'epoque actuelle. Maisson, Paris, France.
31. De Dominicis, V., and C. Barluzzi. 1983. Coenological research on macrofungi in evergreen oak woods in the hills near Siena (Italy). Plant Ecology 54:177-187. (Pubitemid 15270729)
32. Dengler, J. 2008. Pitfalls in small-scale species-area sampling and analysis. Folia Geobotanica 43:269-287.
33. Dengler, J. 2009. Which function describes the species-area relationship best? A review and empirical evaluation. Journal of Biogeography 36:728-744.
34. Dengler, J., and J. Oldeland. 2010. Effects of sampling protocol on the shapes of species richness curves. Journal of Biogeography 37:1698-1705.
35. Desmet, P., and R. Cowling. 2004. Using the species-area relationship to set baseline targets for conservation. Ecology and Society 9(12):11. (http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/ vol19/iss12/art11/)
36. Diffendorfer, J. E. 1998. Testing models of source-sink dynamics and balanced dispersal. Oikos 81:417-433. (Pubitemid 28167324)
37. Drakare, S., J. J. Lennon, and H. Hillebrand. 2006. The imprint of the geographical, evolutionary and ecological context on species-area relationships. Ecology Letters 9:215-227.
38. Dungan, J. L., J. N. Perry, M. R. T. Dale, P. Legendre, S. Citron-Pousty, M. J. Fortin, A. Jakomulska, M. Miriti, and M. S. Rosenberg. 2002. A balanced view of scale in spatial statistical analysis. Ecography 25:626-640. (Pubitemid 34949474)
39. Emerson, B. C., and R. G. Gillespie. 2008. Phylogenetic analysis of community assembly and structure over space and time. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23:619-630.
40. Engen, S. 1976. A note on the estimation of the species-area curve. ICES Journal of Marine Science 36:286-288.
41. Fisher, R. A., A. S. Corbet, and C. B. Williams. 1943. The relation between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. Journal of Animal Ecology 12:42-58.
42. Fridley, J. D., R. K. Peet, E. van der Maarel, and J. H. Willems. 2006. Integration of local and regional species-area relationships from space-time species accumulation. American Naturalist 168:133-143.
43. Fridley, J. D., R. K. Peet, T. R. Wentworth, and P. S. White. 2005. Connecting fine- and broad-scale species-area relationships of southeastern U.S. flora. Ecology 86:1173-1177.
44. Gauch, H. G., Jr., and R. H. Whittaker. 1972. Coenocline simulation. Ecology 53:446-451.
45. Gitay, H., S. H. Roxburgh, and J. B. Wilson. 1991. Species-area relations in a New Zealand tussock grassland, with implications for nature reserve design and for community structure. Journal of Vegetation Science 2:113-118.
46. Gleason, H. A. 1922. On the relation between species and area. Ecology 3:158-162.
47. Gotelli, N. J., and R. K. Colwell. 2001. Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecology Letters 4:379-391. (Pubitemid 32752218)
48. Gray, J. S., K. I. Ugland, and J. Lambshead. 2004a. On species accumulation and species-area curves. Global Ecology and Biogeography 13:567-568.
49. Gray, J. S., K. I. Ugland, and J. Lambshead. 2004b. Species accumulation and species area curves: a comment on Scheiner (2003). Global Ecology and Biogeography 13:473-476.
50. Green, J. L., and J. B. Plotkin. 2007. A statistical theory for sampling species abundances. Ecology Letters 10:1037-1045. (Pubitemid 47512353)
51. Grinnell, J. 1922. The role of the "accidental." Auk 39:373-380.
52. Guilhaumon, F., O. Gimenez, K. J. Gaston, and D. Mouillot. 2008. Taxonomic and regional uncertainty in species-area relationships and the identification of richness hotspots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105:15458-15463.
53. Guilhaumon, F., D. Mouillot, and O. Gimenez. 2010. mmSAR: an R-package for multimodel species-area relationship inference. Ecography 33:420-424.
54. Gurevitch, J., S. M. Scheiner, and G. A. Fox. 2006. The ecology of plants. Second edition. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
55. Hadly, E. A., and B. A. Maurer. 2001. Spatial and temporal patterns of species diversity in montane mammal communities of western North America. Evolutionary Ecological Research 3:477-486. (Pubitemid 33626699)
56. Harcourt, A. H., S. A. Parks, and R. Woodroffe. 2001. Human density as an influence on species/area relationships: double jeopardy for small African reserves? Biodiversity and Conservation 10:1011-1026. (Pubitemid 32665248)
57. Harte, J., A. Kinzig, and J. Green. 1999a. Self-similarity in the distribution and abundance of species. Science 284:334-336.
58. Harte, J., S. McCarthy, K. Taylor, A. Kinzig, and M. L. Fisher. 1999b. Estimating species-area relationships from plot to landscape scale using spatial-turnover data. Oikos 86:45-54. (Pubitemid 29321675)
59. Harte, J., A. B. Smith, and D. Storch. 2009. Biodiversity scales from plots to biomes with a universal species-area curve. Ecology Letters 12:789-797.
60. He, F., and P. Legendre. 1996. On species-area relations. American Naturalist 148:719-737.
61. He, F., and P. Legendre. 2002. Species diversity patterns derived from species-area models. Ecology 83:1185-1198. (Pubitemid 36524822)
62. Helmus, M. R., T. J. Bland, C. K. Williams, and A. R. Ives. 2007. Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity. American Naturalist 169:E68-E83.
63. Hill, J. L., and P. J. Curran. 2001. Species composition in fragmented forests: conservation implications of changing forest area. Applied Geography 21:157-174. (Pubitemid 32568956)
64. Hill, J. L., P. J. Curran, and G. M. Foody. 1994. The effect of sampling on the species-area curve. Global Ecology and Biogeography 4:97-106.
65. Hill, M. O. 1973. Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54:427-432.
66. Holthe, T. 1975. A method for the calculation of ordinate values of the cumulative species-area curve. ICES Journal of Marine Science 36:183-184.
67. Hubbell, S. P. 2001. The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
68. Hubbell, S. P., F. He, R. Condit, L. Borda-de-Água, J. Kellner, and H. ter Steege. 2008. How many tree species are there in the Amazon and how many of them will go extinct? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105:11498-11504.
69. Inouye, R. S. 1998. Species-area curves and estimates of total species richness in an old-field chronosequence. Plant Ecology 137:31-40. (Pubitemid 28351448)
70. Jaccard, P. 1901. Distribution de la flore alpine dans le Bassin des Dranes et dans quelques régions voisines. Bulletin Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 37:241-272.
71. Jaccard, P. 1908. Nouvelles recherches sur la distribution florale. Bulletin de la Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 44:223-270.
72. Jost, L. 2006. Entropy and diversity. Oikos 113:363-375. (Pubitemid 43781677)
73. Jost, L. 2007. Partitioning diversity into independent alpha and beta components. Ecology 88:2427-2439. (Pubitemid 351345099)
74. Jurasinski, G., V. Retzer, and C. Beierkuhnlein. 2009. Inventory, differentiation, and proportional diversity: a consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity. Oecologia 159:15-26.
75. Keeley, J. E. 2003. Relating species abundance distributions to species-area curves in two Mediterranean-type shrublands. Diversity and Distributions 9:253-259. (Pubitemid 36821347)
76. Keeley, J. E., and C. J. Fotheringham. 2003. Species-area relationships in Mediterranean-climate plant communities. Journal of Biogeography 30:1629-1657. (Pubitemid 37399752)
77. Kelly, C. K., and M. G. Bowler. 2005. A new application of storage dynamics: differential sensitivity, diffuse competition, and temporal niches. Ecology 86:1012-1022. (Pubitemid 40483385)
78. Kobayashi, S. 1974. The species-area relation I. A model for discrete sampling. Researches in Population Ecology 15:223-237.
79. Kolasa, J. 1989. Ecological systems in hierarchical perspective: breaks in community structure and other consequences. Ecology 70:36-47. (Pubitemid 20418141)
80. Lawton, J. H. 1999. Are there general laws in ecology? Oikos 84:177-192. (Pubitemid 29096922)
81. Lawton, J. H. 2000. Community ecology in a changing world. Inter-Research Science Center and International Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany.
82. Lindenmayer, D. B. 2008. Large scale landscape experiments: lessons from Tumut. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
83. Lomolino, M. V. 2000. Ecology's most general, yet protean pattern: the species-area relationship. Journal of Biogeography 27:17-26. (Pubitemid 30597038)
84. Lyons, M. M., J. E. Ward, H. Gaff, R. E. Hicks, J. M. Drake, and F. C. Dobbs. 2010. Theory of island biogeography on a microscopic scale: organic aggregates as islands for aquatic pathogens. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 60:1-13.
85. Lyons, S. K., and M. R. Willig. 1999. A hemispheric assessment of scale dependence in latitudinal gradients of species richness. Ecology 80:2483-2491. (Pubitemid 30000998)
86. Lyons, S. K., and M. R. Willig. 2002. Species richness, latitude, and scale-sensitivity. Ecology 83:47-58. (Pubitemid 34067678)
87. MacArthur, R. H., and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
88. Magurran, A. E. 2007. Species abundance distributions over time. Ecology Letters 10:347-354. (Pubitemid 46718941)
89. Martin, H. G., and N. Goldenfeld. 2006. On the origin and robustness of power-law species-area relationships in ecology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103:10310-10315. (Pubitemid 44051163)
90. May, R. M. 1975. Patterns of species abundance and diversity. 81-120 in M. L. Cody and J. L. Diamond, editors. Ecology and evolution of communities. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
91. McGill, B. J. 2003. Does Mother Nature really prefer rare species or are log-left-skewed SADs a sampling artefact? Ecology Letters 6:766-773. (Pubitemid 36941112)
92. McGill, B., and C. Collins. 2003. A unified theory for macroecology based on spatial patterns of abundance. Evolutionary Ecology Research 5:469-492. (Pubitemid 38681674)
93. McGlinn, D. J., and M. W. Palmer. 2009. Modeling the sampling effect in the species-time-area relationship. Ecology 90:836-846.
94. McGlinn, D. J., and M. W. Palmer. 2011. Quantifying the influence of environmental texture on the rate of species turnover: evidence from two habitats. Plant Ecology, in press.
95. McGuinness, K. A. 1984. Equations and explanations in the study of species-area curves. Biological Reviews 59:423-440.
96. McKinney, M. L., and D. L. Frederick. 1999. Species-time curves and population extremes: ecological patterns in the fossil record. Evolutionary Ecology Research 1:641-650. (Pubitemid 129558664)
97. McPeek, M. A., and R. D. Holt. 1992. The evolution of dispersal in spatially and temporally varying environments. American Naturalist 140:1010-1027. (Pubitemid 23400162)
98. Morlon, H., G. Chuyong, R. Condit, S. Hubbell, D. Kenfack, D. Thomas, R. Valencia, and J. L. Green. 2008. A general framework for the distance-decay of similarity in ecological communities. Ecology Letters 11:904-917.
99. Nekola, J. C., and P. S. White. 1999. The distance decay of similarity in biogeography and ecology. Journal of Biogeography 26:867-878. (Pubitemid 30030997)
100. Paivinen, J., P. Ahlroth, V. Kaitala, and J. Suhonen. 2004. Species richness, abundance and distribution of myrmecophilous beetles in nests of Formica aquilonia ants. Annales Zoologici Fennici 41:447-454. (Pubitemid 38600712)
101. Palmer, M. W. 1988. Fractal geometry: a tool for describing spatial patterns of plant communities. Plant Ecology 75:91-102. (Pubitemid 19321811)
102. Palmer, M. W. 1992. The coexistence of species in fractal landscapes. American Naturalist 139:375-397.
103. Palmer, M. W. 2005. Distance decay in an old-growth neotropical forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 16:161-166. (Pubitemid 40817218)
104. Palmer, M. W. 2007. Species-area curves and the geometry of nature. 15-31 in D. Storch, P. L. Marquet, and J. H. Brown, editors. Scaling biodiversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
105. Palmer, M. W., D. J. McGlinn, and J. D. Fridley. 2008. Artifacts and artifictions in biodiversity research. Folia Geobotanica 43:245-257.
106. Palmer, M. W., R. K. Peet, R. A. Reed, W. Xi, and P. S. White. 2007. A multiscale study of vascular plants in a North Carolina piedmont forest. Ecology 88:2674.
107. Palmer, M. W., and E. Van Der Maarel. 1995. Variance in species richness, species associations, and niche limitations. Oikos 73:203-213.
108. Palmer, M. W., and P. S. White. 1994. Scale dependence and the species-area relationship. American Naturalist 144:717-740.
109. Passy, S. I., and F. G. Blanchet. 2007. Algal communities in human-impacted stream ecosystems suffer beta-diversity decline. Diversity and Distributions 13:670-679. (Pubitemid 47622015)
110. Peet, R. K., T. R. Wentworth, and P. S. White. 1998. A flexible, multipurpose method for recording vegetation composition and structure. Castanea 63:262-274. (Pubitemid 29040885)
111. Petchey, O. L., and K. J. Gaston. 2002. Functional diversity (FD), species richness and community composition. Ecology Letters 5:402-411. (Pubitemid 34523107)
112. Plotkin, J. B., M. D. Potts, N. Leslie, N. Manokaran, J. V. LaFrankie, and P. S. Ashton. 2000. Species-area curves, spatial aggregation, and habitat specialization in tropical forests. Journal of Theoretical Biology 207:81-99.
113. Preston, F. W. 1960. Time and space and the variation of species. Ecology 41:612-627.
114. Preston, F. W. 1962. The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity: part I. Ecology 43:185-215.
115. Pulliam, H. R. 1988. Sources, sinks, and population regulation. American Naturalist 132:652-661.
116. Raia, P., F. Carotenuto, C. Meloro, P. Piras, and C. Barbera. 2011. Species accumulation over space and time in European Plio-Holocene mammals. Evolutionary Ecology 25:171-188.
117. Reed, R. A., R. K. Peet, M. W. Palmer, and P. S. White. 1993. Scale dependence of vegetation-environment correlations: a case study of a North Carolina piedmont woodland. Journal of Vegetation Science 4:329-340.
118. Rejm á nek, M., and E. Ros én. 1992. Cycles of heterogeneity during succession: a premature generalization? Ecology 73:2329-2331.
119. Ricotta, C., M. L. Carranza, and G. Avena. 2002. Computing b-diversity from species-area curves. Basic and Applied Ecology 3:15-18.
120. Rosenzweig, M. L. 1995. Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
121. Rosenzweig, M. L. 1998. Preston's ergodic conjecture: the accumulation of species in space and time. 311-348 in M. L. McKinney, editor. Biodiversity dynamics: turnover of populations, taxa, and communities. Columbia University Press, New York, New York, USA.
122. Rosindell, J., and S. J. Cornell. 2007. Species-area relationships from a spatially explicit neutral model in an infinite landscape. Ecology Letters 10:586-595. (Pubitemid 46850115)
123. Sagar, R., A. S. Raghubanshi, and J. S. Singh. 2003. Asymptotic models of species-area curve for measuring diversity of dry tropical forest tree species. Current Science 84:1555-1560. (Pubitemid 39160622)
124. Sanders, H. L. 1968. Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study. American Naturalist 102:243-282.
125. Scheiner, S. M. 1992. Measuring pattern diversity. Ecology 73:1860-1867. (Pubitemid 23397228)
126. Scheiner, S. M. 2003. Six types of species-area curves. Global Ecology and Biogeography 12:441-447.
127. Scheiner, S. M. 2004. A mélange of curves: further dialogue about species-area relationships. Global Ecology and Biogeography 13:479-484.
128. Scheiner, S. M. 2009. The terminology and use of species-area relationships: reply to Dengler. Journal of Biogeography 36:2005-2012.
129. Scheiner, S. M., S. B. Cox, M. R. Willig, G. G. Mittelbach, C. Osenberg, and M. Kaspari. 2000. Species richness, species-area curves, and Simpson's paradox. Evolutionary Ecology Research 2:791-802.
130. Schmit, J. P. 2005. Species richness of tropical wood-inhabiting macrofungi provides support for species-energy theory. Mycologia 97:751-761. (Pubitemid 43175653)
131. Schoener, T. W. 1976. The species-area relation with archipelagos: models and evidence from island land birds. Pages 629-642 in H. J. Frith and J. H. Calaby, editors. Proceedings of the 16th International Ornithological Conference. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, Australian Capital Territories, Australia.
132. Sears, A. L. W., and P. Chesson. 2007. New methods for quantifying the spatial storage effect: an illustration with desert annuals. Ecology 88:2240-2247. (Pubitemid 351345133)
133. Shen, G., M. Yu, X.-S. Hu, X. Mi, H. Ren, I. F. Sun, and K. Ma. 2009. Species-area relationships explained by the joint effects of dispersal limitation and habitat heterogeneity. Ecology 90:3033-3041.
134. Shen, T.-J., and F. He. 2008. An incidence-based richness estimator for quadrats sampled without replacement. Ecology 89:2052-2060.
135. Shinozaki, K. 1963. Note on the species area curve. 1-5 in Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of Japan. Ecological Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan.
136. Shmida, A. 1984. Whittaker's plant diversity sampling method. Israel Journal of Botany 33:41-46.
137. Shurin, J. B. 2007. How is diversity related to species turnover through time? Oikos 116:957-965. (Pubitemid 46743911)
138. Shurin, J. B., S. E. Arnott, H. Hillebrand, A. Longmuir, B. Pinel-Alloul, M. Winder, and N. D. Yan. 2007. Diversity-stability relationship varies with latitude in zooplankton. Ecology Letters 10:127-134. (Pubitemid 46161112)
139. Smith, E. P., P. M. Stewart, and J. Cairns. 1985. Similarities between rarefaction methods. Hydrobiologia 120:167-170.
140. Soberón, M. J., and B. J. Llorente. 1993. The use of species accumulation functions for the prediction of species richness. Conservation Biology 7:480-488. (Pubitemid 24410142)
141. Soininen, J. 2010. Species turnover along abiotic and biotic gradients: patterns in space equal patterns in time? BioScience 60:433-439.
142. Srivastava, D. S., and J. H. Lawton. 1998. Why more productive sites have more species: an experimental test of theory using tree-hole communities. American Naturalist 152:510-529. (Pubitemid 28445560)
143. Stephens, P. A., W. J. Sutherland, and R. P. Freckleton. 1999. What is the Allee effect? Oikos 87:185-190. (Pubitemid 29511251)
144. Stiles, A., and S. M. Scheiner. 2007. Evaluation of species-area functions using Sonoran Desert plant data: not all species-area curves are power functions. Oikos 116:1930-1940. (Pubitemid 47568749)
145. Stiles, A., and S. M. Scheiner. 2010. A multi-scale analysis of fragmentation effects on remnant plant species richness in Phoenix, Arizona. Journal of Biogeography 37:1721-1729.
146. Stohlgren, T. J., M. B. Falkner, and L. D. Schell. 1995. A modified-Whittaker nested vegetation sampling method. Plant Ecology 117:113-121. (Pubitemid 26452306)
147. z, z≈ 1/4: a reply to Conner and McCoy. American Naturalist 117:790-793.
148. Thompson, J. N. 1994. The coevolutionary process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
149. Tjørve, E. 2003. Shapes and functions of species-area curves: a review of possible models. Journal of Biogeography 30:827-835. (Pubitemid 36738095)
150. Tjørve, E. 2009. Shapes and functions of species-area curves (II): a review of new models and parameterizations. Journal of Biogeography 36:1435-1445.
151. Triantis, K. A., M. Mylonas, K. Lika, and K. Vardinoyannis. 2003. A model for the species-area-habitat relationship. Journal of Biogeography 30:19-27. (Pubitemid 36154317)
152. Triantis, K. A., M. Mylonas, and R. J. Whittaker. 2008. Evolutionary species-area curves as revealed by single-island endemics: insights for the inter-provincial species-area relationship. Ecography 31:401-407. (Pubitemid 351799697)
153. Tuomisto, H. 2010a. A diversity of beta diversities: straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity. Ecography 33:2-22.
154. Tuomisto, H. 2010b. A diversity of beta diversities: straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 2. Quantifying beta diversity and related phenomena. Ecography 33:23-45.
155. Turner, W. R., and E. Tjørve. 2005. Scale-dependence in species-area relationships. Ecography 28:721-730. (Pubitemid 41751782)
156. Ulrich, W., and J. Buszko. 2003. Species-area relationships of butterflies in Europe and species richness forecasting. Ecography 26:365-373. (Pubitemid 36658716)
157. van der Maarel, E. 1996. Vegetation dynamics and dynamic vegetation science. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 45:421-442. (Pubitemid 27111677)
158. VanderMeulen, M. A., A. J. Hudson, and S. M. Scheiner. 2001. Three evolutionary hypotheses for the hump-shaped productivity-diversity curve. Evolutionary Ecology Research 3:379-392. (Pubitemid 33626693)
159. Veech, J. A., and T. O. Crist. 2010. Diversity partitioning without statistical independence of alpha and beta. Ecology 91:1964-1969.
160. Wardle, D. A., O. Zackrisson, G. Hörnberg, and C. Gallet. 1997. The influence of island area on ecosystem properties. Science 277:1296-1299. (Pubitemid 27449080)
161. White, E. P. 2004. Two-phase species-time relationships in North American land birds. Ecology Letters 7:329-336. (Pubitemid 38484957)
162. White, E. P., P. B. Adler, W. K. Lauenroth, R. A. Gill, D. Greenberg, D. M. Kaufman, A. Rassweiler, J. A. Rusak, M. D. Smith, J. R. Steinbeck, R. B. Waide, and J. Yao. 2006. A comparison of the species-time relationship across ecosystems and taxonomic groups. Oikos 112:185-195.
163. Whittaker, R. H. 1960. Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs 30:279-338.
164. Whittaker, R. H. 1972. Evolution and measurement of species diversity. Taxon 21:213-251.
165. Whittaker, R. J., K. J. Willis, and R. Field. 2001. Scale and species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity. Journal of Biogeography 28:453-470. (Pubitemid 32653015)
166. Williams, M. R. 1995. An extreme-value function model of the species incidence and species-area relations. Ecology 76:2607-2616. (Pubitemid 3013842)
167. Wilson, J. B., and A. Chiarucci. 2000. Do plant communities exist? Evidence from scaling-up local species-area relations to the regional level. Journal of Vegetation Science 11:773-775. (Pubitemid 32122272)
168. Wissel, C., and B. Maier. 1992. A stochastic model for the species-area relationship. Journal of Biogeography 19:355-362.
169. Wu, J., and O. L. Loucks. 1995. From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology 70:439-466.