Ecology and bioprospecting

Austral Ecology

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 341-356

  Beattie, Andrew J ^a   Hay, Mark ^b   Magnusson, Bill ^c   de Nys, Rocky ^d   Smeathers, James ^e   Vincent, Julian F V ^f  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA   (Brazil)

^d JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^e QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BATH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biomimicry; Bioprospecting; Ecology; Intellectual property; Pharmaceuticals

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; BIOREMEDIATION; CAPACITY BUILDING; COMMERCIAL SPECIES; DATABASE; DEMOGRAPHY; DRUG; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; GLOBAL ECONOMY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PIRACY; RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; WILD POPULATION;

EID: 79955439796     PISSN: 14429985     EISSN: 14429993     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02170.x     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. Abedon S., ed. (2008) Bacteriophage Ecology. 526 pp., Cambridge University Press, New York.
2. Aizen M. A. & Harder L. D. (2009) The global stock of domesticated honey bees is growing slower than agricultural demand for pollination. Curr. Biol. 19, 915-8.
3. Aizenberg J., Weaver J. C., Thanawala M. S., Sundar V. C., Morse D. E. & Fratzl P. (2005) Skeleton of Euplectella sp.: Structural hierarchy from the nanoscale to the macroscale. Science 309, 275-8.
4. Akerele O., Heywood V. & Synge H. (1991) Conservation of Medicinal Plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5. Aldred N., Scardino A. J., Cavaco A., de Nys R. & Clare A. S. (2010) Attachment strength is a key factor in the selection of surfaces by barnacle cyprids (Balanus amphitrite) during settlement. Biofouling 26, 287-99.
6. Antonelli A. & Rodrigues V. (2009) Brazil should facilitate research permits. Cons. Biol. 23, (in press).
7. Ball P. (2002) Natural strategies for the molecular engineer. Nanotechnology 13, 15-28.
8. Barnes W. J. P. (2007) Biomimetic solutions to sticky problems. Science 318, 203-4.
9. Barrett C. B. & Lybbert T. J. (2000) Is bioprospecting a viable strategy for conserving tropical ecosystems? Ecol. Econ. 34, 293-300.
10. Beattie A. J. (1992) Discovering new biological resources - chance or reason? BioScience 42, 290-2.
11. Beattie A. J. & Ehrlich P. R. (2004) Wild Solutions. Yale University Press, New Haven and Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Australia.
12. Beattie A. J., Barthlott W., Elisabetsky E. etal. (2005) New products and industries from biodiversity. In: Ecosystems and Human Well-Being (eds R. Hassan, R. Scholes & N. Ash ), pp. 273-95. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Island Press, Washington D.C.
13. Beche-de-Mer Information Bulletin (2002) Number 17, Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Noumea, New Caledonia.
14. Bellows T. S. & Fisher T. W. (1999) Handbook of Biological Control. 1046pp., Academic Press, New York.
15. Benkendorff K. (2002) Potential conservation benefits and problems associated with bioprospecting in the marine environment. In: A Zoological Revolution: Using Native Fauna to Assist Its Own Survival (eds D. Lunney & C. Dickman ) pp. 90-100. Roy. Zoo. Soc. NSW. Australian Museum, Sydney.
16. Benkendorff K., Davis A. R. & Bremner J. B. (2001) Chemical defense in the egg masses of benthic invertebrates: An assessment of antibacterial activity in 39 mollusks and 4 polychaetes. J. Invert. Path. 78, 109-18.
17. Bernhard C. G., Miller W. H. & Moeller A. R. (1965) The insect corneal nipple array. A biological, broad-band impedance transformer that acts as a antireflection coating. Acta Physiol. Scand. 63, 1-79.
18. Berntsson K. M., Jonsson P. R., Larsson A. I. & Holdt S. (2004) Rejection of unsuitable substrata as a potential driver of aggregated settlement in the barnacle Balanus improvisus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 275, 199-210.
19. Bers A. V., Prendergast G. S., Zurn C. M., Hansson L., Head R. M. & Thomason J. C. (2006a) A comparative study of the anti-settlement properties of mytilid shells. Biol. Lett. 2, 88-91.
20. Bers A. V., D'Souza F., Klijnstra J. W., Willemsen P. R. & Wahl M. (2006b) Chemical defence in mussels: antifouling effects of crude extracts of the periostracum of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Biofouling 22, 21-259.
21. Bers A. V., Diaz E. R., da Gama B. A. P. etal. (2010) Relevance of mytilid shell microtopographies for fouling defence - a global comparsion. Biofouling 26, 367-77.
22. Blanche R. & Cunningham S. A. (2005) Rain forest provides pollinating beetles for Atemoya crops. J. Econ. Entomol. 98, 1193-201.
23. Blanford S., Chan B. H. K., Jenkins N. etal. (2005) Fungal pathogen reduces potential for malarial transmission. Science 308, 1638-40.
24. Bolser R. C. & Hay M. E. (1996) Are tropical plants better defended? palatability and defenses of temperate vs. tropical seaweeds. Ecology 77, 2269-86.
25. Bolser R. C., Hay M. E., Lindquist N., Fenical W. & Wilson D. (1998) Chemical defenses of freshwater macrophytes against crayfish herbivory. J. Chem. Ecol. 24, 1639-58.
26. Bottjer D. J. (1981) Periostracum of the gastropod Fusitriton oregonensis: Natural inhibitor of boring and encrusting organisms. Bull. Mar. Sci. 31, 916-21.
27. Burgess J. G., Jordan E. M., Bregu M., Mearns-Spragg A. & Boyd K. G. (1999) Microbial antagonism: A neglected avenue of natural products research. J. Biotechnol. 70, 27-32.
28. Callow M. E., Jennings A. R., Brennan A. B. etal. (2002) Microtopographic cues for settlement of zoospores of the green fouling alga. Biofouling 18, 229-36.
29. Carman M. L., Estes T. G., Feinberg A. W. etal. (2006) Engineered antifouling microtopograhies - correlating wettability with cell attachment. Biofouling 22, 11-21.
30. Carton A. G., Jeffs A. G., Foote G., Palmer H. & Bilton J. (2007) Evaluation of methods for assessing the retention of seed mussels (Perna canaliculus) prior to seeding for grow-out. Aquaculture 262, 521-7.
31. Cetrulo G. L. & Hay M. E. (2000) Activated chemical defenses in tropical versus temperate seaweeds. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 207, 243-53.
32. Chaplin R. C., Gordon J. E. & Jeronimidis G. (1983) Development of a novel fibrous composite material. Patent No. 4409274, USA.
33. Chapman T. (2004) The leading edge. Nature 430, 109-19.
34. Cheyne I. (2010) Regulation of marine antifouling in international and EC law. In: Biofouling (eds S. Durr & J. C. Thomason ) pp. 306-18 (Chapter 21). Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, UK. ISBN 978-1-4051-6926-4.
35. Clardy J., Fischbach M. A. & Currie C. R. (2009) The natural history of antibiotics. Curr. Biol. 19, R437-41.
36. Clardy J., Fischbach M. A. & Walsh C. T. (2006) New antibiotics from bacterial natural products. Nat. Biotechnol. 24, 1541-50.
37. Coley P. D., Heller M. V. & Aizprua R. (2003) Uses of ecological criteria in designing plant collection strategies for drug discovery. Front. Ecol. Environ. 1, 421-8.
38. Collini E., Wong C. Y., Wilk K. E., Curmi P., Brumer P. & Scholes G. D. (2010) Coherently wired light-harvesting in photosynthetic marine algae at ambient temperature. Nature 463, 644-7.
39. Cronin G. & Hay M. E. (1996a) Induction of seaweed chemical defenses by amphipod grazing. Ecology 77, 2287-301.
40. Cronin G. & Hay M. E. (1996b) Within-plant variation in seaweed palatability and chemical defenses: optimal defense theory versus the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis. Oecologia 105, 361-8.
41. Demain A. L. (2000) Small bugs, big business: The economic power of the microbe. Biotech. Adv. 18, 499-514.
42. Demain A. L. (2009) Biosolutions to the energy problem. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 36, 319-32.
43. Durr S. & Watson D. I. (2010) Biofouling and antifouling in aquaculture. In: Biofouling (eds S. Durr & J. C. Thomason ) pp. 267-87. (Chapter 19). Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex.
44. Dutfield G. & Suthersanen U. (2008) Global Intellectual Property Law. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.
45. Ebel R., Brenzinger M., Kunze A., Gross H. J. & Proksch P. (1997) Wound activation of protoxins in marine sponge Aplysina aerophoba. J. Chem. Ecol. 23, 1451-62.
46. Edyvean R. (2010) Consequences of fouling on shipping. In: Biofouling (eds S. Durr & J. C. Thomason ) pp. 217-25. (Chapter 15). Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, UK. ISBN 978-1-4051-6926-4.
47. Farnsworth N. R. & Soejarto D. D. (1985) Potential consequence of plant extinction in the United States on the current and future availability of prescription drugs. Econ. Bot. 39, 231-40.
48. Fearnside P. M. (2003) Desafios estratégicos para ciência e tecnologia na Amazônia. In: A Floresta Amazônica Nas Mudanças Globais (ed. P. M. Fearnside ) pp. 115-24. INPA, Manaus.
49. Finger J. M. & Schuler P. (2004) Poor People's Knowledge. World Bank & Oxford University Press, Washington DC.
50. Fischbach M. A. & Walsh C. T. (2009) Antibiotics for emerging pathogens. Science 325, 1089-93.
51. Galusha J. W., Jorgensen M. R. & Bartl M. H. (2009) Bioinspired photonic crystals: Diamond-structured titania photonic-bandgapcrystals from biological templates. Adv. Mater. 22, 3-9. DOI: 10.1002/adma.200990184.
52. Ganapathy S., Oostergetel G. T., Wawrzyniak P. K. etal. (2009) Alrenating syn-anti bacteriochlorophylls form concentric helical nanotubes in chlorosomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 8525-30.
53. Guenther J., Carl C. & Sunde L. M. (2009) The effects of colour and copper on the settlement of the hydroid Ectopleura larynx on aquaculture nets in Norway. Aquaculture 292, 252-5.
54. Guenther J. & de Nys R. (2006) Differential community development of fouling species on the pearl oysters Pinctada fucata, Pteria penguin and Pteria chinensis (Bivalvia, Pteriidae). Biofouling 23, 413-8.
55. Guenther J., Southgate P. C. & de Nys R. (2006) The effect of age and shell size on accumulation of fouling organisms on the Akoya pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould). Aquaculture 253, 366-73.
56. Hallam B. T., Hiorns A. G. & Vukusic P. (2009) Developing optical efficiency through optimized coating structure: Biomimetic inspiration from white beetles. Appl. Opt. 48, 3243-9.
57. Handel S. N., Robinson G. R. & Beattie A. J. (1994) Biodiversity resources for restoration ecology. Restoration Ecol. 2, 230-41.
58. Harper E. M. & Skelton P. W. (1993) A defensive value of the thickened periostracum in the Mityloidea. Veliger 36, 36-42.
59. Harrington M. J., Masic A., Holten-Andersen N., Waite J. H. & Fratzl P. (2010) Iron-clad fibres: A metal-based biological strategy for hard flexible coatings. Science 328, 216-20.
60. Hawkins B. (2008) Plants for Life: Medicinal Plant Conservation. BGCI Publications, Richmond, UK.
61. Hay M. E. (2009) Marine chemical ecology: Chemical signals and cues structure marine populations, communities, and ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 1, 193-212.
62. Hay M. E., Paul V. J., Lewis S. M., Gustafson K., Tucker J. & Trindell R. (1988) Can tropical seaweeds reduce herbivory by growing at night?: Diel patterns of growth, nitrogen content, herbivory, and chemical versus morphological defenses. Oecologia 75, 233-45.
63. Helson J. E., Capson T. L., Johns T., Aiello A. & Windsor D. M. (2009) Ecological and evolutionary bioprospecting: Using aposematic insects as guides to rainforest plants active against disease. Front. Ecol. Environ. 7, 130-4.
64. Henderson P. (2010) Fouling ans antifouling in other industries - power stations, desalination plants - drinking water supplies and sensors. In: Biofouling (eds S. Durr & J. C. Thomason ) pp. 288-305. (Chapter 20). Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, UK. ISBN 978-1-4051-6926-4.
65. Hepworth D. G., Vincent J. F. V., Stringer G. & Jeronimidis G. (2002) Variations in the morphology of wood structure can explain why hardwood species of similar density have very different resistances to impact and compressive loading. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A. 360, 255-72.
66. Hogan D. A. & Kolter R. (2002) Pseudomonas-Candida interactions: An ecological role for virulence factors. Science 296, 2229-31.
67. Hunt B. & Vincent A. C. J. (2006) Scale and sustainability of marine bioprospecting for pharmaceuticals. Ambio 35, 57-64.
68. INBio (2009) Annual Report, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo, Costa Rica: Available from URL: .
69. Kala C. P. (2005) Indigenous uses, population density, and conservation of threatened medicinal plants in protected areas of the Indian Himalayas. Cons. Biol. 19, 368-78.
70. Kambris Z., Cook P. E., Phuc H. K. & Sinkins S. P. (2009) Immune activation by life-shortening Walbachia and reduced filarial competence in mosquitoes. Science 326, 134-6.
71. Kicklighter C. E. & Hay M. E. (2006) Integrating prey defensive traits: contrasts of marine worms from temperate and tropical habitats. Ecol. Monog. 76, 195-215.
72. Klein A. M., Vaissier B. E., Cane J. H. etal. (2007) Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc. Biol. Sci. 274, 303-13.
73. Konstantinidis K. T., Serres M. H., Romine M. F. etal. (2009) Comparative systems biology across an evolutionary gradient within the Shewanella genus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 15909-14. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0902000106.
74. Kroger N. (2009) The molecular basis of nacre formation. Science 325, 1351-3.
75. Kubanek J., Jensen P. R., Keifer P. A., Sullards C., Collins D. O. & Fenical W. (2003) Seaweed resistance to microbial attack: A targeted chemical defense against marine fungi. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 100, 6916-21.
76. Kursar T. A., Caballero-george C. C., Capson T. L. etal. (2006) Securing economic benefits and promoting conservation through bioprospecting. BioScience 56, 1005-12.
77. Laird S. A., ed. (2002) Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge. Earthscan Publications, London.
78. Lee H., dellatore S. M., Miller W. M. & Messersmith P. B. (2007) Mussel-inspired surface chemistry for multifunctional coatings. Science 318, 426-30.
79. Lewis J. A. & Coutts D. M. (2010) Biofouling invasions. Chapter 24 in Biofouling. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6926-4Long CJ, Schumacher JF, Brennan AB 2009. Potential for tunable static and dynamic contact angle anisotropy on gradient microscale patterned topogrpahies. Langmuir 25, 12982-9.
80. Li J. W. H. & Vederas J. C. (2009) Drug discovery and natural products: end of an era or an endless frontier? Science 325, 161-5.
81. Long J. D. & Hay M. E. (2006) When intraspecific exceeds interspecific variance: Effects of phytoplankton morphology and growth phase on copepod feeding and fitness. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51, 988-96.
82. Long J. D., Smalley G. W., Barsby T., Anderson J. T. & Hay M. E. (2007) Chemical cues induce consumer-specific defenses in a bloom-forming marine phytoplankton. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 104, 10512-7.
83. Lopanik N. B., Targett N. M. & Lindquist N. (2006) Ontogeny of a symbiont-produced chemical defense in Bugula neritina (Bryozoa). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 327, 183-91.
84. Lynch C. (2008) How do your data grow. Nature 455, 28-9.
85. Mackintosh J. A., Veal D. A., Beattie A. J. & Gooley A. A. (1998) Isolation from an ant Myrmecia gulosa of two inducible O-glycosylated proline-rich antibacterial peptides. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 6139-43.
86. McNeely J. A. (2006) Risks to people of losing medicinal species. In: The Conservation of Medicinal Species (ed. S. Miththapala ) pp. 17-31. IUCN, Gland.
87. Maguire L. A. & Justus J. (2008) Why intrinsic value is a poor basis for conservation decisions. BioScience 58, 910-1.
88. Mao-che L., Payri C., Le Campion T., Boury-Esnault N., Bezac C. & Golubic S. (1996) Biodegradation of shells of the black pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera var. cumingii, by microborers and sponges of French Polynesia. Mar. Biol. 126, 509-19.
89. Martinez-Balleste A., Martorell C., Martinez-Ramos M. & Caballero J. (2005) Applying retrospective models to assess sustainable use: The Maya management of xa'an palms. Ecol. Soc. 10, 17.
90. Methe B. A., Nelson K. E., Eisen J. A. etal. (2003) Genome of Geobacter sulfurreducens: metal reduction in subsurface environments. Science 302, 1967-70.
91. Mgbeoji I. (2006) Global Biopiracy: Patents, Plants and Indigenous Knowledge. 312pp, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
92. Millar N. L., Bradley T. A., Walsh N. A., Appleyard R. C., Tyler M. J. & Murrell G. A. C. (2009) Frog glue enhances rotator cuff repair in a laboratory cadaveric model. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg. 18, 639-45.
93. Mlot C. (2009) Antibiotics in nature: Beyond biological warfare. Science 324, 1637-9.
94. Munk T., Kane D. & Yebra D. M. (2009) The efects of corrosion and fouling on the performance of ocean-going vessels: A naval architectural perspective. In: Advances in Marine Antifouling Coatings and Technologies (eds C. Hellio & P. M. Yebra ) pp. 209-35 (Chapter 7). Woodhead Publishing - CRC Press, Cambridge, UK. ISBN 978-1-84569-386-2.
95. Nelson L. (2004) Venemous snails: One slip, and you're dead. Nature 429, 798-9.
96. Nelson B. (2009) Data sharing: Empty archives. Nature 461, 160-3.
97. Neuman Y. (2006) Cryptobiosis: A new theoretical perspective. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 92, 258-67.
98. Newman R. M., Kerfoot W. C. & Hanscom Z. (1996) Watercress allelochemical defends high-nitrogen foliage against consumption: Effects on freshwater invertebrate herbivores. Ecology. 77, 2312-23.
99. de Nys R. & Steinberg P. D. (2002) Linking marine biology and biotechnology. Curr. Op. Biotech. 13, 244-8.
100. de Nys R., Guenther J. & Uriz M. J. (2010) Natural control of fouling. In: Biofouling (eds S. Durr & J. C. Thomason ) pp. 109-20. (Chapter 8). Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, UK. ISBN 978-1-4051-6926-4.
101. Page H. M., Dugan J. E. & Piltz F. (2010) Fouling and antifouling in oil and other offshore industries. In: Biofouling (eds S. Durr & J. C. Thomason ) pp. 252-66. (Chapter 18). Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex.
102. Pagiola S., Bishop J. & Landell-Mills N. (2002) Selling Forest Environmental Services: Market-Based Mechanisms for Conservation and Development. Earthscan, London.
103. Paterson I. & Anderson E. A. (2005) The renaissance of natural products as drug candidates. Science 310, 451-3.
104. Patzold B., Leaman D. & Honnef S. (2006) Sustainable Wild Collection of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: The Need for an International Standard. Traffic Bull. 21, 40-5.
105. Paul V. J. & Van Alstyne K. L. (1988) Chemical defense and chemical variation in some tropical Pacific species of Halimeda (Halimedaceae; Chlorophyta). Coral Reefs 6, 263-70.
106. Paul V. J. & Van Alstyne K. L. (1992) Activation of chemical defenses in the tropical green algae Halimeda spp. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 160, 191-203.
107. Pennings S. C., Ho C. K., Salgado C. S. etal. (2009) Latitudinal variation in herbivore pressure in Atlantic Coast salt marshes. Ecology 90, 183-95.
108. Peres C. A., Baider C., Zuidema P. A. etal. (2003) Demographic threats to the sustainability of Brazil nut exploitation. Science 302, 2112-5.
109. Petronis S., Berntsson K., Gold J. & Gatenholm P. (2000) Design and microstructuring of PDMS surfaces for improved marine biofouling resistance. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 11, 1051-72.
110. Plomion C., Leprovost G. & Stokes A. (2001) Wood formation in trees. Plant Physiol. 127, 1513-23.
111. Powell D. B., Palm R. C. J., MacKenzie A. P. & Winton J. R. (2009) Extremeophile extracts and enhancement techniques show promise for the development of a live vaccine against Flavobacterium columnare. Cryobiology 59, 158-63.
112. Prusak A. C., O'Neal J. & Kubanek J. (2005) Prevalence of chemical defenses among freshwater plants. J. Chem. Ecol. 31, 1145-60.
113. Ralston E. & Swain G. (2009) Bioinspiration - the solution for biofouling control? Bioinsp. Biomim. 4, 1-9.
114. Ratsirarson J., Silander J. A. & Richard A. F. (1996) Conservation and management of a threatened Madagascar palm species, Neodypsis decaryi Jumelle. Cons. Biol. 10, 40-52.
115. Rawlings D. E. & Johnson D. B. (2007) The microbiology of biomining: Development and optimization of mineral-oxidising microbial consortia. Microbiology 153, 315-24.
116. Reid W. V., Laird S. A., Meyer C. A. etal. (1993) Biodiversity Prospecting: Using Genetic Resources for Sustainable Development. 341pp. World Resources Institute, Washington DC.
117. Reith F., Etschmann B., Grosse C. etal. (2009) Mechanisms of gold biomineralization in the bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 17757-62. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904583106.
118. Ricketts T. H., Daily G. C., Ehrlich P. R. & Michener C. D. (2004) Economic value of tropical forest to coffee production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 12579-82.
119. Rodriguez-Buritica S., Orjuela M. A. & Galeano G. (2005) Demography and life history of geonoma orbignyana: and understory palm used as foliage in Colombia. For. Ecol. Manage. 211, 1-4.
120. Roe D. & Elliott J., eds (2010) Poverty and Biodiversity Conservation. Earthscan, London.
121. Room P. M., Harley K. L. S., Forno I. W. & Sands D. P. A. (1981) Successful biological control of the floating weed Salvinia. Nature 294, 78-80.
122. Sánchez A. & Yebra D. M. (2009) Ageing tests and long-term performance of marine antifouling coatings. In: Advances in Marine Antifouling Coatings and Technologies (eds C. Hellio & P. M. Yebra ) pp. 470-513. (Chapter 16). Woodhead Publishing - CRC Press, Cambridge, UK. ISBN 978-1-84569-386-2.
123. Scardino A. J. & de Nys R. (2004) Fouling deterrence on the bivalve shell Mytilus galloprovincialis: A physical phenomenon? Biofouling 20, 249-57.
124. Scardino A. J., de Nys R., Ison O., O'connor W. & Steinberg P. (2003) Microtopography and antifouling properties of the shell surface of the bivalve molluscs Mytilus galloprovincialis and Pinctada imbricata. Biofouling 19, 221-30.
125. Scardino A. J., Guenther J. & de Nys R. (2008) Attachment point theory revisited: The fouling response to a microtextured matrix. Biofouling 24, 45-53.
126. Scardino A. J., Harvey E. & de Nys R. (2006) Testing attachment point theory: Diatom attachment on microtextured polyimide biomimics. Biofouling 22, 55-60.
127. Scardino A. J., Hudleston D., Peng Z., Paul N. A. & de Nys R. (2009a) Biomimetic characterisation of key surface parameters for the development of fouling resistant materials. Biofouling 25, 83-93.
128. Scardino A. J., Zhang H., Cookson D. J., Lamb R. N. & de Nys R. (2009b) The role of nano-roughness in antifouling. Biofouling 25, 757-67.
129. Schumacher J. F., Aldred N., Callow M. E. etal. (2007b) Species-specific engineered antifouling topographies: Correlations between the settlement of lagal zoospores and barnacle cyprids. Biofouling 23, 307-17.
130. Schumacher J. F., Carman M. L., Estes T. G. etal. (2007a) Engineered antifouling microtopographies - effect of feature size, geometry, and roughness on settlement of zoospores of the green alga Ulva. Biofoulin. 23, 55-62.
131. Schumacher J. F., Long C. J., Callow M. E., Finlay J. A., Callow J. A. & Brennan A. B. (2008) Engineered nanoforce gradients from inhibition of settlement (attachment) of swimming algal spores. Langmuir. 24, 4931-7.
132. Seeman N. C. & Belcher A. M. (2002) Emulating biology: Building nanostructures from the bottom up. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (Suppl. 2), 6451-5.
133. Selander E., Thor P., Toth G. & Pavia H. (2006) Copepods induce paralytic shellfish toxin production in marine dinoflagellates. Proc. Biol. Sci. 273, 1673-80.
134. Shanley P. & Luz L. (2003) The impacts of forest degradation on medicinal plant use and implications for health care in Eastern Amazonia. BioScience 53, 573-90.
135. Shao H. & Stewart R. J. (2010) Biomimetic underwater adhesives with environmentally triggered setting mechanisms. Adv. Mater. 22, 729-33.
136. Siebert S. F. (2002) demographic effects of collecting rattan cane and their implications for sustainable harvesting. Cons. Biol. 18, 424-31.
137. Siska E. L., Pennings S. C., Buck T. L. & Hanisak M. D. (2002) Latitudinal variation in palatability of salt-marsh plants: Which traits arearesponsible? Ecology 83, 3369-81.
138. Stow A., Briscoe D., Gillings M. etal. (2007) Antimicrobial defences increase with sociality in bees. Biol. Lett. 3, 422-4.
139. Sudek S., Lopanik N. B., Waggoner L. E. etal. (2007) Identification of the putative bryostatin polyketide synthase gene cluster from 'Candidatus Endobugula sertula', the uncultivated microbial symbiont of the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina. J. Nat. Prod. 70, 67-74.
140. Taylor R. B., Lindquist N., Kubanek J. & Hay M. E. (2003) Intraspecific variance in palatability and defensive chemistry of brown seaweeds: effects on herbivore fitness. Oecologia 136, 412-23.
141. Taylor R. B., Sotka E. & Hay M. E. (2002) Tissue-specific induction of herbivore resistance: seaweed response to amphipod grazing. Oecologia 132, 68-76.
142. Ten Haller-Tjabbes C. C. & Walmsley S. (2010) Consequences of antifouling systems - an environmental perspective. In: Biofouling (eds S. Durr & J. C. Thomason ) pp. 243-51 (Chapter 17). Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, UK. ISBN 978-1-4051-6926-4.
143. Ten Kate K. & Laird S. A. (1999) The Commercial Use of Biodiversity. Earthscan Publications, London.
144. Toth G. B. (2007) Screening for induced herbivore resistance in Swedish intertidal seaweeds. Mar. Biol. 151, 1597-604.
145. Toth G. B. & Pavia H. (2000) Water borne cues induce chemical defense in a marine alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 11418-20.
146. Toth G. B. & Pavia H. (2007) Induced herbivore resistance in seaweeds: A meta-analysis. J. Ecol. 95, 425-34.
147. Vince G. (2010) From one farmer, hope and reason for worry. Science 327, 798-800.
148. Vincent J. F. V. (2001) Deployable structures in nature. In: Deployable Structures (ed. S. Pellegrino ) pp. 37-50. Springer-Verlag, Vienna.
149. Vogel G. (2010) For more protien, filet of cricket. Science 327, 811.
150. Vukusic P. & Sambles J. R. (2003) Photonic structures in biology. Nature 424, 852-5.
151. Wahl M. (2010) Epibiosis. In: Biofouling (eds S. Durr & J. C. Thomason ) pp. 100-8. (Chapter 7). Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, UK. ISBN 978-1-4051-6926-4.
152. Wahl M., Kroger K. & Lenz M. (1998) Non-toxic protection against epibiosis. Biofouling 12, 205-26.
153. Webster D. C. & Chisholm B. J. (2010) New directions in antifouling technology. In: Biofouling (eds S. Durr & J. C. Thomason ) pp. 366-87 (Chapter 25). Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, West Sussex, UK. ISBN 978-1-4051-6926-4.
154. Wolfe G. V., Steinke M. & Kirst G. O. (1997) Grazing-activated chemical defence in a unicellular marine alga. Nature 387, 894-7.
155. Yeh C. M., Kao B. Y. & Peng H. J. (2009) Production of a recombinant type 1 antifreeze protein analogue by Lactococcus lactis and its application on frozen meat and frozen dough. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57, 6216-23.
156. Zbikowska H. A. (2003) Fish can be first: Advances in fish transgenesis for commercial applications. Transgenic Res. 12, 379-89.
157. Zheljazkov V. D., Avula B., Jones A. M., Maddox V. & Rowe D. E. (2009) Lignan and nutrient concentrations in American Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum L.) in the Eastern United States. HortScience 44, 349-53.
158. Zuidema P. A. & Boot R. G. A. (2002) Demography of the Brazil Nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) in the Bolivian Amazon: Impact of seed extraction on recruitment and population dynamics. J. Trop. Ecol. 18, 1-31.