The Neoproterozoic layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion of Gabal Imleih, south Sinai, Egypt: Implications of post-collisional magmatism in the north Arabian-Nubian Shield

Journal of African Earth Sciences

Volumn 60, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 253-272

  Azer, M K ^a   El Gharbawy, R I ^b  

^a NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (Egypt)

^b Ain Shams University   (Egypt)

Author keywords

Arabian Nubian Shield; Layered intrusion; Neoproterozoic; Post collision; Sinai

Indexed keywords

CHROMITE; FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION; GABBRO; LAYERED INTRUSION; MAFIC ROCK; MAGMA CHAMBER; MAGMATISM; PROTEROZOIC; SPINEL; TECTONIC SETTING; ULTRAMAFIC ROCK;

ARABIAN SHIELD; EGYPT; NUBIAN SHIELD; SINAI;

EID: 79955413064     PISSN: 1464343X     EISSN: 1464343X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.03.010     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Abdel Kader, Z., Hafez, A.M.A., 1985. Petrogenesis of the zoned mafic-ultramafic complex of Abu Hamamid, Egypt. In: Proceeding of Second Jordanian Geological Conference, Amman, 175-196.
2. Abdel Khalek M.I., Abdel Maksoud M.A., Abdel Tawab M.A., El-Bedawi M.A. An ophiolite-mélange complex south of Dahab, Sinai, Egypt. Annals of Geological Survey of Egypt XX 1994, 1:18.
3. Abdel-Karim A.M. Petrographic and chemical characterization of Fe-Ti oxides and sulfides hosted in mafic intrusions, south Sinai, Egypt: implication for genesis. Journal of Geology and Mining Research 2009, 1(3):76-93.
4. Abdel-Karim, A.M., 2002. Pan-African intrusive gabbros from Wadi Madi, south Eastern Desert, Egypt: petrology, geochemistry and Geochronology. 6th International Conference on the Geology of the Arab World, Cairo University, 67-80.
5. Abu Anbar M.M. Petrogenesis of the Nesryin gabbroic intrusion in SW Sinai, Egypt: new contributions from mineralogy, geochemistry, Nd and Sr isotopes. Mineralogy and Petrology 2009, 95:87-103.
6. Abu El-Enen M.M., Makroum F.M. Tectonometamorphic evolution of the northeastern Kid Belt, Southeast Sinai, Egypt. Annals of Geological Survey of Egypt VXXVI 2003, 19:37.
7. Ali K.A., Stern R.J., Manton W.I., Kimura J.-I., Khamis H.A. Geochemistry, Nd isotopes, and U-Pb SHRIMP zircon dating of Neoproterozoic volcanic rocks from the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt: new insights into the 750 Ma Crust-Forming Event. PrecambrianResearch 2009, 171:1-22.
8. Ali K.A., Azer M.K., Wilde S.A., Stern R.J., Gahlan H.A., Samuel M.D. Age of formation and emplacement of Neoproterozoic ophiolites and related rocks along the Allaqi Suture, south Eastern Desert, Egypt. Gondwana Research 2010, 18:583-595.
9. Avigad D., Gvirtzman Z. Late Neoproterozoic rise and fall of the northern Arabian-Nubian shield: the role of lithospheric mantle delamination and subsequent thermal subsidence. Tectonophysics 2009, 477:217-228.
10. Azer M.K. Tectonic significance of Late Precambrian calc-alkaline and alkaline magmatism in Saint Katherina area, South Sinai, Egypt. Geologica Acta 2007, 5(3):255-272.
11. Azer M.K., Stern R.J. Neoproterozoic (835-720 Ma) serpentinites in the Eastern Desert, Egypt: fragments of fore-arc mantle. The Journal of Geology 2007, 115:457-472.
12. Basta E.Z., Takla M.A. Distribution of opaque minerals and the origin of the gabbroic rocks of Egypt. Bulletin of Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University 1974, 47:347-364.
13. Basta E.Z. Natural and synthetic titano-magnetites (the system Fe2O3-Fe2TiO4-FeTiO3) Neues Jb. Mineralogic 1960, 94:1017-1048.
14. Basta F.F. Petrology and mineral chemistry of Alam Layered intrusion, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Delta Journal of Sciences 1990, 14:1055-1093.
15. Basta F.F. Mineralogy and petrology of some gabbroic intrusions in Sinai and the Eastern Desert, Egypt. Annals of Geological Survey of Egypt 1998, 21:239-271.
16. Basta, F.F., Takla, M.A., Bakhit, B.R., 1996. Gold mineralization of Atalla and Semna areas, Eastern Desert, Egypt. 3rd International Conference on Geology of the Arab World, Cairo University, 63-86.
17. Be'eri-Shlevin Y., Katzir Y., Whitehouse M.J. Post-collisional tectono-magmatic evolution in the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS): time constraints from ion-probe U-Pb dating of zircon. Journal of Geological Society 2009, 166:71-85.
18. Bentor Y.K. The crustal evolution of the Arabo-Nubian massif with special reference to the Sinai Peninsula. Precambrian Research 1985, 28:1-74.
19. Bentor, Y.K., Eyal, M., 1987. The geology of Sinai, its implication for the evolution of the Arabo-Nubian Massif, Jebel Sabbagh sheet. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 484pp.
20. Beyth M., Stern R., Altherr R., Kröner A. The late Precambrian Timna igneous complex, Southern Israel: evidence for comagmatic-type sanukitoid monzodiorite and alkali granite magma. Lithos 1994, 31:103-124.
21. Bielski, M., 1982. Stages in the evolution of the Arabian-Nubian Massif in Sinai, Ph.D. Thesis, Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem, 155pp.
22. Blasband B., White S., Brooijmans P., De Broorder H., Visser W. Late Proterozoic extensional collapse in the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Journal of Geological Society of London 2000, 157:615-628.
23. Bonatti E., Michael P.J. Mantle peridotites from continental rifts to oceanic basins to subduction zones. Earth Planetary Science and letters 1989, 91:297-311.
24. Buddington A.F., Lindsley D.H. Iron-titanium oxide minerals and synthetic equivalents. Journal of Petrology 1964, 5:310-357.
25. Claeson D.T., Meurer W.P. Fractional crystallization of hydrous basaltic ''arc type" magmas and the formation of amphibole-bearing gabbroic cumulates. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2004, 147:288-304.
26. Cox K.G., Bell J.D., Pankhurst R.J. The Interpretation of Igneous Rocks 1979, Allen & Unwin, London, 450 pp.
27. Deer W.A., Howie R.A., Zussman J. An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals 1992, Longman, Scientific and Technical, London, 696pp. 2nd ed.
28. Dick H.B., Bullen T. Chromian spinel as a petrogenetic indicator in abyssal and Alpine-type peridotites and spatially associated lavas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1984, 86:54-76.
29. Dixon T.H. Gebel Dahanib, Egypt: a late Precambrian layered sill of komatiitic composition. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1981, 76:42-52.
30. El Amawy M.A., Wetait M.A., Mehanna A.M., Soliman F.A., Ghabour Y. Geology and structural evolution of the basement rocks of Imlig area, southwest Sinai, Egypt. Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt XXVII 2004, 19:33.
31. El Bahariya G.A., Arai S. Petrology and origin of Pan-African serpentinites with particular reference to chromian spinel compositions, Eastern Desert, Egypt: implication for supra-subduction zone ophiolite. Third International Conference on the Geology of Africa 2003, Assiut University, Egypt, pp. 371-388.
32. El-Gaby, S., 2007. Integrated classification and evolution of the Neoproterozoic Pan-African Belt in Egypt. 5th The Fifth International Conference on the Geology of Africa, vol. 1, pp. 143-154.
33. El-Gaby S., List F.K., Tehrani R. Geology, evolution and metallogenesis of the Pan-African belt in Egypt. The Pan-African belt of northeast Africa and adjacent areas 1988, 17-66. Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Germany. S. El-Gaby, R.O. Greiling, (Eds.).
34. El-Gaby S., List F.K., Tehrani R. The basement complex of the Eastern Desert and Sinai. The Geology of Egypt 1990, 175-184. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam. R. Said (Ed.).
35. El-Gharbawy R.I.A., Hassen I.S. The late Precambrian metagabbro-diorite comlex, Wadi Melheg area, southeastern Sinai, Egypt: an active continental margn setting. Annals of Geological Survey of Egypt XXIV 2001, 131:158.
36. El-Metwally A.A. Pan-African post-orogenic gabbro cumulates from Sinai massif, "Egypt": geochemistry and mineral chemistry. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1992, 14(2):217-225.
37. El-Metwally, A.A., 1997a. Petrogenesis of gabbroic rock intrusions from south-central Sinai massif: a transition from arc to intraplate magmatism. The 3rd International Conference on Geochemistry, Alexandria, 49-66.
38. El-Metwally A.A. Origin and emplacement of a reversely zoned, Pan-African granitoid pluton from the Sinai Massif, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1997, 24:29-38.
39. El-Metwally, A.A., Abdallah, Sh., 2004. Petrography and geochemistry of intrusive younger gabbros of Wadi Nisryin and Wadi El-Bida areas, south Sinai, Egypt. Proceeding of the 7th Conference of Sinai for Development, Ismailia, 93-109.
40. El-Ramly, M.F., 1972. A new geological map for the basement rocks in the Eastern and Southwestern Deserts of Egypt. Annals of Geological Survey of Egypt. II, 1-18.
41. El-Sayed M.M. Neoproterozoic magmatism in NW Sinai, Egypt: magma source and evolution of collision related intracrustal anatectic leucogranite. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2003, 92:145-164.
42. El-Tokhi M.M., Katta L.A. Geochemistry, mineral chemistry and petrogenetic evolution of intrusive gabbro-diorite complex, SW Sinai, Egypt. Egyptian Mineralogist 1993, 5:81-103.
43. Essawy M.A., El-Metwally A.A., Althaus E. Pan-African layered mafic-ultramafic-mafic cumulate complex in the SW Sinai massif: mineralogy, geochemistry and crustal growth. Chemie der Erde 1997, 57:137-156.
44. Essawy M.A., El-Metwally A.A., Katta L.A., Darwish N.K. Younger granites and pegmatites from Taba area, southeastern Sinai, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Geology 1997, 41(1):495-518.
45. Eyal, M., Bartov, Y., Shimron, A.E., Bentor, Y.K., 1980, Sinai geological map, aeromagnetic map, Survey of Israel, Scale: 1:500 000, 1 sheet.
46. Eyal M., Litvinovsky B., Jahn B.M., Zanvilevich A., Katzir Y. Origin and evolution of post-collisional magmatism: coeval Neoproterozoic calc-alkaline and alkaline suites of the Sinai Peninsula. Chemical Geology 2010, 269:153-179.
47. Farahat E.S. Chrome-spinels in serpentinites and talc carbonates of the El Ideid-El-Sodmein District, central Eastern Desert, Egypt: their metamorphism and petrogenetic implications. Chemie der Erde 2008, 68:193-205.
48. Farahat E.S., Helmy H.M. Abu Hamamid Neoproterozoic Alaskan-type complex, south Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2006, 45:187-197.
49. Farahat E.S., Mohamed H.A., Ahmed A.F., El Mahallawi M.M. Origin of I- and A-type granitoids from the Eastern Desert of Egypt: implications for crustal growth in the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2007, 49:43-58.
50. Finger F., Helmy H.M. Composition and total-Pb model ages of monazite from high-grade paragenesis in the Abu Swayel area, south Eastern Desert, Egypt. Mineralogy and Petrology 1998, 62:269-289.
51. Fleet M.E., Barnett R.L. Al(IV)/Al(VI) partitioning in calciferous amphiboles from the mine, Sudbury, Ontario. Canadian Mineralogist 1978, 16:527-532.
52. Garfunkel Z. History and paleogeography during the Pan-African orogen to stable platform transition: reappraisal of the evidence from the Elat area and the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 1999, 48:135-157.
53. Gass I.G. Pan-African (Upper Proterozoic) plate tectonics of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Precambrian Plate Tectonics 1981, 387-405. Elsevier, Amsterdam. A. Kröner (Ed.).
54. Genna A., Nehlig P., Le Goff E., Gguerrot C., Shanti M. Proterozoic tectonism of the Arabian Shield. Precambrian Research 2002, 117:21-40.
55. Ghoneim M.F. Mineral chemistry of some gabbroic rocks of the central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1989, 9:289-295.
56. Ghoneim M.F., Takla M.A., Lebda E. The gabbroic rocks of Central Eastern Desert, Egypt: a geochemical approach. Annals of Geological Survey of Egypt 1992, 18:1-21.
57. Girardeau J., Mevel C. Amphibolitized sheared gabbros from ophiolites as indicators of the evolution of the oceanic crust: bay of islands, Newfoundland. Earth Planetary Science Letter 1982, 61:151-165.
58. Hassen I., El-Gharbawy R.I., El-Sherief H. Geochemistry and petrogenetic implications of the late Precambrian granitoids of Wadi Feiran, Sinai, Egypt. Annals of Geological Survey of Egypt XXVIII 2005, 133:158.
59. Helmy H.M., El Mahallawi M.M. Gabbro Akarem mafic-ultramafic complex, Eastern Desert, Egypt: a Late Precambrian analogue of Alaskan-type complex. Mineralogy and Petrology 2003, 77:85-108.
60. Irvine T.N., Baragar W.R.A. A guide to the chemical classification of volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1971, 8:523-548.
61. Jarrar G.H., Stern R.J., Saffarini G., Al-Zubi H. Late- and post-orogenic Neoproterozoic intrusions of Jordan: implications for crustal growth in the northernmost segment of the East African orogen. Precambrian Research 2003, 123:295-319.
62. Khalil A.E.S., Azer M.K. Supra-subduction affinity in the Neoproterozoic serpentinites in the Eastern Desert, Egypt: evidence from mineral composition. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2007, 49:136-152.
63. Khudeir A.A. Chromian spinel-silicate chemistry in peridotite and orthopyroxenite relicts from ophiolitic serpentinites, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Bulletin of Faculty of Sciences, Assiut University 1995, 24:221-261.
64. Khudeir, A.A., 1995b. El-Genina El-Gharbia and El-Genina El-Sharkia ultramafic-mafic intrusions, Eastern Desert, Egypt: geology, petrology, geochemistry and petrogenesis. Bulletin of Faculty Sciences, Assiut University 2-F, 177-219.
65. Khudeir, A.A., Abu El-Rus, M., Hoinkes, G., Mogessic, A., El-Gaby, S., 1996. Petrogenesis of the reversely zoned Akarem mafic-ultramafic intrusion, south Eastern Desert, Egypt. Proceeding of Geological Survey of Egypt, Cenn. Conference, 447-464.
66. Kolodner K., Avigad D., McWilliams M., Wooden J.L., Weissbrod T., Feinstein S. Provenance of north Gondwana Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone: U-Pb SHRIMP dating of detrital zircons from Israel and Jordan. Geological Magazine 2006, 143:367-391.
67. Kröner A., Kruger J., Rashwan A.A. Age and tectonic setting of granitoid gneisses in the Eastern Desert of Egypt and south-west Sinai. Geological Rundschau 1994, 83(3):502-513.
68. Kröner, A., 1984. Late Precambrian plate tectonics and orogeny: a need to redefine the term Pan-African. In: Klerkx, J., Michot, J. (Eds.), African Geology, Teruren, 23-26.
69. Kröner A., Eyal M., Eyal Y. Early Pan-African evolution of the basement around Elat, Israel, and the Sinai Peninsula revealed by single-zircon evaporation dating, and implications for crustal accretion rates. Geology 1990, 18:545-548.
70. Kröner A., Linnebacher P., Stern R.J., Reischmann T., Manton W.I., Hussein I.M. Evolution of Pan-African island arc assemblages in the southern Red Sea Hills, Sudan and in southwestern Arabia as exemplified by geochemistry and geochronology. Precambrian Research 1991, 53:99-118.
71. Kusky T.M., Abdelsalam M., Tucker R., Stern R. Evolution of the East African and related orogens, and the Assembly of Gondwana. Precambrian Research 2003, 123:81-85.
72. Le Bas M.J. The role of aluminum in igneous clinopyroxenes with relation to their parentage. American Journal of Sciences 1962, 260:267-288.
73. Leake B.E. Nomenclature of amphiboles: report of the Subcommittee on Amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine 1997, 61:295-321.
74. Madbouly, M.I., 1991. Petrology and geochemistry of some mafic ultramafic rocks of Sinai, Egypt. M. Sc. Thesis, Cairo Univ., 132pp.
75. Meert J.G. A synopsis of events related to the assembly of eastern Gondwana. Tectonophysics 2003, 362:1-40.
76. Mehanna A.M., Soliman F.A. Contribution to the geology of the south western part of Wadi El-Seih area, southwest Sinai, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Geology 1999, 43:197-218.
77. Mehanna A.M., Wetait M.A., El Amawy M.A., Solimani F.A., Ghabour Y. Petrogenesis and metamorphism of the basement rocks of Imlig area, southwest Sinai, Egypt. Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt XXVII 2004, 35:59.
78. Miyashiro A. Nature of Alkalic rock series. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 1978, 66:91-104.
79. Morimoto N., Fabries J., Ferguson A.K., Ginzburg I.V., Ross M., Seifert F.A., Zussman J. Nomenclature of pyroxenes. Mineralogical Magazine 1988, 52:535-550.
80. Moussa H.E. Mineral chemistry and petrochemistry of amphibolite from Taba area. NE Sinai Egyptian Mineralogist 1999, 11:187-210.
81. Moussa H.E. Mineral chemistry and geochemistry of some mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the South Eastern Desert and Sinai, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Geology 2002, 46:213-238.
82. Moussa M.M.E., Stern J.R., Manton W.I., Ali K.A. SHRIMP zircon dating and Sm/Nd isotopic investigations of Neoproterozoic granitoids, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Precambrian Research 2008, 160:341-356.
83. Nickel K.G., Brey G.P., Logarko L. Orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene equilibria in the system CaO-MgO-AleO3-SiO2 (CAMS): new experimental results and implications for two pyroxene thermometry. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 1985, 91:44-53.
84. Obeid M.A., Azer M.K. The inversely zoned I-type granites of Iqna Pluton: a transition evolution case from calc-alkaline to alkaline magmatism in south Sinai, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Geology 2008, 52:1-24.
85. Patchett P.J., Chase C.G. Role of transform continental margins in major crustal growth episodes. Geology 2002, 30:39-42.
86. Pearce J.A. The role of sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins. Continental Basalts, Mantle Xenoliths 1983, Shiva Pub. Limit, p. 230-240. C.J. Hawkesworth, M.J. Norry (Eds.).
87. Pearce J.A., Gorman B.E., Birkett T.C. The relationship between major elements chemistry and tectonic environment of basic and intermediate volcanic rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1977, 36:121-132.
88. Pearce T.H., Gorman B.E., Birkett T.C. The TiO2-K2O-P2O5 diagram: a method of discriminating between oceanic and nonoceanic basalt. Earth Planetary Science and Letters 1975, 24:49-426.
89. Piccardo G.B., Messiga B., Vannucci R. The Zabargad peridotite-pyroxenite association: petrological constraints on its evolution. Tectonophysics 1988, 150:135-162.
90. Platt J.P., England P.C. Convective removal of lithosphere beneath mountain belts: thermal and mechanical consequences. American Journal of Sciences 1993, 293:307-336.
91. Rease P. Al and Ti contents of hornblende, indicators of pressure and temperature of regional metamorphism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 45. 1974, 231-236.
92. Reischmann T., Kröner A. Late Proterozoic island arc volcanics from Gebeit, Red Sea Hills, north-east Sudan. Geologische Rundschau 1994, 83:547-563.
93. Sadek, M.F., El-Ramly, M.F., 1996. Geology, geochemistry and tectonic setting of the layered mafic ultramafic intrusions in Wadi Abu Fas, Wadi Um Domi area, south Eastern Desert, Egypt. Proceeding of Geological Survey, Cenn. Conference, 689-709.
94. Samuel M.D., Moussa H.E., Azer M.K. Petrography and mineral chemistry of Iqna Shar, a volcanic rocks, Central Sinai, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Geology 2001, 45:107-130.
95. Samuel M.D., Moussa H.E., Azer M.K. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Iqna Shar, a volcanic rocks, Central Sinai, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Geology 2001, 45(2):921-940.
96. Schandelmeier H., Richter A., Harms U. Proterozoic deformation of the East Saharan Craton in southeast Libya, south Egypt, and north Sudan. Tectonophysics 1987, 140:233-246.
97. Schott B., Schmeling H. Delamination and detachment of a lithospheric root. Tectonophysics 1998, 296:225-247.
98. Shimron A.E. Proterozoic island arc volcanism and sedimentation in Sinai. Precambrian Research 1980, 12:437-458.
99. Shimron A.E. The Dabab mafic-ultramafic complex: a probable ophiolite of late Proterozoic (Pan-African) age. Ofioliti 1981, 6:161-164.
100. Shimron A.E. Evolution of the Kid Group, southeast Sinai Peninsula: thrusts, mélanges, and implications for accretionary tectonics during the Proterozoic of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Geology 1984, 12:242-247.
101. Sisson T.W., Grove T.L. Experimental investigations of the role of H2O in calc-alkaline differentiation and subduction zone magmatism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1993, 113:143-166.
102. Stern R.J. Arc assembly and continental collision in the Neoproterozoic East African Orogen: implications for the consolidation of Gondwanaland. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science 1994, 22:319-351.
103. Stern R.J. Crustal evolution in the East African Orogen: a neodymium isotopic perspective. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2002, 34:109-117.
104. Stern R.J., Hedge C.E. Geochronologic and isotopic constraints on Late Precambrian crustal evolution in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. American Journal of Sciences 1985, 285:97-127.
105. Stern R.J., Manton W.I. Age of Feiran basement rocks, Sinai: implications for late Precambrian crustal evolution in the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield. Journal of the Geological Society London 1987, 144:569-575.
106. Stern, R.J., Johnson, P.R., Kröner, A., Yibas, B., 2004. Neoproterozoic ophiolites of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. In: Kusky, T.M. (Ed.), Precambrian Ophiolites and Related Rocks: Developments in Precambrian Geology, vol. 13, 95-128.
107. Stromer J.C. The effects of recalculation on estimates of temperatures and oxygen fugacity from analyses of multicomponent iron-titanium oxides. American Mineralogist 1983, 68:586-594.
108. Sultan M., Tucker R.D., Al Alfy Z., Attia R., Ragab A.G. U-Pb (zircon) ages for the gneissc terrane west of the Nile, southern Egypt. Geologcal Rundschau 1994, 83(3):514-522.
109. Takla, M.A., 2002. Economic Potentialities of the Shield and Phanerozoic rocks of Egypt. 6th International Conference on the Geology of Arab World, Cairo Univ. (Abstr.).
110. Takla M.A., Basta E.Z., Fawzi E. Characterization of older and younger gabbros of Egypt. Delta Journal of Sciences 1981, 5:279-314.
111. Takla M.A., Basta F.F., Abdel Tawab M.M., Khaled A.M. The Precambrian rocks of Wadi Watir area, southeastren Sinai. Annals of Geological Survey of Egypt XVII 1991, 37:52.
112. Takla M.A., Basta F.F., Madbouly M.I., Hussein A.A. The mafic-ultramafic intrusions of Sinai, Egypt. Annals of Geological Survey of Egypt 2001, 24:1-40.
113. Takla M.A., Noweir A.M. Mineralogy and mineral chemistry of the ultramafic mass of El-Rubshi, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Neues Jb. Mineralogic 1980, 140:17-28.
114. Takla M.A., Noweir A.M., Ghoneim M., Aly S.M. Ore mineralogy of the serpentinites of Bir El-Kubbania-Um Khors area, Egypt. Chemie de Erde 1975, 34:244-250.
115. Wilson M. Igneous Petrogenesis 1994, Chapman & Hall, London, 466 pp.