Evaluation of secondary post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in the spouses of chemical warfare victims 20 years after the Iran-Iraq war

Psychiatrist

Volumn 35, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 168-175

  Ahmadi, Khodabakhsh ^a   Reshadatjoo, Mahmood ^b   Karami, GholamReza ^a   Sepehrvand, Nariman ^b   Ahmadi, Pegah ^b   Bazargan Hejazi, Shahrzad ^c  

^a BAQIYATALLAH UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b URMIA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^c CHARLES R DREW UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND SCIENCE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MUSTARD GAS;

ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CHEMICAL WARFARE; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; IRAN; IRAQ; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEMORY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREVALENCE; SPOUSE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; VICTIM; WAR;

EID: 79955408457     PISSN: 17583209     EISSN: 17583217     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1192/pb.bp.110.029587     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Ghazanfari T, Faghihzadeh S, Aragizadeh H, Soroush MR, Yaraee R, Mohammad Hassan Z, et al. Sardasht-Iran cohort study of chemical warfare victims: design and methods. Arch Iran Med 2009; 12: 5-14.
2. Washington Post. Poison gas attack kills Kurds. Washington Post 1988; 24 March.
3. Sidell FR, Urbanetti JS, Smith WJ, Vesicants HC. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Textbook of Military Medicine Series. Part 1. Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty. Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1997.
4. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Facts About Sulfur Mustard. CDC, 2006 (http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/sulfurmustard/basics/facts.asp).
5. Fassihi F. In Iran, grim reminders of Saddam's arsenal. The Star Ledger 2002; 27 October.
6. Security Council. Report of Specialists Appointed by the Secretary General to Investigate Allegations by the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the use of Chemical Weapons. United Nations, 1986.
7. Tavallaie SA, Assari S, Najafi M, Habibi M, Ghanei M. Study of sleep disorders among chemical warfare victims [in Persian]. J Mil Med 2004; 6: 241-8.
8. Khateri S, Ghanei M, Keshavarz S, Soroush M, Haines D. Incidence of lung, eye, and skin lesions as late complications in 34,000 Iranians with wartime exposure to mustard agent. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45: 1136-43.
9. Hasani M. Pathology of Chemical Weapons. Chemical warfare victims' Broadcasting Center, 2005.
10. Hashemian F, Khoshnood K, Desai MM, Falahati F, Kasl S, Southwick S. Anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress in Iranian survivors of chemical warfare. JAMA 2006; 296: 560-6.
11. Zarchi K, Akbar A, Naieni KH. Long-term pulmonary complications in combatants exposed to mustard gas: a historical cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2004; 33: 579-81.
12. Ford JD, Schnurr PP, Friedman MJ, Green BL, Adams G, Jex S. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, physical health, and health care utilization 50 years after repeated exposure to a toxic gas. J Trauma Stress 2004; 17: 185-94.
13. Schnurr PP, Friedman MJ, Green BL. Post-traumatic stress disorder among World War II mustard gas test participants. Mil Med 1996; 161: 131-6.
14. Schnurr PP, Ford JD, Friedman MJ, Green BL, Dain BJ. PTSD in WWII mustard gas test participants. A preliminary report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 821: 425-9.
15. Jankowski MK, Schnurr PP, Adams GA, Green BL, Ford JD, Friedman MJ. A mediational model of PTSD in World War II veterans exposed to mustard gas. J Trauma Stress 2004; 17: 303-10.
16. Romano JA, King JM. Psychological casualties resulting from chemical and biological weapons. Mil Med 2001; 166: 21-2.
17. Mohammadi MR, Noori AR. Common psychologic disorders among chemical warfare victims. In Proceedings of the Conference on Neuropsychologic Complications of War, 1993: 147-50. Bonyad Publishing Company, 1993.
18. Haghdadi G, Parchami M. Comparisonal survey of disabled people (Janbazan) with severe psychologic symptoms among two groups exposed or nonexposed to chemical agents. In Proceedings of the Conference on Neuropsychologic Complications of War, 1993: 508-31. Bonyad Publishing Company, 1993.
19. Vafaei B, Seidy A. Study of the prevalence and intensity of depression in 100 devotees with chemical and non-chemical war injuries (30-70%) of imposed war in Tabriz. J Mil Med 2003; 2: 105-10.
20. Devilly GJ. The psychological effects of a lifestyle management course on war veterans and their spouses. J Clin Psychol 2002; 58: 1119-34.
21. Radfar S, Haghani H, Tavalaei A, Modirian E, Falahati M. Evaluation of mental health state in veterans family (15-18 Y/O adolescents). J Mil Med 2005; 3: 203-9.
22. McCann IL, Pearlman LA. Constructivist self-development theory: a theoretical framework for assessing and treating traumatized college students. J Am Coll Health 1992; 40: 189-96.
23. Motta RW. Secondary trauma. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2008; 10: 291-8.
24. Marriage S, Marriage K. Too many sad stories: clinician stress and coping. Can Child Adolesc Psychiatr Rev 2005; 14: 114-7.
25. Stevens MM, Olson AL, Gaffney CA, Tosteson TD, Mott LA, Starr P. A pediatric, practice-based, randomized trial of drinking and smoking prevention and bicycle helmet, gun, and seatbelt safety promotion. Pediatrics 2002; 109: 490-7.
26. Goldblatt H. Caring for abused women: impact on nurses' professional and personal life experiences. J Adv Nurs 2009; 65: 1645-54.
27. Kleespies PM, Dettmer EL. The stress of patient emergencies for the clinician: incidence, impact, and means of coping. J Clin Psychol 2000; 56: 1353-69.
28. Pross C. Burnout, vicarious traumatization and its prevention. Torture 2006; 16: 1-9.
29. Farrar AR. Vicarious traumatization of the mental health professional. APAGS Newsletter 2002; Winter.
30. Bilal MS, Rana MH, Rahim S, Ali S. Psychological trauma in a relief worker - a case report from earthquake-struck areas of north Pakistan. Prehosp Disaster Med 2007; 22: 458-61.
31. Geller JA, Madsen LH, Ohrenstein L. Secondary trauma: a team approach. Clin Soc Work J 2004; 32: 415-30.
32. Fullerton CS, Ursano RJ. Posttraumatic responses in spouse/significant others of disaster workers. In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Acute and Long-term Responses to Trauma and Disaster (eds CS Fullerton & RJ Ursano): 59-76. American Psychiatric Press, 1997.
33. Figley CR. Strangers at home: comment on Dirkzwager, Bramsen, Adèr, and van der Ploeg (2005). J Fam Psychol 2005; 19: 227-9.
34. Figley CR. Burnout in Families: The Systematic Cost of Caring. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 1998.
35. Bell H. Strengths and secondary trauma in family violence work. Soc Work 2003; 48: 513-22.
36. Koić E, Francišković T, Mužinić-Masle L, Crossed D signoroević V, Vondraček S. Chronic pain and secondary traumatization in wives of Croatian war veterans treated for post traumatic stress Disorder. Acta Clinica Croatica 2002; 41: 295-306.
37. Dekel R, Solomon Z, Bleich A. Emotional distress and marital adjustment of caregivers: contribution of level of impairment and appraised burden. Anxiety Stress Coping 2005; 18: 71-82.
38. Solomon Z, Levi G, Waysman M, Fried B, Mikulincer M, Florian V, et al. Secondary traumatization among wives of soldiers with combat stress reaction [in Hebrew]. Harefuah 1993; 124: 750-6, 796.
39. Renshaw KD, Rodrigues CS, Jones DH. Psychological symptoms and marital satisfaction in spouses of Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans: relationships with spouses' perceptions of veterans' experiences and symptoms. J Fam Psychol 2008; 22: 586-94.
40. Dekel R. Posttraumatic distress and growth among wives of prisoners of war: the contribution of husbands' posttraumatic stress disorder and wives' own attachments. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2007; 77: 419-26.
41. Dekel R, Solomon Z. Secondary traumatization among wives of Israeli POWs: the role of POWs' distress. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2006; 41: 27-33.
42. Westerink J, Giarratano L. The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on partners and children of Australian Vietnam veterans. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1999; 33: 841-7.
43. Calhoun PS, Beckham JC, Bosworth HB. Caregiver burden and psychological distress in partners of veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress 2002; 15: 205-12.
44. Hendrix CC, Erdmann MA, Briggs K. Impact of Vietnam veterans arousal and avoidance on spouses' perceptions of family life. Am J Fam Ther 1998; 26: 115-28.
45. Jordan BK, Marmar CR, Fairbank J, Schlenger WE, Kulka RA, Hough RL, et al. Problems in families of male Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992; 60: 916-26.
46. Bramsen I, Reuling IE, van der Ploeg HM. Indirect traumatization of spouses of Dutch war victims [in Dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2000; 144: 2210-4.
47. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn) (Text Revision) (DSM-IV-TR). APA, 1994.
48. Keane TM, Caddell JM, Taylor KL. Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: three studies in reliability and validity. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988; 56: 85-90.
49. Norris FH, Perilla JL. The revised civilian mississippi scale for PTSD: reliability, validity, and cross-language stability. J Trauma Stress 1996; 9: 285-98.
50. McFall ME, Smith DE, Roszell DK, Tarver DJ, Malas KL. Convergent validity of measures of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 645-8.
51. Goodarzi MA. Evaluating validity and reliability of Mississippi Post Traumatic Stress disorder Scale. J Psychol 2003; 7: 153-78.
52. Lyons JA, Caddell JM, Pittman RL, Rawls R, Perrin S. The potential for faking on the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD. J Trauma Stress 1994; 7: 441-5.
53. Shalev AY, Freedman S, Peri T, Brandes D, Sahar T. Predicting PTSD in trauma survivors: prospective evaluation of self-report and clinician- administered instruments. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170: 558-64.
54. Yaffe K, Vittinghoff E, Lindquist K, Barnes D, Covinsky KE, Neylan T, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among US veterans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 608-13.
55. Zatzick DF, Marmar CR, Weiss DS, Browner WS, Metzler TJ, Golding JM, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and functioning and quality of life outcomes in a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1690-5.
56. Ouimette P, Coolhart D, Sugarman D, Funderburk JS, Zelman RH, Dornau C. A pilot study of posttraumatic stress and associated functioning of army National Guard following exposure to Iraq warzone trauma. Traumatol 2008; 14: 51-6.
57. Sayer NA, Noorbaloochi S, Frazier P, Carlson K, Gravely A, Murdoch M. Reintegration problems and treatment interests among Iraq and Afghanistan combat veterans receiving VA medical care. Psychiatr Serv 2010; 61: 589-97.
58. Dirkzwager AJE, van der Velden PG, Grievink L, Yzermans CJ. Disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder and physical health. Psychosom Med 2007; 69: 435-40.
59. Francisković T, Stevanović A, Jelusić I, Roganović B, Klarić M, Grković J. Secondary traumatization of wives of war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Croat Med J 2007; 48: 177-84.
60. Al-Turkait FA, Ohaer JU. Post-traumatic stress disorder among wives of Kuwaiti veterans of the first Gulf War. J Anxiety Disord 2008; 22: 18-31.
61. Gure TR, Kabeto MU, Blaum CS, Langa KM. Degree of disability and patterns of caregiving among older Americans with congestive heart failure. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23: 70-6.
62. Evans RL, Bishop DS, Ousley RT. Providing care to persons with physical disability. Effect on family caregivers. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1992; 71: 140-4.
63. Davis LC, Sander AM, Struchen MA, Sherer M, Nakase-Richardson R, Malec J. Medical and psychosocial predictors of caregiver distress and perceived burden following traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2009; 24: 145-54.