Sleep in children with autism with and without autistic regression

Journal of Sleep Research

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 338-347

  Giannotti, Flavia ^a   Cortesi, Flavia ^a   Cerquiglini, Antonella ^a   Vagnoni, Cristina ^a   Valente, Donatella ^a  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

Autism; Autistic regression; Polysomnography; Sleep; Sleep architecture

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTISM; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL EVALUATION; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DAYTIME SOMNOLENCE; FEMALE; HUMAN; LATENT PERIOD; MALE; NONREM SLEEP; PARASOMNIA; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHOOL CHILD; SLEEP DISORDER; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SLEEP TIME; STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE; WAKEFULNESS;

CEREBRAL CORTEX; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COMORBIDITY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; REGRESSION (PSYCHOLOGY); SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS; SLEEP STAGES; VIDEO RECORDING;

EID: 79955109845     PISSN: 09621105     EISSN: 13652869     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00882.x     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Achenbach, T. M. and Rescorla, L. A. Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forma and Profiles. University of Vermont Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families, Burlington, VT, 2000.
2. Aihara, R. and Hashimoto, T. Sleep polygraphic and neuroendocrinological studies on autistic children. Brainstem Telencephalon. Behav., 1986, 29-43.
3. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual, 2nd edn. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Westchester, IL, 2005.
4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. Text Revision. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 2000
5. Bruni, O., Ferri, R., Miano, S. et al. Sleep cycling alternating pattern in normal school-age children. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2002, 113: 1806-1814.
6. Bruni, O., Ferri, R., Miano, S. et al. Sleep Cycling alternating pattern in normal preschool-aged children. Sleep, 2005, 28: 220-230.
7. Carper, R. A. and Courchesne, E. Localized enlargement of the frontal cortex in early autism. Biol. Psychiatry, 2005, 57: 126-133.
8. Castaldo, V. and Krynicki, V. Sleep pattern and intelligence in functional mental retardation. J. Ment. Defic. Res., 1973, 17: 231-235.
9. Chandana, S. R., Behen, M. E., Juhász, C. et al. Significance of abnormalities in developmental trajectory and asymmetry of cortical serotonin synthesis in autism. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 2005, 23: 171-182.
10. Chugani, D. C., Muzik, O., Behen, M. et al. Developmental changes in brain serotonin synthesis capacity in autistic and nonautistic children. Ann. Neurol., 1999, 45: 287-295.
11. Davidovitch, M., Glick, L., Holtzman, G., Tirosh, E. and Safir, M. P. Developmental regression in autism: maternal perception. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 2000, 30: 113-119.
12. Diomedi, M., Curatolo, P., Scalise, A., Pacidi, F., Caretto, F. and Gigli, G. L. Sleep abnormalities in mentally retarded autistic subjects: Down's syndrome with mental retardation and normal subjects. Brain Dev., 1999, 21: 548-553.
13. Elia, M., Ferri, R., Musumeci, S. A. et al. Sleep in subjects with autistic disorders: a neurophysiological and psychological study. Brain Dev., 2000, 22: 88-92.
14. Espie, C. A., Paul, A., McFie, J. et al. Sleep studies of adults with severe or profound mental retardation and epilepsy. Am. J. Ment. Retard., 1998, 103: 47-59.
15. Ferini-Strambi, L., Ortelli, P., Castronovo, V. and Cappa, S. Increased periodic arousal fluctuations during NREM sleep are associated to superior memory. Brain Res. Bull., 2004, 63: 439-442.
16. Ferri, R., Huber, R., Aricò, D. et al. The slow-wave components of the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) have a role in sleep-related learning processes. Neurosci. Lett., 2008, 432: 228-231.
17. Giannotti, F., Cortesi, F., Cerquiglini, A. and Bernabei, P. An open-label study of controlled-release melatonin in treatment of sleep disorders in children with autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 2006, 36: 741-752.
18. Giannotti, F., Cortesi, F., Cerquiglini, A. et al. An Investigation of sleep characteristics, EEG abnormalities and epilepsy of developmentally regressed and non-regressed autistic children. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 2008, 38: 1888-1897.
19. Goldberg, W. A., Osann, K., Filipek, P. A. et al. Language and other regression: assessment and timing. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 2003, 33: 607-616.
20. Hering, E., Epstein, R., Elroy, S., Iancu, D. R. and Zelnik, N. Sleep patterns in autistic children. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 1999, 29: 143-147.
21. Honomichl, R. D., Goodlin-Jones, B. L., Burnham, M., Gaylor, E. and Anders, T. F. Sleep patterns of children with pervasive developmental disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 2002, 32: 553-561.
22. Iber, C., Ancoli-Israel, S., Chesson, A. L. and Quan, S. F. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology, and Technical Specifications, 1st edn. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Westchester, IL, 2007.
23. Kemp, B., Värri, A., Rosa, A. C., Nielsen, K. D. and Gade, J. A simple format for exchange of digitized polygraphic recordings. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 1992, 82: 391-393.
24. Krakowiak, P., Goodlin-Jones, B., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Croen, L. A. and Hansen, R. L. Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental delays, and typical development: a population-based study. J. Sleep Res., 2008, 17: 197-206.
25. Levitt, P., Eagleson, K. L. and Powell, E. M. Regulation of neocortical interneuron development and the implications for neurodevelopmental disorders. Trends Neurosci., 2004, 27: 400-406.
26. Limoges, E., Mottron, L., Bolduc, C., Berthiaume, C. and Godbout, R. Atypical sleep architecture and the autism phenotype. Brain, 2005, 128: 1049-1061.
27. Liu, X., Hubbard, J. A., Fabes, R. A. and Adam, J. A. Sleep disturbances and correlates of children with autism spectrum disorders. Child Psychiatr. Hum. Dev., 2006, 37: 179-191.
28. Lord, C., Rutter, M. and Le Couteur, A. Autistic Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 1994, 24: 659-685.
29. Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L. et al. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 2000, 30: 205-223.
30. Lord, C., Shulman, C. and DiLavore, P. Regression and word loss in autistic spectrum disorders. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry, 2004, 45: 936-955.
31. Malow, B. A., Marzec, M. L., McGrew, S. G., Wang, L., Henderson, L. M. and Stone, W. L. Characterizing sleep in children with autism spectrum disorders: a multidimensional approach. Sleep, 2006, 29: 1563-1571.
32. Miano, S., Donfrancesco, R., Bruni, O. et al. NREM sleep instability is reduced in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders. Sleep, 2006, 29: 797-803.
33. Miano, S., Bruni, O., Elia, M., Trovato, A., Smerieri, A. and Verrillo, E. Sleep in children with autistic spectrum disorder: a questionnaire and polysomnographic study. Sleep Med., 2007, 9: 64-70.
34. Miano, S., Bruni, O., Elia, M. et al. Sleep phenotypes of intellectual disability: a polysomnographic evaluation in subjects with Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2008, 119: 1242-1247.
35. Olejnik, S. and Algina, J. Generalized eta and omega squared statistics: measures of effect size for some common research designs. Psychol. Methods, 2003, 8: 434-447.
36. Owens, J. A., Spirito, A. and McQuinn, M. The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire. Psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children. Sleep, 2000, 23: 1043-1051.
37. Ozonoff, S., Williams, B. J. and Landa, R. Parental report of the early development of children with regressive autism: the delays-plus-regression phenotype. Autism, 2005, 9: 461-486.
38. Polimeni, M. A., Richdale, A. L. and Francis, A. J. A survey of sleep problems in autism, Asperger's disorder and typically developing children. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res., 2005, 49: 260-268.
39. Rechtschaffen, A. and Kales, A. A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques, and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. Washington Public Health Service, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1968.
40. Rice, C. Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders-Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, Six Sites, United States, 2000, 2007(2007, February 9/56(SS01); 1-11). Available at: (accessed 15 June 2009).
41. Richdale, A. L. and Prior, M. R. The sleep/wake rhythm in children with autism. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1995, 4: 175-186.
42. Richler, J., Luyster, R., Risi, S. et al. Is there a 'Regressive Phenotype' of autism spectrum disorder associated with the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine? A CPEA Study. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 2006, 36: 299-316.
43. Roid, G. M. and Miller, L. J. Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised: Examiners' Manual. Stoelting Co., Wood Dale, IL, 1997.
44. Rutter, M., Le Couteur, A. and Lord, C. Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised. Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, CA, 2003.
45. Scholle, S. and Schafer, T. Atlas of states of sleep and wakefulness in infants and children. Somnologie, 1999, 3: 163-241.
46. Schreck, K. A. and Mulick, J. A. Parental reports of sleep problems in children with autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord., 2000, 2: 127-135.
47. Segawa, M. and Nomura, Y. Pathophysiology of autism: evaluation of sleep and locomotion. In: R. Tuchman and I. Rapin (Eds) Autism. A Neurological Disorder of Early Brain Development. Mac Keith Press, London, 2006: 249-264.
48. Takase, M., Taira, M. and Sasaki, H. Sleep-wake rhythm of autistic children. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 1998, 52: 181-182.
49. Terzano, M. G. and Parrino, L. Origin and significance of the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP). Sleep Med. Rev., 2000, 4: 101-123.
50. Terzano, M. G., Mancia, D., Salati, M. R., Costani, G., Decembrino, A. and Parrino, L. The cyclic alternating pattern as a physiologic component of normal NREM sleep. Sleep, 1985, 8: 137-145.
51. Terzano, M. G., Parrino, L. and Spaggiari, M. C. The cyclic alternating pattern sequences in the dynamic organization of sleep. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 1988, 6: 437-447.
52. Terzano, M. G., Parrino, L., Smerieri, A. et al. Atlas, rules and recording techniques for the scoring of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in human sleep. Sleep Med., 2001, 2: 537-553.
53. Tordjman, S., Anderson, G. M., Pichard, N., Charbuy, H. and Touitou, Y. Nocturnal excretion of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin in children and adolescents with autistic disorders. Biol. Psychiatry, 2005, 57: 134-138.
54. Wechsler, D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III [Italian standardization by A. Orsini]. Organizzazioni Speciali, Firenze, 2006.
55. Wechsler, D. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence [Italian standardization by C. Cianchetti Faucello]. Organizzazioni Speciali, Firenze, 2008.
56. Wiggins, L., Rice, C. E. and Baio, J. Developmental regression in children with an autism spectrum disorders identified by population-based surveillance system. Autism, 2009, 13: 357-374.
57. Wiggs, L. Sleep problems in children with developmental disorders. J. Roy. Soc. Med., 2001, 94: 177-179.
58. Williams, G. P., Sears, L. L. and Allard, A. Sleep problems in children with autism. J. Sleep Res., 2004, 13: 265-268.