Biogeographic patterns and long-term changes on New Zealand coastal reefs: Non-trophic cascades from diffuse and local impacts

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

Volumn 400, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 33-51

  Schiel, David R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Algae; Benthic communities; Biogeographic; Global change; Physical drivers; Rocky reef

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; ALGA; BENTHOS; BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REGION; COASTAL MORPHOLOGY; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; DATA SET; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; GLOBAL CHANGE; HERBIVORE; LONG-TERM CHANGE; REEF; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPHIC CASCADE;

COOK STRAIT; GISBORNE; NEW ZEALAND; NORTH ISLAND; SOUTH ISLAND;

ALGAE; INVERTEBRATA; THORACICA;

EID: 79955078196     PISSN: 00220981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.026     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Adams N.M. Seaweeds of New Zealand 1994, Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
2. Airoldi L., Beck M.W. Loss, status and trends for coastal marine habitats of Europe. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. 2007, 45:345-405.
3. Airoldi L., Balata D., Beck M.W. The Gray Zone: relationships between habitat loss and marine diversity and their applications in conservation. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2008, 366(1-2):8-15.
4. Anderson M.J. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecol. 2001, 26(1):32-46.
5. Arkema K.K., Reed D.C., Schroeter S.C. Direct and indirect effects of giant kelp determine benthic community structure and dynamics. Ecology 2009, 90(11):3126-3137.
6. Barry J.P., Baxter C.H., Sagarin R.D., Gilman S.E. Climate-related, long-term faunal changes in a California rocky intertidal community. Science 1995, 267(5198):672-675.
7. Begin C., Johnson L.E., Himmelman J.H. Macroalgal canopies: distribution and diversity of associated invertebrates and effects on the recruitment and growth of mussels. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2004, 271:121-132.
8. Benedetti-Cecchi L., Pannacciulli F., Bulleri F., Moschella P.S., Airoldi L., Relini G., Cinelli F. Predicting the consequences of anthropogenic disturbance: large-scale effects of loss of canopy algae on rocky shores. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2001, 214:137-150.
9. Blanchette C.A. Size and survival of intertidal plants in response to wave action: a case study with Fucus gardneri. Ecology 1997, 78(5):1563-1578.
10. Blanchette C.A., Miner C.M., Raimondi P.T., Lohse D., Heady K.E.K., Broitman B.R. Biogeographical patterns of rocky intertidal communities along the Pacific coast of North America. J. Biogeogr. 2008, 35(9):1593-1607.
11. Blanchette C.A., Wieters E.A., Broitman B.R., Kinlan B.P., Schiel D.R. Trophic structure and diversity in rocky intertidal upwelling ecosystems: a comparison of community patterns across California, Chile, South Africa and New Zealand. Prog. Oceanogr. 2009, 83(1-4):107-116.
12. Bradford-Grieve J., Probert K., Lewis K., Sutton P., Zeldis J.R., A, O. New Zealand shelf region. The Global Coastal Ocean: Interdisciplinary Regional Studies and Syntheses Part. B 2006, 1451-1492. Wiley, New York. A. Robinson, H. Brink (Eds.).
13. Broitman B.R., Navarrete S.A., Smith F., Gaines S.D. Geographic variation of southeastern Pacific intertidal communities. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2001, 224:21-34.
14. Bruno J.F., Boyer K.E., Duffy J.E., Lee S.C., Kertesz J.S. Effects of macroalgal species identity and richness on primary production in benthic marine communities. Ecol. Lett. 2005, 8(11):1165-1174.
15. Bustamante R.H., Branch G.M. The dependence of intertidal consumers on kelp-derived organic matter on the west coast of South Africa. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1996, 196:1-28.
16. Cardinale B.J., Nelson K., Palmer M.A. Linking species diversity to the functioning of ecosystems: on the importance of environmental context. Oikos 2000, 91(1):175-183.
17. Carpenter S.R., Folke C., Scheffer M., Westley F. Resilience: accounting for the noncomputable. Ecol. Soc. 2009, 14(1).
18. Cervin G., Aberg P., Jenkins S.R. Small-scale disturbance in a stable canopy dominated community: implications for macroalgal recruitment and growth. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2005, 305:31-40.
19. Chao A. Species richness estimation. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences 2003, Wiley, New York. 2nd ed. N. Balakrishnan, C.B. Read, B. Vidakovic (Eds.).
20. Chapman A.R.O. Abundance of Fucus spiralis and ephemeral seaweeds in a high eulittoral zone: effects of grazers, canopy and substratum type. Mar. Biol. 1989, 102:565-572.
21. Chiswell S.M., Schiel D.R. Influence of along-shore advection and upwelling on coastal temperature at Kaikoura Peninsula, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 2001, 35(2):307-317.
22. Cincotta R.P., Wisnewski J., Engelman R. Human population in the biodiversity hotspots. Nature 2000, 404(6781):990-992.
23. Clayton M.N. Propagules of marine macroalgae: structure and development. Br. Phycol. J. 1992, 27:219-232.
24. Coleman M.A., Kelaher B.P., Steinberg P.D., Millar A.J.K. Absence of a large brown macroalga on urbanized rocky reefs around Sydney, Australia, and evidence for historical decline. J. Phycol. 2008, 44(4):897-901.
25. Dayton P.K., Tegner M.J., Edwards P.B., Riser K.L. Temporal and spatial scales of kelp demography: the role of oceanographic climate. Ecol. Monogr. 1999, 69(2):219-250.
26. Dell R.K. New Zealand Marine Provinces - do they exist?. Tuatara 1962, 10(1):43-53.
27. Edwards M., Richardson A.J. Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch. Nature 2004, 430:881-884.
28. Edwards M., Beaugrand G., Hays G.C., Koslow J.A., Richardson A.J. Multi-decadal oceanic ecological datasets and their application in marine policy and management. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2010, 25:602-610.
29. Firth L.B., Crowe T.P., Moore P., Thompson R.C., Hawkins S.J. Predicting impacts of climate-induced range expansion: an experimental framework and a test involving key grazers on temperate rocky shores. Glob. Change Biol. 2009, 15(6):1413-1422.
30. Foster M.S., Schiel D.R. Loss of predators and the collapse of southern California kelp forests (?): alternatives, explanations and generalizations. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2010, 393:59-70.
31. Foster M.S., Nigg E.W., Kiguchi L.M., Hardin D.D., Pearse J.S. Temporal variation and succession in an algal-dominated high intertidal assemblage. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2003, 289(1):15-39.
32. Genner M.J., Sims D.W., Wearmouth V.J., Southall E.J., Southward A.J., Henderson P.A., Hawkins S.J. Regional climatic warming drives long-term community changes of British marine fish. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 2004, 271(1539):655-661.
33. Goldstien S.J., Schiel D.R. Evolutionary patterns of diversity and their causes. Marine Hard Bottom Communities: Patterns, Dynamics, Diversity and Change. Ecological Studies 2009, 113-125. Springer, Berlin. M. Wahl (Ed.).
34. Goldstien S.J., Schiel D.R., Gemmell N.J. Comparative phylogeography of coastal limpets across a marine disjunction in New Zealand. Mol. Ecol. 2006, 15(11):3259-3268.
35. Gorman R.M., Bryan K.R., Lang A.K. Wave hindcast for the New Zealand region: nearshore validation and coastal wave climate. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 2003, 37(3):567-588.
36. Gorman R.M., Bryan K.R., Lang A.K. Wave hindcast for the New Zealand region: deep-water wave climate. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 2003, 37(3):589-612.
37. Harborne A.R., Mumby P.J., Zychaluk K., Hedley J.D., Blackwell P.G. Modeling the beta diversity of coral reefs. Ecology 2006, 87(11):2871-2881.
38. Hare S.R., Mantua N.J. Empirical evidence for North Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989. Prog. Oceanogr. 2000, 47(2-4):103-145.
39. Harley C.D.G., H., A.R., Hultgren K.M., Miner B.G., Sorte C.J.B., Thornber C.S., Rodriguez L.F., Tomanek L., Williams S.L. The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems. Ecol. Lett. 2006, 9(2):228-241.
40. Hawkins S.J., Hartnoll R.G. Factors determining the upper limits of intertidal canopy-forming algae. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1985, 20:265-271.
41. Hawkins S.J., Moore P.J., Burrows M.T., Poloczanska E., Mieszkowska N., Herbert R.J.H., Jenkins S.R., Thompson R.C., Genner M.J., Southward A.J. Complex interactions in a rapidly changing world: responses of rocky shore communities to recent climate change. Clim. Res. 2008, 37(2-3):123-133.
42. Heath R.A. A review of the physical oceanography of the seas around New Zealand - 1982. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 1985, 19:79-124.
43. Helmuth B., Mieszkowska N., Moore P., Hawkins S.J. Living on the edge of two changing worlds: forecasting the responses of rocky intertidal ecosystems to climate change. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2006, 37:373-404.
44. Hillebrand H., Soininen J., Snoeijs P. Warming leads to higher species turnover in a coastal ecosystem. Glob. Change Biol. 2010, 16(4):1181-1193.
45. Hughes T.P., Bellwood D.R., Folke C., Steneck R.S., Wilson J. New paradigms for supporting the resilience of marine ecosystems. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2005, 20(7):380-386.
46. Ingolfsson A., Hawkins S.J. Slow recovery from disturbance: a 20year study of Ascophyllum canopy clearances. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 2008, 88(4):689-691.
47. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Core Writing Team 2007, IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp. R.K. Pachauri, A. Reisinger (Eds.).
48. Irving A.D., Connell S.D. Sedimentation and light penetration interact to maintain heterogeneity of subtidal habitats: algal versus invertebrate dominated assemblages. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2002, 245:83-91.
49. Irving A.D., Connell S.D. Predicting understorey structure from the presence and composition of canopies: an assembly rule for marine algae. Oecologia 2006, 148(3):491-502.
50. Jenkins S.R., Hawkins S.J., Norton T.A. Interaction between a fucoid canopy and limpet grazing in structuring a low shore intertidal community. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1999, 233(1):41-63.
51. Jenkins S.R., Norton T.A., Hawkins S.J. Long term effects of Ascophyllum nodosum canopy removal on mid shore community structure. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 2004, 84:327-329.
52. Keough M.J., Quinn G.P. Effects of periodic disturbances from trampling on rocky intertidal algal beds. Ecol. Appl. 1998, 8(1):141-161.
53. Leonard G.H. Latitudinal variation in species interactions: a test in the New England rocky intertidal zone. Ecology 2000, 81(4):1015-1030.
54. Lester S.E., Gaines S.D., Kinlan B.P. Reproduction on the edge: large-scale patterns of individual performance in a marine invertebrate. Ecology 2007, 88(9):2229-2239.
55. Lilley S.A., Schiel D.R. Community effects following the deletion of a habitat-forming alga from rocky marine shores. Oecologia 2006, 148(4):672-681.
56. Loreau M., Naeem S., Inchausti P., Bengtsson J., Grime J.P., Hector A., Hooper D.U., Huston M.A., Raffaelli D., Schmid B., Tilman D., Wardle D. Ecology - biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science 2001, 294:804-808.
57. Mangialajo L., Chiantore M., Cattaneo-Vietti R. Loss of fucoid algae along a gradient of urbanisation, and structure of benthic assemblages. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2008, 358:63-74.
58. McCook L.J., Chapman A.R.O. Community succession following massive ice-scour on an exposed rocky shore: effects of Fucus canopy algae and of mussels during late succession. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1991, 159:139-169.
59. McKenzie P.F., Bellgrove A. Dislodgment and attachment strength of the intertidal macroalga Hormosira banksii (Fucales, Phaeophyceae). Phycologia 2009, 48(5):335-343.
60. Menge B.A., Daley B.A., Lubchenco J., Sanford E., Dahlhoff E., Halpin P.M., Hudson G., Burnaford J.L. Top-down and bottom-up regulation of New Zealand rocky intertidal communities. Ecol. Monogr. 1999, 69(3):297-330.
61. Menge B.A., Lubchenco J., Bracken M.E.S., Chan F., Foley M.M., Freidenburg T.L., Gaines S.D., Hudson G., Krenz C., Leslie H., Menge D.N.L., Russell R., Webster M.S. Coastal oceanography sets the pace of rocky intertidal community dynamics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003, 100(21):12229-12234.
62. Menge B.A., Chan F., Nielsen K.J., Di Lorenzo E., Lubchenco J. Climatic variation alters supply-side ecology: impact of climate patterns on phytoplankton and mussel recruitment. Ecol. Monogr. 2009, 79(3):379-395.
63. Moore L.B. Distribution patterns in New Zealand seaweeds. Tuatara 1961, 9:18-23.
64. Morton J., Miller M. The New Zealand Sea Shore 1968, Collins, Auckland.
65. Naeem S., Wright J.P. Disentangling biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning: deriving solutions to a seemingly insurmountable problem. Ecol. Lett. 2003, 6(6):567-579.
66. Nelson W.A. Distribution of macroalgae in New Zealand: an archipelago in space and time. Bot. Mar. 1994, 37:221-233.
67. O'Connor M.I., Bruno J.F., Gaines S.D., Halpern B.S., Lester S.E., Kinlan B.P., Weiss J.M. Temperature control of larval dispersal and the implications for marine ecology, evolution, and conservation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2007, 104(4):1266-1271.
68. Ohman M.D., Venrick E.L. CalCOFI in a changing ocean. Oceanography 2003, 16:76-85.
69. Orth R.J., Carruthers T.J.B., Dennison W.C., Duarte C.M., Fourqurean J.W., Heck K.L., Hughes A.R., Kendrick G.A., Kenworthy W.J., Olyarnik S., Short F.T., Waycott M., Williams S.L. Bioscience 2006, 56(12):987-996.
70. Paine R.T. A short term experimental investigation of resource partitioning in a New Zealand rocky intertidal habitat. Ecology 1971, 52:1096-1106.
71. Parnell P., Miller E., Lennert-Cody C., Dayton P.K., Carter M., Stebbins T.D. The response of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) in southern California to low frequency climate forcing. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2010, 55(6):2686-2702.
72. Pawson D.L. Distribution patterns of New Zealand echinoderms. Tuatara 1961, 9(1):9-18.
73. Perkol-Finkel S., Airoldi L. Loss and recovery potential of marine habitats: an experimental study of factors maintaining resilience in subtidal algal forests at the Adriatic Sea. PLoS ONE 2010, 5(5).
74. Perry A.L., Low P.J., Ellis J.R., Reynolds J.D. Climate change and distribution shifts in marine fishes. Science 2005, 308(5730):1912-1915.
75. Petraitis P.S., Dudgeon S.R. Experimental evidence of the origin of alternative communities on rocky intertidal shores. Oikos 1999, 89:239-245.
76. Rahmstorf S., Cazenave A., Church J.A., Hansen J.E., Keeling R.F., Parker D.E., Somerville R.C.J. Recent climate observations compared to projections. Science 2007, 316(5825):709.
77. Roemmich D., McGowan J. Climatic warming and the decline of zooplankton in the California current. Science 1995, 267(5202):1324-1326.
78. Sagarin R.D., Gaines S.D. Geographical abundance distributions of coastal invertebrates: using one-dimensional ranges to test biogeographic hypotheses. J. Biogeogr. 2002, 29(8):985-997.
79. Sagarin R.D., Barry J.P., Gilman S.E., Baxter C.H. Climate-related change in an intertidal community over short and long time scales. Ecol. Monogr. 1999, 69(4):465-490.
80. Schiel D.R. Algal interactions on shallow subtidal reefs in Northern New Zealand: a review. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 1988, 22:481-489.
81. Schiel D.R. The structure and replenishment of rocky shore intertidal communities and biogeographic comparisons. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2004, 300:309-342.
82. Schiel D.R. Rivets or bolts? When single species count in the function of temperate rocky reef communities. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2006, 338(2):233-252.
83. Schiel D.R., Foster M.S. The population biology of large brown seaweeds: ecological consequences of multiphase life histories in dynamic coastal environments. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2006, 37:343-372.
84. Schiel D.R., Hickford M.J.H. Biological structure of nearshore rocky subtidal habitats of southern New Zealand. Sci. Conserv. 2001, 182:p54.
85. Schiel D.R., Lilley S.A. Gradients of disturbance to an algal canopy and the modification of an intertidal community. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2007, 339:1-11.
86. Schiel D.R., Taylor D.I. Effects of trampling on a rocky intertidal algal assemblage in southern New Zealand. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1999, 235(2):213-235.
87. Schiel D.R., Steinbeck J.R., Foster M.S. Ten years of induced ocean warming causes comprehensive changes in marine benthic communities. Ecology 2004, 85(7):1833-1839.
88. Schonbeck M., Norton T.A. Factors controlling the upper limits of fucoid algae on the shore. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1978, 31:303-313.
89. Schonbeck M., Norton T.A. Factors controlling the lower limits of fucoid algae on the shore. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1980, 43:131-150.
90. Serrao E.A., Pearson G.A., Kautsky L., Brawley S.H. Successful external fertilization in turbulent environments. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1996, 93:5286-5290.
91. Shanks A.L. Pelagic larval duration and dispersal distance revisited. Biol. Bull. 2009, 216(3):373-385.
92. Smale D.A., Kendrick G.A., Waddington K.I., Van Niel K.P., Meeuwig J.J., Harvey E.S. Benthic assemblage composition on subtidal reefs along a latitudinal gradient in Western Australia. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2010, 86(1):83-92.
93. Southward A.J., Hawkins S.J., Burrows M.T. 70years observations of changes in distribution and abundance of zooplankton and intertidal organisms in the western English-channel in relation to rising sea temperature. J. Therm. Biol 1995, 20(1-2):127-155.
94. Stanton B. Circulation and hydrology off the west coast of the South Island, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 1976, 10(3):445-467.
95. Steinbeck J.R., Schiel D.R., Foster M.S. Detecting long-term change in complex communities: a case study from the rocky intertidal zone. Ecol. Appl. 2005, 15(5):1813-1832.
96. Stevens C.L., Taylor D.I., Delaux S., Smith M.J., Schiel D.R. Characterisation of wave-influenced macroalgal propagule settlement. J. Mar. Syst. 2008, 74(1-2):96-107.
97. Taylor D.I., Schiel D.R. Wave-related mortality in zygotes of habitat-forming algae from different exposures in southern New Zealand: the importance of 'stickability'. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2003, 290(2):229-245.
98. Taylor D.I., Schiel D.R. Algal populations controlled by fish herbivory across a wave exposure gradient on southern temperate shores. Ecology 2010, 91:201-211.
99. Taylor D., Delaux S., Stevens C., Nokes R., Schiel D. Settlement rates of macroalgal propagules: cross-species comparisons in a turbulent environment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2010, 55(1):66-76.
100. Tylianakis J.M., Klein A.M., Lozada T., Tscharntke T. Spatial scale of observation affects alpha, beta and gamma diversity of cavity-nesting bees and wasps across a tropical land-use gradient. J. Biogeogr. 2006, 33(7):1295-1304.
101. Underwood A.J. Grazing and disturbance: an experimental analysis of patchiness in recovery from a severe storm by the intertidal alga Hormosira banksii on rocky shores in New South Wales. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1998, 231:291-306.
102. Underwood A.J. Physical disturbances and their direct effect on an indirect effect: responses of an intertidal assemblage to a severe storm. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1999, 232:125-140.
103. Underwood A.J., Chapman M.G., Connell S.D. Observations in ecology: you can't make progress on processes without understanding the patterns. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2000, 250(1-2):97-115.
104. Vadas S.R.L., Johnson S., Norton T.A. Recruitment and mortality of early post-settlement stages of benthic algae. Br. Phycol. J. 1992, 27:331-351.
105. Valiela I. Global Coastal Change Oxford 2006, Blackwell Scientific, United Kingdom.
106. Vincent W.F., Howard-Williams C., Tildesley C., Butler E. Distribution and biological properties of oceanic water masses around in the South Island, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 1991, 25(1):21-42.
107. Waters J.M. Driven by the West Wind Drift? A synthesis of southern temperature marine biogeography, with new directions for dispersalism. J. Biogeogr. 2008, 35:417-427.
108. Wieters E.A., Gaines S.D., Navarrete S.A., Blanchette C.A., Menge B.A. Scales of dispersal and the biogeography of marine predator-prey interactions. Am. Nat. 2008, 171(3):405-417.
109. Wikstrom S.A., Kautsky L. Structure and diversity of invertebrate communities in the presence and absence of canopy-forming Fucus vesiculosus in the Baltic Sea. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2007, 72(1-2):168-176.
110. Wright J.T., Williams S.L., Dethier M.N. No zone is always greener: variation in the performance of Fucus gardneri embryos, juveniles and adults across tidal zone and season. Mar. Biol. 2004, 145(6):1061-1073.
111. Zeldis, J.R., Hadfield, M.G., Unpublished manuscript. Teleconnections governing oceanic and riverine control of nutrient supply to the Pelorus Sound aquaculture ecosystem.
112. Zeldis J.R., Howard-Williams C., Carter C.M., Schiel D.R. ENSO and riverine control of nutrient loading, phytoplankton biomass and mussel aquaculture yield in Pelorus Sound, New Zealand. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2008, 371:131-142.