Discrete element modeling of Martian pit crater formation in response to extensional fracturing and dilational normal faulting

Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets

Volumn 116, Issue 4, 2011, Pages

  Smart, Kevin J ^a   Wyrick, Danielle Y ^a   Ferrill, David A ^a  

^a SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRATER; DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD; FRACTURE; MARS; NORMAL FAULT; REGOLITH;

EID: 79955063999     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2010JE003742     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Bleamaster, L. F., III, and V. L. Hansen (2001), The Kuanja/Vir-Ava Chasmata: A coherent intrusive complex on Venus, Lunar Planet. Sci., XXXII, 1316.
2. Cho, N., C. D. Martin, D. C. Sego, and R. Christiansson (2004), Modeling dilation in brittle rocks, paper 04-483 presented at Gulf Rocks 2004: 6th North American Rock Mechanics Symposium, Am. Rock Mech. Assoc., Houston, Tex.
3. Cundall, P. A. (1989), Numerical experiments on localization in frictional materials, Ing. Arch., 59, 148-159, doi:10.1007/BF00538368.
4. Cundall, P. A. (2001), A discontinuous future for numerical modeling in geomechanics?, Geotech. Eng., 149, 41-47, doi:10.1680/geng.2001.149.1.41. (Pubitemid 34455486)
5. Cundall, P. A., and O. D. L. Strack (1979), A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies, Geotechnique, 29, 47-65, doi:10.1680/geot.1979.29.1.47. (Pubitemid 9433658)
6. Currie, J. B., H. W. Patnode, and R. P. Trump (1962), Development of folds in sedimentary strata, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 73, 655-673, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1962)73[655:DOFISS]2.0.CO;2.
7. Cushing, G. E., T. N. Titus, J. J. Wynne, and P. R. Christensen (2007), THEMIS observes possible cave skylights on Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17201, doi:10.1029/2007GL030709. (Pubitemid 350065247)
8. Ferrill, D. A., and A. P. Morris (2003), Dilational normal faults, J. Struct. Geol., 25, 183-196, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00029-9. (Pubitemid 35255575)
9. Ferrill, D. A., and A. P. Morris (2008), Fault zone deformation controlled by carbonate mechanical stratigraphy, Balcones fault system, Texas, AAPG Bull., 92, 359-380. (Pubitemid 351546365)
10. Ferrill, D. A., D. Y. Wyrick, A. P. Morris, D. W. Sims, and N. M. Franklin (2004), Dilational fault slip and pit chain formation on Mars, GSA Today, 14(10), 4-12, doi:10.1130/1052-5173(2004)014<4:DFSAPC>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 39447915)
11. Ferrill, D. A., A. P. Morris, and K. J. Smart (2007), Stratigraphic control on extensional fault propagation folding: Big Brushy Canyon monocline, Sierra Del Carmen, Texas, in Structurally Complex Reservoirs, edited by S. J. Jolley et al., Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 292, 203-217. (Pubitemid 351972026)
12. Ferrill, D. A., D. Y. Wyrick, and K. J. Smart (2008), Coseismic pit crater, normal fault, and extensional fissure formation in unconsolidated sediment and basalt in Northern Iceland, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T24A-05.
13. Ferrill, D. A., D. Y. Wyrick, and K. J. Smart (2011), Coseismic, dilational-fault and extension-fracture related pit chain formation in Iceland: Analog for pit chains on Mars, Lithosphere, 3(2), 133-142, doi:10.1130/L123.1.
14. Hardy, S. (2008), Structural evolution of calderas: insights from two-dimensional discrete element simulations, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 36(12), 927-930.
15. Hauber, E., and P. Kronberg (2001), Tempe Fossae, Mars: A planetary analogon to a terrestrial continental rift?, J. Geophys. Res., 106(E9), 20,587-20,602, doi:10.1029/2000JE001346.
16. Head, J. W., and L. Wilson (1993), Lunar graben formation due to near-surface deformation accompanying dike emplacement, Planet. Space Sci., 41(10), 719-727, doi:10.1016/0032-0633(93)90114-H.
17. Horstman, K. C., and H. J. Melosh (1989), Drainage pits in cohesionless materials: Implications for the surface of Phobos, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 12,433-12,441, doi:10.1029/JB094iB09p12433.
18. Morris, A. P., D. A. Ferrill, and R. N. McGinnis (2009), Mechanical stratigraphy and faulting in Cretaceous carbonates, AAPG Bull., 93(11), 1459-1470.
19. Okubo, C. H., and S. J. Martel (1998), Pit crater formation Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 86, 1-18, doi:10.1016/S0377- 0273(98)00070-5. (Pubitemid 29070548)
20. Okubo, C. H., and R. A. Schultz (2004), Mechanical stratigraphy in the western equatorial region of Mars based on thrust fault-related fold topography and implications for near-surface volatile reservoirs, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 116(5), 594-605, doi:10.1130/B25361.1. (Pubitemid 38616710)
21. Park, E., C. D. Martin, and R. Christiansson (2004), Simulation of the mechanical behavior of discontinuous rock masses using a bonded-particle model, paper 04-480 presented at Gulf Rocks 2004: 6th North American Rock Mechanics Symposium, Am. Rock. Mech. Assoc., Houston, Tex.
22. Park, N., J. Holder, and J. E. Olson (2004), Discrete element modeling of fracture toughness tests in weakly cemented sandstones, paper 04-553 presented at Gulf Rocks 2004: 6th North American Rock Mechanics Symposium, Am. Rock. Mech. Assoc., Houston, Tex.
23. Polit, A. T., R. A. Schultz, and R. Soliva (2009), Geometry, displacement-length scaling, and extensional strain of normal faults on Mars with inferences on mechanical stratigraphy of the Martian crust, J. Struct. Geol., 31(7), 662-673, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2009.03.016.
24. Potyondy, D. O., and P. A. Cundall (2004), A bonded-particle model for rock, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 41, 1329-1364, doi:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.09. 011. (Pubitemid 39615643)
25. Schöpfer, M. P. J., C. Childs, and J. J. Walsh (2006), Localization of normal faults in multilayer sequences, J. Struct. Geol., 28, 816-833, doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2006.02.003. (Pubitemid 43812171)
26. Schöpfer, M. P. J., C. Childs, and J. J. Walsh (2007a), Two-dimensional distinct element modeling of the structure and growth of normal faults in multilayer sequences: 1. Model calibration, boundary conditions, and selected results, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B10401, doi:10.1029/2006JB004902. (Pubitemid 350286444)
27. Schöpfer, M. P. J., C. Childs, and J. J. Walsh (2007b), Two-dimensional distinct element modeling of the structure and growth of normal faults in multilayer sequences: 2. Impact of confining pressure and strength contrast on fault zone geometry and growth, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B10404, doi:10.1029/2006JB004903. (Pubitemid 350286447)
28. Schultz, R. A., C. H. Okubo, C. L. Goudy, and S. J. Wilkins (2004), Igneous dikes on Mars revealed by Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter topography, Geology, 32(10), 889-892, doi:10.1130/G20548.1. (Pubitemid 39447929)
29. Strayer, L. M., and J. Suppe (2002), Out-of-plane motion of a thrust sheet during along-strike propagation of a thrust ramp: A distinct-element approach, J. Struct. Geol., 24, 637-650, doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00115-8. (Pubitemid 35224982)
30. Thomas, P. C. (1979), Surface features of Phobos and Deimos, Icarus, 40, 223-243, doi:10.1016/0019-1035(79)90069-1.
31. Wilkins, S. J., R. A. Schultz, R. C. Anderson, J. M. Dohm, and N. C. Dawers (2002), Deformation rates from faulting at the Tempe Terra extensional province, Mars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(18), 1884, doi:10.1029/2002GL015391.
32. Wilson, L., and J. Head (2002), Tharsis-radial graben systems as the surface manifestation of plume-related dike intrusion complexes: Models and implications, J. Geophys. Res., 107(E8), 5057, doi:10.1029/2001JE001593.
33. Wyrick, D. Y., and K. J. Smart (2009), Dike-induced deformation and Martian graben systems, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 185(1-2), 1-11, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.11.022.
34. Wyrick, D., D. A. Ferrill, A. P. Morris, S. L. Colton, and D. W. Sims (2004), Distribution, morphology and origins of Martian pit crater chains, J. Geophys. Res., 109, E06005, doi:10.1029/2004JE002240. (Pubitemid 39169198)