Transformation-induced mutations in transgenic plants: Analysis and biosafety implications

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 209-238

  Wilson, Allison K ^a   Latham, Jonathan R ^a   Steinbrecher, Ricarda A ^b  

^a Bioscience Resource Project   (United Kingdom)

^b EcoNexus   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INDUCED MUTATIONS; TRANSFORMATION-INDUCED; TRANSGENIC PLANT ANALYSIS;

EID: 79955063551     PISSN: 02648725     EISSN: 20465556     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2006.10648085     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Afolabi, A.S., WORLAND, B., SNAPE, J.W. and VAIN, P. (2004). A large-scale study of rice plants transformed with different T-DNAs provides new insights into locus composition and T-DNA linkage configurations. Theoretical and Applied Genetics109(4), 815–826
2. Alonso, J.M., STEPANOVA, A.N., LEISSE, T.J. et al. (2003). Genome-wide insertional mutagenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana. Science301(5633), 653–657
3. Arencibia, A.D., GENTINETTA, E., CUZZONI, E. et al. (1998). Molecular analysis of the genome of transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants produced via particle bombardment or intact cell electroporation. Molecular Breeding 4, 99–109
4. Aziz, N. and MACHRAY, G.C. (2003). Efficient male germ line transformation for transgenic tobacco production without selection. Plant Molecular Biology 51(2), 203–211
5. Bardini, M., LABRA, M., WINFIELD, M. and SALA, F. (2003). Antibiotic-induced DNA methylation changes in calluses of Ambidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture72, 157–162
6. Barro, F., MARTIN, A. and CABRERA, A. (2003). Transgene integration and chromosome alterations in two transgenic lines of tritordeum. Chromosome Research 11(6), 565–572
7. Bregitzer, P., HALBERT, S.E, and LEMAUX, P.G. (1998). Somaclonal variation in the progeny of transgenic barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics96, 421–425
8. Bregitzer, P., ZHANG, S., CHO, M., and LEMAUX, P.G. (2002).Reduced somaclonal variation in barley is associated with culturing highly differentiated, meristematic tissue. Crop Science42, 1303–1308
9. Breitler, J.C., LABEYRIE, A., MEYNARD, D., LEGAVRE, T. and GUIDERDONI, E. (2002). Efficient microprojectile bombardment-mediated transformation of rice using gene cassettes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics104(4), 709–719
10. Brown, D.C.M. and THORPE, T.A. (1995). Crop improvement through tissue culture. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology11, 409–415
11. Budziszewski, G.J., LEWIS, S.R. GLOVER, L.W. et al. (2001). Arabidopsis genes essential for seedling viability:isolation of insertional mutants and molecular cloning. Genetics159(4), 1765–1778
12. Carter, D., CHAKALOVA, L., OSBORNE, C.S., DAI, Y.F. and FRASER, P. (2002). Long-range chromatin regulatory interactions in vivo. Nature Genetics32(4), 623–626
13. Castle, L.A., ERRAMPALLI, D., ATHERTON, T.L., FRANZMANN, L.H., YOON, E.S. and MEINKE, D.W. (1993). Genetic and molecular characterization of embryonic mutants identified following seed transformation in Arabidopsis. Molecular and General Genetics241, 504–514
14. Cellini, F., CHESSON, A., COLQUHOUN, I. et al. (2004). Unintended effects and their detection in genetically modified crops. Food Chemistry and Toxicology42(7), 1089–1125
15. Chen, S., JIN, W., WANG, M. et al. (2003). Distribution and characterization of over 1000 T-DNA tags in rice genome. Plant Journal36, 105–113
16. Cheng, M., FRY, J.E., PANG, S. et al. (1997). Genetic transformation of wheat mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Physiology115(3), 971–980
17. Clough, S.J. and BENT, A.F. (1998). Floral dip:a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Journal16(6), 735–743
18. Conner, A.J., WILLIAMS, M.K., ABERNETHY, D.J., FLETCHER, P.J. and GENET, R.A. (1994). Field performance of transgenic potatoes. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science22, 361–371
19. Curtis, I.S. and NAM, H.G. (2001). Transgenic radish (Raphanus sativus L. longipinnatus Bailey) by floral-dip method-plant development and surfactant are important in optimizing transformation efficiency. Transgenic Research 10(4), 363–371
20. Dai, S., ZHENG, S., MARMEY, P. et al. (2001). Comparative analysis of transgenic rice plants obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and particle bombardment. Molecular Breeding7, 25–33
21. DE BUCK, S., DE WILDE, C., VAN MONTAGU, M. and DEPICKER, A. (2000). Determination of the T-DNA transfer and the T-DNA integration frequencies upon co-cultivation of Arabidopsis thaliana root explains. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions13(6), 658–665
22. DE BUCK, S., WINDELS, P., DE LOOSE, M. and DEPICKER, A. (2004). Single-copy T-DNAs integrated at different positions in the Arabidopsis genome display uniform and comparable beta-glucuronidase accumulation levels. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences61(19–20), 2632–2645
23. DE VETTEN, N., WOLTERS, A.M., RAEMAKERS, K. et al. (2003). A transformation method for obtaining marker-free plants of a cross-pollinating and vegetatively propagated crop. Nature Biotechnology21(4), 439–442
24. DE VRIES, J. and WACKERNAGEL, W. (2002). Integration of foreign DNA during natural transformation of Acinetobacter sp. by homology-facilitated illegitimate recombination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America99(4), 2094–2099
25. Dear, B.S., SANDRAL, G.A., SPENCER, D., KHAN, M.R.I. and HIGGINS, T.J.V. (2003). The tolerance of three transgenic subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) lines with the bxn gene to herbicides containing bromoxynil. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research54, 203–210
26. Dong, J., TENG, W., BUCHHOLZ, W.G. and HALL, T.C. (1996). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Javanica rice. Molecular Breeding2, 267–276
27. Dong, J., KHARB, P., TENG, W. and HALL, T.C. (2001). Characterization of rice transformed via an Agrobacterium-mediated inflorescence approach. Molecular Breeding7, 187–194
28. Feldman, K.A. (1991). T-DNA insertion mutagenesis in Arabidopsis:mutation spectrum. The Plant Journal1, 71–82
29. Filleur, S., DORRE, M.F., CEREZO, M. et al. (2001). An Arabidopsis T-DNA mutant affected in Nrt2 genes is impaired in nitrate uptake. FEBS Letters 489(2–3), 220–224
30. Fitch, M.M., MANSHARDT, R.M., GONSALVES, D., SLIGHTOM, J.L. and SANFORD, J.C. (1992). Virus resistant papaya plants derived from tissues bombarded with the coat protein gene of papaya ringspot virus. Biotechnology10, 1466–1472
31. Forsbach, A., SCHUBERT, D., LECHTENBERG, B., GILS, M. and SCHMIDT, R. (2003). A comprehensive characterization of single-copy T-DNA insertions into the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Plant Molecular Biology52, 161–176
32. Forsthoepel, N.R., WU, Y., SCHULZ, B., BENNETT, M.B. and FELDMAN, K.A. (1992). T-DNA insertion mutagenesis in Arabidopsis:prospects and perspectives. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology19, 353–366
33. Francis, K.E. and SPIKER, S. (2005). Identification of Arabidopsis thaliana transformants without selection reveals a high occurrence of silenced T-DNA integrations. The Plant Journal41(3), 464–477
34. Freese, W. and SCHUBERT, D. (2004). Safety testing and regulation of genetically engineered foods. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews21, 299–324
35. Fu, X., DUC, L.T., FONTANA, S. et al. (2000). Linear transgene constructs lacking vector backbone sequences generate low-copy-number transgenic plants with simple integration patterns. Transgenic Research9(1), 11–19
36. Gelvin, S.B. (2003). Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation:the biology behind the ‘gene-jockeying’ tool. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 67(1), 16–37
37. Gertz, J.M., VENCILL, W.K. and HILL, H.S. (1999).Tolerance of transgenic soybean (Glycine max) to heat stress. Proceedings of the 1999 Brighton Crop Protection Conference 3, 835–840
38. Gheysen, G., VAN MONTAGU, M. and ZAMBRYSKI, P. (1987). Integration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer DNA (T-DNA) involves rearrangements of target plant DNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America84, 6169–6173
39. Guan, C., ROSEN, E.S., BOONSIRICHAI, K., POFF, K.L. and MASSON.P.H. (2003). The ARG1-LIKE2 gene of Arabidopsis functions in a gravity signal transduction pathway that is genetically distinct from the PGM pathway. Plant Physiology133(1), 100–112
40. Gutensohn, M., PAHNKE, S., KOLUKISAOGLU, U. et al. (2004). Characterization of a T-DNA insertion mutant for the protein import receptor at Toc33 from chloroplasts. Molecular Genetics and Genomics272(4), 379–396
41. Haslberger, A.G. (2003). Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects. Nature Biotechnology21(7), 739–741
42. Hernandez, M., PLA, M., ESTEVE, T., PRAT, S., PUIGDOMENECH, P. and FERRANDO, A. (2003). A specific real-time quantitative PCR detection system for event MON810 in maize YieldGard based on the 3’-transgene integration sequence. Transgenic Research12(2), 179–189
43. Hiei, Y., OHTA, S., KOMARI, T. and KUMASHIRO, T. (1994). Efficient transformation of rice (Oryza sativa L) mediated by Agrobacterium and sequence analysis of the boundaries of the T-DNA. The Plant Journal 6(2), 271–282
44. Hirochika, H., SUGIMOTO, K., OTSUKI, Y., TSUGAWA, H. and KANDA, M. (1996). Retrotransposons of rice involved in mutations induced by tissue culture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93(15), 7783–7788
45. Hoekema, A., HUISMAN, M.J., MOLENDUK, L., VAN DEN ELZEN, P.J.M. and CORNELISSEN, B.J.C. (1989). The genetic engineering of two commercial potato cultivars for resistance to potato virus X. Bio/Technology7, 273–278
46. Hurst, L.D., PAL, C. and LERCHER, M.J. (2004). The evolutionary dynamics of eukaryotic gene order. Nature Reviews Genetics5(4), 299–310
47. Ichikawa, T., NAKAZAWA, M., MUTO, S. et al. (2003). Sequence database of 1172 T-DNA insertion sites in Arabidopsis activation-tagging lines that showed phenotypes in T1 generation. The Plant Journal36, 421–429
48. Iglesias, V.A., MOSCONE, E.A., PAPP, I. et al. (1997). Molecular and cytogenetic analyses of stably and unstably expressed transgene loci in tobacco. The Plant Cell9(8), 1251–1264
49. Ishida, Y., SAITO, H., OHTA, S., HIEI, Y., KOMARI, T. and KUMASHIRO, T. (1996). High efficiency transformation of maize (Zea mays L.) mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Nature Biotechnology14(6), 745–750
50. Iyer, L.M., KUMPATLA, S.P., CHANDRASEKHARAN, M.B. and HALL, T.C. (2000). Transgene silencing in monocots. Plant Molecular Biology43(2–3), 323–346
51. Jackson, A.L. and LINSLEY, P.S. (2004). Noise amidst the silence:off-target effects of siRNAs? Trends in Genetics20(11), 521–524
52. Jain, S.M. (2001). Tissue culture-derived variation in crop improvement. Euphytica118, 153–166
53. Jakowitsch, J., PAPP, I., MOSCONE, E., VAN DER WINDEN, J., MATZKE, M. and MATZKE, A.J.M. (1999). Molecular and cytogenetic characterization of a transgene locus that induces silencing and methylation of homologous promoters in trans. The Plant Journal17, 131–140
54. Jeong, D.H., AN, S., KANG, H.G. et al. (2002). T-DNA insertional mutagenesis for activation tagging in rice. Plant Physiology130(4), 1636–1644
55. Kaeppler, S.M., KAEPPLER, H.F. and RHEE, Y. (2000). Epigenetic aspects of somaclonal variation in plants. Plant Molecular Biology43(2–3), 179–188
56. Kaniewski, W.K. and THOMAS, P.E. (1999). Field testing for virus resistance and agronomic performance in transgenic plants. Molecular Biotechnology12(1). 101–115
57. Kaya, H., SATO, S., TABATA, S., KOBAYASHI, Y., IWABUCI, M. and ARAKI, T. (2000). hosoba toge toge, a syndrome caused by a large chromosomal deletion associated with a T-DNA insertion in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiology41(9), 1055–1066
58. Kim, S.R., LEE, J., JUN, S.H. et al. (2003).Transgene structures in T-DNA-inserted rice plants. Plant Molecular Biology 52(4), 761–773
59. Kohll, A., LEECH, M., VAIN, P., LAURIE, D.A. and CHRISTOU, P. (1998). Transgene organization in rice engineered through direct DNA transfer supports a two-phase integration mechanism mediated by the establishment of integration hot spots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America95(12), 7203–7208
60. Kohli, A., GRIFFITHS, S., PALACIOS, N. et al. (1999). Molecular characterization of transforming plasmid rearrangements in transgenic rice reveals a recombination hotspot in the CaMV 35S promoter and confirms the predominance of microbiology mediated recombination. The Plant Journal17(6), 591–601
61. Kohli, A., TWYMAN, RA., ABRANCHES, R., WEGEL, E., STOGER, E. and CHRISTOU, P. (2003). Transgene integration, organization and interaction in plants. Plant Molecular Biology52(2), 247–258
62. Koncz, C., MARTINI, N., MAYERHOFER, R. et al. (1989). High-frequency T-DNA-mediated gene tagging in plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America86(2), 8467–8471
63. Kuiper, H.A., KLETER, G.A., NOTEBORN, H.P.J.M. and KOK, E.J. (2001).Assessment of food safety issues related to genetically modified foods. The Plant Journal27, 503–528
64. Kumar, A., RAKOW, G. and DOWNEY, R.K. (1998). Isogenic analysis of gluphosinate-ammonium tolerant and susceptible summer rape lines. Canadian Journal of Plant Science78, 401–408
65. Kumar, S. and FLADUNG, M. (2002).Transgene integration in aspen:structures of integration sites and mechanism of T-DNA integration. The Plant Journal31, 543–551
66. Kusaba, M., MIYAHARA, K., IIDA, S. et al. (2003). Low glutelin content1:a dominant mutation that suppresses the ghutelin multigene family via RNA silencing in rice. The Plant cell15(6), 1455–1467
67. Labra, M., SAVINI, C., BRACALE, M. et al. (2001). Genomic changes in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants produced by infecting calli with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Cell Reports20, 325–330
68. Labra, M., VANNINI, C., GRASSI, F. et al. (2004). Genomic stability in Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic plants obtained by floral dip. Theoretical and Applied Genetics109(7), 1512–1518
69. LAFLEURIEL. J., DEGROOTE, F., DEPEIGES, A. and PICARD, G. (2004). A reciprocal translocation, induced by a canonical integration of a simile T-DNA, interrupts the HMG-I/Y Arabidopsis thaliana gene. Plant Physiology and Biochonistry42(3), 171–179
70. Lappe, M.A., BAILEY, E.B., CHILDRESS, C. and SETCHELL, K.D.R. (1999). Alterations in clinically important phyto-oestrogens in genetically modified herbicide-tolerant soybeans. Journal of Medical Food1, 241–245
71. Larkin, P.I. and SCOWCROFT, W.R. (1981). Somaclonal variation - a novel source of variability from cell cultures for plant improvement. Theoretical and Applied Genetics60, 197–214
72. Lindsey, K., WEI, W., CLARKE, M.C., MCARDLE, H.F., ROOKE, L.M. and TOPPING, J.F. (1993). Tagging genomie sequences that direct transgene expression by activation of a promoter trap in plants. Transgenic Research2(1), 33–47
73. Loc, T.N., TINJUANGJUN, P., GATEHOUSE, A.M., CHRISTOU, P. and GATEHOUSE, J.A. (2002). Linear transgene constructs lacking vector backbone sequences generate transgenic rice plants which accumulate higher levels of proteins conferring insect resistance. Molecular Breeding9, 231–244
74. Madlung, A. and COMAI, L. (2004). The effect of stress on genome regulation and structure. Annals of Botany94, 481–495
75. Makarevitch, I., SVITASHEV, S., K. and SOMERS, D.A. (2003). Complete sequence analysis of transgene loci from plants transformed via micro projectile bombardment. Plant Molecular Biology52(2), 421–432
76. Maqbool, S. and CHRISTOU, P. (1999). Multiple traits of agronomic importance in Indica rice plants:analysis of transgene integration patterns, expression levels and stability. Molecular Breeding5, 471–480
77. Martineau, B., VOELKER, T., A. and SANDERS, R.A. (1994). On defining T-DNA. The Plant Cell6(8), 1032–1033
78. Mcelver, J., TZAFRIR, L. AUX, G. et al. (2001). Insertional mulagenesis of genes required for seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics159(4), 1751–1763
79. Mcnevin, WOODWARD, W., HANNOUFA, A., FELDMANN, K.A. and LEMIEUX, B. (1993). Isolation and characterization of eceriferum (cer) mutants induced by T-DNA insertions in Arabidopsis. Genome36, 610–618
80. Mehlo, L., MAZITHULELA, P., TWYMAN, R. M., BOULTON, M.I., DAVIES, J.W. and CHRISTOU, P. (2000). Structural analysis of transgene rearrangements and effects on expression in transgenic maize plants generated by particle bombardment. Maydica45, 277–287
81. Meza, T.J., STANGELAND, B., MERCY, I.S. et al. (2002). Analyses of single-copy Arabidopsis T-DNA-transformed lines show that the presence of vector backbone sequences, short inverted repeats and DNA methylation is not sufficient or necessary for the induction of transgene silencing. Nucleic Acids Research30(20), 4556–4566
82. Negruk, V., EISNER, G. and LEMIEUX, B. (1996). Addition-deletion mutations in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana generated by the seed co-cultivation method. Genome39(6), 1117–1122
83. Ohba, T., YOSHIOKA, Y., MACHIDA, C. and MACHIDA, Y. (1995). DNA rearrangement associated with the integration of T-DNA in tobacco:an example for multiple duplications of DNA around the integration target. The Plant Journal7(1), 157–164
84. Olhoft, P.M., FLAGEL, L.E., DONOVAN, C.M. and SOMERS, D.A. (2003). Efficient soybean transformation using hygromycin B selection in the cotyledonary-node method. Planta216(5), 723–735
85. Park, S.H., PINSON, S.R. and SMITH, R.H. (1996). T-DNA integration into genomic DNA of rice following Agrobacterium inoculation of isolated shoot apices. Plant Molecular Biology32(6), 1135–1148
86. Pawlowski, W.P. and SOMERS, D.A. (1996). Transgene inheritance in plants genetically engineered by microprojectile bombardment. Molecular Biotechnology6(1), 17–30
87. Pawlowski, W.P. and SOMERS, D.A. (1998). Transgenic DNA integrated into the oat genome is frequently interspersed by host DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America95(21), 12106–12110
88. Pelletier, D.L. (2005). Science, law, and polities in FDA’s genetically engineered foods policy:scientific concerns and uncertainties. Nutrition Reviews63(6Pt I), 210–223
89. Phillips, R.L., KAEPPLER, S.M. and OLHOFT, P. (1994). Genetic instability of plant tissue cultures:breakdown of normal controls. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America91(12), 5222–5226
90. Pilot, G., STRANSKY, H., BUSHEY, D.F. et al. (2004). Over-expression of GLUTAMINE DUMPER1 leads to hypersecretion of glutamine from hydathodes of Arabidopsis leaves. The Plant Cell16(7), 1827–1840
91. Popelka, J.C., XU, J. and ALTPETER, F. (2003). Generation of rye (Secale cereale L.) plants with low transgene copy number after biolistic gene transfer and production of instantly marker-free transgenic rye. Transgenic Research12(5), 587–596
92. Prudhomme, M., LIBANTE, V. and CLAVERYS, J.P. (2002).Homologous recombination at the border:insertion-deletions and the trapping of foreign DNA in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States America99(4), 2100–2105
93. Puchta, H. (2003). Towards the ideal GMP:homologous recombination and marker gene excision. Journal of Plant Physiology160, 743–754
94. Qin, G., KANG, D., DONG, Y. et al. (2003). Obtaining and analysis of flanking sequences from T-DNA transformants of Arabidopsis. Plant Science165, 941–949
95. Ramanathan, V. and VELUTHAMBI, K. (1995). Transfer of non-T-DNA portions of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid pTiA6 from the left terminus of TL-DNA. Plant Molecular Biology28(6), 1149–1154
96. Rang, A., LINKE, B. and JANSEN, B. (2005). Detection of RNA variants transcribed from the transgene in Roundup Ready soybean. European Food Research Technology220, 438–443
97. Register, J.C., 3RD. PETERSON, D.J., BELL, P.J. ET AL (1994). Structure and function of selectable and non-selectable transgenes in maize after introduction by particle bombardment. Plant Molecular Biology25(6),951–961
98. Revenkova, E., MASSON, J., KONCZ, C., AFSAR, K., JAKOVLEVA, L. and PASZKOWSKI, J (1999).Involvement of Arabidopsis thaliana ribosomal protein S27 in mRNA degradation triggered by genotoxic stress. EMBO Journal 18(2), 490–499
99. Ridley, W.P., SIDHU, R.S., PYLA, P.D., NEMETH, M.A., BREEZE, M.L. and ASTWOOD, J.D. (2002).Comparison of the nutritional profile of glyphosate-tolerant corn event NK603 with that of conventional corn (Zea mays L.).Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry50(25), 7235–7243
100. Rohini, V.K. and RAO, K.S. (2001). Transformation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with tobacco chitinase gene:variable response of transformants to leaf spot disease. Plant Science 160, 889–898
101. Rommens, C.M., HUMARA, LM., YE, J. et al. (2004). Crop improvement through modification of the plant’s own genome. Plant Physiology135(1), 421–431
102. Sala, F. ARENCIBIA, A.D., CASTIGLIONE, S. et al. (2000). Somaclonal variation in transgenic plants. Acta Horticulture530,411–419
103. SALVO-GARRIDO, H., TRAVELLA, S., BILHAM, L.J., HARWOOD, W.A. and SNAPE, J.W. (2004). The distribution of transgene insertion sites in barley determined by physical and genetic mapping. Genetics167(3), 1371–1379
104. Saxena, D. and STOTZKY, G. (2001). Bt corn has a higher lignin content than non-Bt corn. American Journal of Botany88, 1704–1706
105. Scholte, M., D’ERFURTH, I., RIPPA, S. et al. (2002). T-DNA tagging in the model legume Medicago truncatula allows efficient gene discovery. Molecular Breeding10, 203–215
106. Schubert, D. (2002). A different perspective on GM food. Nature Biotechnology20, 969
107. Sha, Y., LI, S., PEI, Z., LUO, L., TIAN, Y. and HE, C. (2004). Generation and flanking sequence ana-lysis of a rice T-DNA tagged population. Theoretical and Applied Genetics108(2), 306–314
108. Shimizu, K., TAKAHASHI, M., GOSHIMA, N., KAWAKAMI, S., IRIFUNE, K. and MORIKAWA, H. (2001). Presence of a Sar-like sequence in junction regions between an introduced transgene and genomic DNA of cultured tobacco cells:its effect on transformation frequency. The Plant Journal26, 375–384
109. Shou, H., FRAME, B.R., WHITHAM, S.A. and WANG, K. (2004). Assessment of transgenic maize events produced by particle bombardment or Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Molecular Breeding13, 201–208
110. Shu, Q., CUI, H., YE, G. et al. I. (2002). Agronomic and morphological characterization of Agrobacterium-transformed Bt rice plants. Euphytica127, 345–352
111. Singh, R.J., KLEIN, T.M., MAUVAIS, C.J., KNOWLTON, S., HYMOWITZ, T. and KOSTOW, C.W (1998). Cytological characterization of transgenic soybean. Theoretical and Applied Genetics96, 319–324
112. Smith, N., KILMIRICK, J.B. and WHITELAM, G.C. (2001). Superfluous transgene integration in plants. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences20, 215–249
113. Somers, D.A. and MAKAREVITCH, I. (2004). Transgene integration in plants:poking or patching holes in promiscuous genomes? Current Opinion in Biotechnology15(2), 126–131
114. Spok, A., HOFER, H., LEHNER, P., VALENTA, R., STIRN, S. and GAUGITSCH, H. (2004). Risk assessment of GMO products in the European Union. Bundesministerium fur Gesundheit und Frauen. Available online at:http://www.bmgf.gv.at
115. Svitashev, S.K. and SOMERS, D.A. (2001). Genomic interspersions determine the size and complexity of transgene loci in transgenic plants produced by microprojectile bombardment. Genome44(4), 691–697
116. Svitashev, S.K. and SOMERS, D.A. (2002). Characterization of transgene loci in plants using FISH:a picture is worth a thousand words. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture69, 205–214
117. Svitashev, S.K., ANANIEV, E., PAWLOWSKI, W.P. and SOMERS, D.A. (2000). Association of transgene integration sites with chromosome rearrangements in hexaploid oat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics100, 872–880
118. Svitashev, S.K., PAWLOWSKI, W.P., MAKAREVITCH, I., PLANK, D.W. and SOMERS, D.A. (2002). Complex transgene locus structures implicate multiple mechanisms for plant transgene rearrangement. The Plant Journal32 (4), 433–445
119. Szabados, L., KOVACS, I., ORERSCHALL, A. et al. (2002). Distribution of 1000 sequenced T-DNA tags in the Arabidopsis genome. The Plant Journal32(2), 233–242
120. Tax, F.E. and VERNON, D.M. (2001). T-DNA-associated duplication/translocations in Arabidopsis. Implications for mutant analysis and functional genomics. Plant Physiology126(4), 1527–1538
121. Tinland, B. (1996). The integration of T-DNA into plant genomes. Trends in Plant Science1, 178–184
122. Tjokrokusumo, D., HEINRICH, T., WYLIE, S., POTTER, R. and MCCOMB, J. (2000). Vacuum infiltration of Petunia hybrida pollen with Agrobacterium tumefaciens to achieve plain transformation. Plant Cell Reports19, 792–797
123. Touraev, A., STOGER, E., VORONIN, V. and HEBERLE-BORS, E. (1997). Plant male germ line transformation. The Plant Journal12, 949–956
124. Trieu, A.T., BURLEIGH, S.H., KARDAILSKY, I.V. et al. (2000). Transformation of Medicago truncatula via infiltration of seedlings or flowering plants with Agrobacterium. The Plant Journal22(6), 531–541
125. Tzfira, T., LI, J., LACROIX, B. and CITOVSKY, V. (2004). Agrobacterium T-DNA integration:molecules and models. Trends in Genetics20(8), 375–383
126. Ulker, B., WEISSINGER, A.K. and SPIKER, S. (2002). E. coli chromosomal DNA in a transgene locus created by microprojectile bombardment in tobacco. Transgenic Research11(3), 311–313
127. Vain, P., JAMES, A., WORLAND, B. and SNAPE, W. (2002). Transgene behaviour across two generations in a large random population of transgenic rice plants produced by particle bombardment. Theoretical and Applied Genetics105 (6–7), 878–889
128. Vain, P., AFOLABI, A.S., WORLAND, B. and SNAPE, J.W. (2003). Transgene behaviour in populations of rice plants transformed using a new dual binary vector system:pGreen/pSoup. Theoretical and Applied Genetics107(2), 210–217
129. Wan, Y. and LEMAUX, P.G. (1994). Generation of large numbers of independently transformed fertile barley plants. Plant Physiology104(1), 37–48
130. Wang, G., CASTIGLIONE, S., CHEN, Y. et al. (1996). Poplar (Populus nigra L.) plants transformed with a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin gene:insecticidal activity and genome analysis. Transgenic Research5, 289–301
131. Weigel, D., AHN, J.H., BLAZQUEZ, M.A. et al. (2000). Activation tagging in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology122(4), 1003–1013
132. Wenck, A., CZAKO, M., KANEVSKI, I. and MARTON, L. (1997). Frequent collinear long transfer of DNA inclusive of the whole binary vector during Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Plant Molecular Biology34(, 6), 913–922
133. Wilson, A., LATHAM, J and STEINBRECHER, R. (2004). Genome scrambling myth or reality? Transformation-induced mutations in transgenic crop plants. Available online at:http://www.econexus.info
134. Wilson, K., LONG, D., SWINBURNE, J. and COUPLAND, G. (1996). A dissociation insertion causes a semidominant mutation that increases expression of TINY. an Arabidopsis gene related to APETALA2. The Plant Cell8(4), 659–671
135. Windels, P., TAVERNIER, I., DEPICKER, A., VAN BOCKSTAELE, E. and DE LOOSE, M. (2001). Characterization of the Roundup Ready soybean insert. European Food Research Technology213,107–112
136. Wu, D.X., SHU, Q.Y., WANG, Z.H., CUI, H.R. and XIA, Y.W. (2002). Quality variations in transgenic rice with a synthetic cry1 Abgene from Bacillus thuringiensis. Plant Breeding121, 198–202
137. Yin, Z. and WANG, G.L. (2000). Evidence of multiple complex patterns of T-DNA integration into the rice genome. Theoretical and Applied Genetics100, 461–470
138. Zhang, S., CHO, M.J., KOPREK, T., YUN, R., BREGITZER, P. and LEMAUX, P.G. (1999). Genetic transformation of commercial cultivars of oat (Avena sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare I.) using in vitro shoot meristematic cultures derived from germinated seedlings. Plant Cell Reports18, 959–966
139. Zheng, S.J., HENKEN, B., SOFIARI, E., JACOBEN, E., KRENS, F.A. and KIK, C. (2001). Molecular characterization of transgenic shallots (Allium cepa L.) by adaptor ligation PCR (AL-PCR) and sequencing of genomic DNA flanking T-DNA borders. Transgenic Research10(3), 237–245