Douching for perceived vaginal odor with no infectious cause of vaginitis: A randomized controlled trial

Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 128-133

  Hassan, Sarmina ^a   Chatwani, Ashwin ^a   Brovender, Herman ^b   Zane, Richard ^c   Valaoras, Thomas ^d   Sobel, Jack D ^e,f  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Segal Institute for Clinical Research   (United States)

^c Atlanta Cardiovasc Res Institute   (United States)

^d Salem Research Group   (United States)

^e DETROIT MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f HARPER UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

bacterial vaginosis; douching; genital malodor

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; LACTOBACILLUS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MULTICENTER STUDY; ODOR; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; VAGINA SECRETION; VAGINAL LAVAGE; VAGINITIS; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE;

ADMINISTRATION, INTRAVAGINAL; ADULT; FEMALE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; ODORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VAGINA; VAGINAL DOUCHING; VAGINITIS;

EID: 79955056084     PISSN: 10892591     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0b013e3181fb4270     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Kent HL. Epidemiology of vaginitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Anonymous. Technical Bulletin No. 226 Vaginitis. 1996. Washington, DC. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165: 1168-76.
2. Dravnieks A, Krotoszynski BK, Keith L, Bush IM. Odor threshold and gas-chromatographic assays of vaginal odors: changes with nitrofurazone treatment. J Pharm Sci 1970;59:495-501.
3. Rajamanoharan S, Low N, Jones SB, Pozniak AL. Bacterial vaginosis, ethnicity, and the use of genital cleaning agents: a case control study. Sex Transm Dis 1999;26:404-9. (Pubitemid 29372774)
4. Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, Chen KC, Eschenbach D, Holmes KK. Nonspecific vaginitis. Diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med 1983; 74:14-22. (Pubitemid 13221599)
5. Schaaf VM, Perez-Stable EJ, Borchardt K. The limited value of symptoms and signs in the diagnosis of vaginal infections. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:1929-33. (Pubitemid 20316540)
6. Berg AO, Heidrich FE, Fihn SD, Bergman JJ, Wood RW, Stamm WE, et al. Establishing the cause of genitourinary symptoms in women in a family practice. Comparison of clinical examination and comprehensive microbiology. JAMA 1984; 251:620-5. (Pubitemid 14221022)
7. Wolrat H, Ståhlbom B, Hallen A, Forsum U. Tri-methylamine and trimethylamine oxide levels in normal women and women with bacterial vaginosis reflect a local metabolism in vaginal secretion as compared to urine. APMIS 2005;113:513-6. (Pubitemid 41081475)
8. Sutton MY, Bruce C, Sternberg MR. Prevalence and correlates of vaginal douching among women in the United States, 2001-2002. Presented at the 2006 National STD Prevention Conference, Jacksonville, Florida, May 8-11, 2006.
9. Abma JC, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ. Fertility, family planning, and women's health: new data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat 1997;23:1-114.
10. Ege E, Timur S, Zincir H, Egri M, Reeder BS. Women's douching practices and related attitudes in eastern Turkey. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2007;33:353-9. (Pubitemid 46934557)
11. Zhang J, Thomas AG, Leybovich E. Vaginal douching and adverse health effects: a meta-analysis. Am J Public Health 1997;87:1207-11. (Pubitemid 27311418)
12. La Ruche G, Messou N, Ali-Napo L, Noba V, Faye-Kette H, Combe P, et al. Vaginal douching: association with lower genital tract infections in African pregnant women. Sex Transm Dis 1999;26:191-6. (Pubitemid 29174420)
13. Joesoef MR, Sumampouw H, Linnan M, Schmid S, Idajadi A, St Louis M. Douching and sexually transmitted diseases in pregnant women in Surabaya, Indonesia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:115-9. (Pubitemid 26037698)
14. Baird DD, Weinberg CR, Voigt LF, Daling JR. Vaginal douching and reduced fertility. Am J Public Health 1996;86: 844-50. (Pubitemid 26192023)
15. Scholes D, Daling JR, Stergachis A, Weiss NS, Wang SP, Grayston JT. Vaginal douching as a risk factor for acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81:601-6. (Pubitemid 23122673)
16. Pavlova SI, Tao L. In vitro inhibition of commercial douche products against vaginal microflora. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2000;8:99-104. (Pubitemid 30227104)
17. Onderdonk AB, Delaney ML, Hinkson PL, DuBois AM. Quantitative and qualitative effects of douche preparations on vaginal microflora. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:333-8.
18. Beaton JH, Gibson F, Roland M. Short term use of a medicated douche preparation in the symptomatic treatment of minor vaginal irritation, in some cases associated with infertility. Int J Fertil 1984;29:109-12. (Pubitemid 14055181)
19. Chatwani AJ, Hassan S, Rahimi S, Jeronis S, Dandolu V. Douching with Water Works device for perceived vaginal odor with or without complaints of discharge in women with no infectious cause of vaginitis: a pilot study. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2006;2006:95618.
20. Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of Gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol 1991; 29:297-301.
21. Forsum U, Hallén A, Larsson PG. Bacterial vaginosisV a laboratory and clinical diagnostics enigma. APMIS 2005; 113:153-61. (Pubitemid 40524098)
22. Chacko MR, Kozinetz CA, Regard M, Smith PB. The relationship between vaginal douching and lower genital tract infection in young women. Adolesc Pediatr Gynecol 1992; 5:171-6.
23. Ness RB, Hillier SL, Richter HE, Soper DE, Stamm C, McGregor J, et al. Douching in relation to bacterial vaginosis, lactobacilli, and facultative bacteria in the vagina. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:765-72. (Pubitemid 35300036)
24. Holzman C, Leventhal JM, Qiu H, Jones NM, Wang J, BV Study Group. Factors linked to bacterial vaginosis in non-pregnant women. Am J Public Health 2001;91:1664-70. (Pubitemid 32900199)
25. Glynn R. Daily douching: effect on vaginal mucosa. Obstet Gynecol 1963;22:640-2.
26. Hutchinson KB, Kip KE, Ness RB. Condom use and its association with bacterial vaginosis and bacterial vaginosis - associated vaginal microflora. Epidemiology 2007;18:702-8. (Pubitemid 350295166)
27. Hirst DV, Bluffs C. Dangers of improper vaginal douching. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1952;64:179-83.
28. Ness RB, Hillier SL, Kip KE, Richter HE, Soper DE, Stamm CA, et al. Douching, pelvic inflammatory disease, and incident gonococcal and chlamydial genital infection in a cohort of high-risk women. Am J Epidemiol 2005;161:186-95. (Pubitemid 40096794)
29. American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Practice bulletin. 2006;N 72:1-12.