HIV infection, body composition changes and related metabolic complications: Contributing factors and evolving management strategies

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 255-260

  Falutz, Julian ^a,b  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

^b MONTREAL GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

atherogenic dyslipidemia; chronic inflammation; lipodystrophy; mitochondrial toxicity; visceral adipose tissue

Indexed keywords

EFAVIRENZ; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR; RITONAVIR; STAVUDINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

AGING; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY FAT; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; DISORDERS OF LIPID AND LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; DYSGLYCEMIA; DYSLIPIDEMIA; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; INTRAABDOMINAL FAT; LOW DRUG DOSE; MITOCHONDRIAL TOXICITY;

ABDOMINAL FAT; AGING; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; BODY COMPOSITION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE; HIV; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MITOCHONDRIA; OBESITY, ABDOMINAL;

EID: 79955024117     PISSN: 13631950     EISSN: 14736519     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283457a8f     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. Lancet 2008; 372:293-299.
2. Lewden C, Chene G, Morlat P, et al. HIV-infected adults with a CD4 cell count greater than 500 cells/mm3 on long-term combination antiretroviral therapy reach same mortality rates as the general population. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 46:72-77 (Pubitemid 47514615)
3. Neuhaus J, Angus B, Kowalska JD, et al. Risk of all-cause mortality associated with nonfatal AIDS and serious non-AIDS events among adults infected with HIV. AIDS 2010; 24:697-706.
4. Marin B, Thiebaut R, Bucher HC, et al. Non-AIDS-defining deaths and immunodeficiency in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2009; 23:1743-1753.
5. Grinspoon S, Mulligan K. Weight loss and wasting in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:S69-S78. (Pubitemid 36408113)
6. Kotler DP, Rosenbaum K, Wang J, et al. Studies of body composition and fat distribution in HIV-infected and control subjects. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1999; 20:228-237. (Pubitemid 29156959)
7. Giles JT, Allison M, Blumenthal RS, et al. Abdominal adiposity in rheumatoid arthritis: association with cardiometabolic risk factors and disease characteristics. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62:3173-3182.
8. Neuhaus J, Jacobs DR Jr, Baker JV, et al. Markers of inflammation, coagulation, and renal function are elevated in adults with HIV infection. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:1788-1795.
9. Tien PC, Choi AI, Zolopa AR, et al. Inflammation and mortality in HIV-infected adults: analysis of the FRAM study cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 55:316-322
10. Hsue PY, Hunt PW, Schnell A, et al. Role of viral replication, antiretroviral therapy, and immunodeficiency in HIV-associated atherosclerosis. AIDS 2009; 23:1059-1067.
11. Carr A, Samaras K, Burton S, et al. A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors. AIDS 1998; 12:F51-F58. (Pubitemid 28190689)
12. Corless IB, Kirksey KM, Kemppainen J, et al. Lipodystrophy-associated symptoms and medication adherence in HIV/AIDS. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005; 19:577-586. (Pubitemid 41338913)
13. Gerschenson M, Brinkman K. Mitochondrial dysfunction in AIDS and its treatment. Mitochondrion 2004; 4:763-777. (Pubitemid 39646821)
14. Garrabou G, Lopez S, Moren C, et al. Mitochondrial damage in adipose tissue of untreated HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2011; 25:165-170.
15. Flint OP, Noor MA, Hruz PW, et al. The role of protease inhibitors in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated lipodystrophy: cellular mechanisms and clinical implications. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:65-77.
16. Perez-Molina JA, Domingo P, Martinez E, et al. The role of efavirenz compared with protease inhibitors in the body fat changes associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:234-245. (Pubitemid 351984766)
17. Franceschi C, Capri M, Monti D, et al. Inflammaging and antiinflammaging: a systemic perspective on aging and longevity emerged from studies in humans. Mech Ageing Dev 2007; 128:92-105. (Pubitemid 46073065)
18. Deeks SG, Phillips AN. HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, ageing, and non-AIDS related morbidity. BMJ 2009; 338:a3172
19. Moreno S, Miralles C, Negredo E, et al. Disorders of body fat distribution in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS Rev 2009; 11:126-134.
20. Carr A, Ritzhaupt A, Zhang W, et al. Effects of boosted tipranavir and lopinavir on body composition, insulin sensitivity and adipocytokines in antiretroviralnaive adults. AIDS 2008; 22:2313-2321
21. Hulgan T, Haubrich R, Riddler SA, et al. European mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and metabolic changes during antiretroviral therapy in AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5142. AIDS 2011; 25:37-47.
22. Bacchetti P, Gripshover B, Grunfeld C, et al. Fat distribution in men with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 40:121-131. (Pubitemid 41395709)
23. Crum-Cianflone N, Roediger MP, Eberly L, et al. Increasing rates of obesity among HIV-infected persons during the HIV epidemic. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10106.
24. Wunder DM, Bersinger NA, Fux CA, et al. Hypogonadism in HIV-1-infected men is common and does not resolve during antiretroviral therapy. Antivir Ther 2007; 12:261-265. (Pubitemid 46569911)
25. Falutz J. Growth hormone and HIV infection: contribution to disease manifestations and clinical implications. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2010. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2010.11.001.
26. Mueller NJ, Fux CA, Ledergerber B, et al. High prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency in combined antiretroviral therapy-naive and successfully treated Swiss HIV patients. AIDS 2010; 24:1127-1134.
27. Martinez E, Larrousse M, Podzamczer D, et al. Objective amount of limb fat in HIV-infected subjects with subjective diagnosis of lipoatrophy. HIV Med 2009; 10:257-261.
28. Faintuch J, Soeters PB, Osmo HG. Nutritional and metabolic abnormalities in pre-AIDS HIV infection. Nutrition 2006; 22:683-690.
29. Khovidhunkit W, Kim MS, Memon RA, et al. Effects of infection and inflammation on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: mechanisms and consequences to the host. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:1169-1196. (Pubitemid 38802622)
30. Palacios R, Puerta S, Orihuela F, et al. Short communication: contribution of the immunovirological state and traditional cardiovascular risk factors to low HDL-cholesterol in HIV patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:1167-1170.
31. Mujawar Z, Rose H, Morrow MP, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus impairs reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages. PLoS Biol 2006; 4:e365.
32. Young J, Weber R, Rickenbach M, et al. Lipid profiles for antiretroviral-naive patients starting PI-and NNRTI-based therapy in the Swiss HIV cohort study. Antivir Ther 2005; 10:585-591. (Pubitemid 41224950)
33. Brown TT, Li X, Cole SR, et al. Cumulative exposure to nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors is associated with insulin resistance markers in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. AIDS 2005; 19:1375-1383. (Pubitemid 41800673)
34. Caron-Debarle M, Lagathu C, Boccara F, et al. HIV-associated lipodystrophy: from fat injury to premature aging. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16:218-229.
35. Murata H, Hruz PW, Mueckler M. The mechanism of insulin resistance caused by HIV protease inhibitor therapy. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:20251-20254. (Pubitemid 30457596)
36. Ho JE, Hsue PY. Cardiovascular manifestations of HIV infection. Heart 2009; 95:1193-1202.
37. Falutz J. Therapy insight: body-shape changes and metabolic complications associated with HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2007; 3:651-661. (Pubitemid 47294430)
38. Guaraldi G, Fontdevila J, Christensen LH, et al. Surgical correction of HIVassociated facial lipoatrophy. AIDS 2011; 25:1-12.
39. McComsey GA, Walker UA, Budhathoki CB, et al. Uridine supplementation in the treatment of HIV lipoatrophy: results of ACTG 5229. AIDS 2010; 24:2507-2515.
40. Klein S, Allison DB, Heymsfield SB, et al. Waist circumference and cardiometabolic risk: a consensus statement from shaping America's health-Association for Weight Management and Obesity Prevention; NAASO, the Obesity Society; the American Society for Nutrition; and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:1647-1652.
41. Bhasin S, Parker RA, Sattler F, et al. Effects of testosterone supplementation on whole body and regional fat mass and distribution in human immunode-ficiency virus-infected men with abdominal obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:1049-1057. (Pubitemid 46465682)
42. Falutz J, Mamputu JC, Potvin D, et al. Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog, in human immunodeficiency virusinfected patients with excess abdominal fat: a pooled analysis of two multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 trials with safety extension data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:4291-4304.