Polyurethane nanocomposites

Recent Advances in Polymer Nanocomposites

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 181-226

  Leroux, Fabrice ^a   Troutier, Anne Lise ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ CLERMONT AUVERGNE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79954999336     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (187)

1. Nair, B., M.A.R. Osbourne, and P.T. Hammond, Synthesis and characterization of new segmented copolymers with side chain liquid crystalline soft segments. Macromolecules, 1998. 31: pp. 8749–8756.
2. Shirasaka, H., S. Inoue, K. Asai, and H. Okamoto, Polyurethane urea elastomer having monodisperse poly(oxytetramethylene) as a soft segment with an uniform hard segment. Macromolecules, 2000. 33: pp. 2776–2778.
3. Paul, C.J., M.R.G. Nair, P. Koshy, and B.B. Idage, Segmented block copolymers of natural rubber and bisphenol A-toluene diisocyanate oligomers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1999. 74: pp. 706–721.
4. Spontak, R.J., and N.P. Patel, Thermoplastic elastomers: fundamentals and applications. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci., 2000. 5: pp. 334–341.
5. Musselman, S.G., T.M. Santosusso, J.D. Barnes, and L.H. Sperling, Domain structure and interphase dimensions in poly(urethane urea) elastomers using DSC and SAKS. J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys., 1999. 37:pp. 2586–2600.
6. Sakurai, S., Y. Okamoto, H. Sakaue, T. Nakamura, L. Banda, and S. Nomura, Structure and properties of segmentedpoly(urethane urea)s with relatively short hard-segment chains. J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys., 2000. 38: pp. 1716–1728.
7. Okada, A., M. Kawasumi, A. Usuki, Y. Kojima, T. Kurauchi, and O. Kamigaito, Nylon 6-clay hybrid. Mater. Res. Soc. Proc., 1990.171: pp. 45–50.
8. LeBaron, P.C., Z. Wang, and T.J. Pinnavaia, Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: an overview. Appl. Clay Sci., 1999. 15: pp. 11–29.
9. Alexandre, M., and P. Dubois, Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: preparation, properties and uses of a new class of materials. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2000. 28: pp. 1–63.
10. Krishnamoorti, R., R.A. Vaia, and E.P. Giannelis, Structure and dynamics of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. Chem. Mater., 1996. 8: pp. 1728–1734.
11. Giannelis, E.P., R. Krishnamoorti, and E. Manias, Polymer—silicate nanocomposites: model systems for confined polymers and polymer brushes. Adv. Polym. Sci., 1999. 138: pp. 107–147.
12. Hsieh, K.H., D.C. Liao, and Y.C. Chern, Handbook of Thermoplastics: Thermoplastic Polyurethane. 1997, New York: Marcel Dekker.
13. Gogolewski, S., Selected topics in biomedical polyurethanes. A review. Colloid Polym. Sci., 1989. 267: pp. 757–785.
14. Szycher, M., Szycher’s Handbook of Polyurethanes. 1999, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
15. Christenson, E.M., J.M. Anderson, A. Hiltner, and E. Baer, Relationship between nanoscale deformation processes and elastic behavior of polyurethane elastomers. Polymer, 2005. 46: pp. 11744–11754.
16. Kim, B.K., and J.C. Lee, Waterborne polyurethanes and their properties. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 1996. 34: pp. 1095–1104.
17. Chen, S.A., and J.S. Hsu, Potassium ion-based polyurethane anionomers: effects of emulsification on structure and physical properties. Makromol. Chem., 1992. 193: pp. 423–434.
18. Kim, C.K., B.K. Kim, and H.M. Jeong, Aqueous dispersion of polyurethane ionomers from hexamethylene diisocyanate and trimellitic anhydride. Colloid Polym. Sci., 1991. 269: pp. 895–900.
19. Seymour, R.W., G.M. Estes, and S.L. Cooper, Infrared studies of segmented polyurethan elastomers. I. Hydrogen bonding. Macromolecules, 1970. 3: pp. 579–583.
20. Lee, H.S., K. Wang, W.J. Macknight, and S.L. Hsu, Spectroscopic analysis of phase-separation kinetics in model polyurethanes. Macromolecules, 1988. 21: pp. 270–273.
21. Wang, C.B., and S.L. Cooper, Morphology and properties of segmented polyether polyurethaneureas. Macromolecules, 1983. 16: pp. 775–786.
22. Richter, E.B., and C.W. Macosko, Kinetics of fast (RIM) urethane polymerization. Polym. Eng. Sci., 1978. 18: pp. 1012–1018.
23. Macosko, C.W., RIM Fundamentals of Reaction Injection Molding, Chapter 2. 1989, Munich: Hanser.
24. Kim, D.S., and S.K. Lee, Effect of blending polyethersulfone on the cure kinetics and physical properties of dicyanate resin. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2001. 82: pp. 1952–1962.
25. Meuse, C.W., X. Yang, D. Yang, and S.L. Hsu, Spectroscopic analysis of ordering and phase-separation behavior of model polyurethanes in a restricted geometry. Macromolecules, 1992. 25: pp. 925–932.
26. Bergaya, F., and G. Lagaly, Handbook of Clay Science. General Introduction: Clays, Clay Minerals, and Clay Science. 2006, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
27. Brigatti, M.F., E. Galan, and B.K.G. Theng, Handbook of Clay Science. Structures and Mineralogy of Clay Minerals. 2006, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
28. Wang, W.J., W.K. Chin, and W.J. Wang, Synthesis and structural characterizations of [chromophore]+- saponite/polyurethane nanocomposites. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 2002. 40: pp. 1690–1703.
29. Galan, E., and M.I. Carretero, Properties and applications of palygorskite-sepiolite clays. Clay Minerals, 1999. 31: pp. 443–453.
30. Kuan, H.C., H.Y. Su, and C.C. Ma, Synthesis and characterization of polysilicic acid nanoparticles/waterborne polyurethane nanocomposite. J. Mater. Sci., 2005. 40: pp. 6063–6070.
31. Chen, Y., S. Zhou, H. Yang, G. Gu, and L. Wu, Preparation and characterization of nanocomposite polyurethane. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2004. 279: pp. 370–378.
32. Zhou, S., L. Wu, J. Sun, and W. Shen, The change of the properties of acrylic-based polyurethane via addition of nano-silica. Prog. Org. Coatings, 2002. 45: pp. 33–42.
33. Zilg, C., R. Thomann, R. Mulhaupt, and J. Finter, Polyurethane nanocomposites containing laminated anisotropic nanoparticles derived from organophilic layered silicates. Adv. Mater., 1999. 11: pp. 49–52.
34. Forano, C., T. Hibino, F. Leroux, and C. Taviot-Gueho, Handbook of Clay Science: Layered Double Hydroxides. 2006, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
35. Evans, D.G., and X. Duan, Preparation of layered double hydroxides and their applications as additives in polymers, as precursors to magnetic materials and in biology and medicine. Chem. Commun., 2006. 5: pp. 485–496.
36. Leroux, F., Organo-modified anionic clays into polymer compared to smectite-type nanofiller: Potential applications of the nanocomposites. J. Nanosci. Nanotech., 2006. 6: pp. 303–315.
37. Baney, R.H., M. Itoh, A. Sakakibara, and T. Suzuki, Silsesquioxanes. Chem. Rev., 1995. 95: pp. 1409–1430.
38. Mather, P.T., H.G. Jeon, A. Romo-Uribe, T.S. Haddad, and J.D. Lichtenhan, Mechanical relaxation and microstructure of poly(norbornyl-POSS) copolymers. Macromolecules, 1998. 32: pp. 1194–1203.
39. Marchant, D., J.H. Koo, R.L. Blanski, E.H. Weber, P.N. Ruth, A. Lee, and C.E. Schlaefer, Flammability and thermophysical characterization of thermoplastic elastomer nanocomposites. Polym. Mater: Sci. Eng., 2004. 91: pp. 32–33.
40. Kannan, R.Y., H.J. Salacinski, J. De Groot, I. Clatworthy, L. Bozec, M. Horton, P.E. Butler, and A.M. Seifalian, The antithrombogenic potential of a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposite. Biomacromolecules, 2006. 7: pp. 215–223.
41. Kuan, H.C., C.C. Ma, W.P. Chang, S.M. Yuen, H.H. Wu, and T.M. Lee, Synthesis, thermal, mechanical and rheological properties of multiwall carbon nanotube/waterborne polyurethane nanocomposite. Composites Sci. Technol., 2005. 65: pp. 1703–1710.
42. Calvert, P., Nanotube composites: a recipe for strength. Nature, 1999. 399: pp. 210–211.
43. Qian, D., E.C. Dickey, R. Andrews, and T. Rantell, Load transfer and deformation mechanisms in carbon nanotube-polystyrene composites. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2000. 76: pp. 2868–2870.
44. Zhu, J., J.H. Kim, H. Peng, J.L. Margrave, V.N. Khabashwsku, and E.V. Barrera, Improving the dispersion and integration of single-walled carbon nanotubes in epoxy composites through functionalization. Nano Lett., 2003. 3: pp. 1107–1113.
45. Geng, H., R. Rosen, B. Zheng, H. Shimoda, L. Fleming, and O. Zhou, Fabrication and properties of composites of poly(ethylene oxide) and functionalized carbon nanotubes. Adv. Mater., 2002.14: pp. 1387–1390.
46. Huang, W., S. Fernando, L.F. Allard, and Y.P. Sun, Solubilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with diamine-terminated oligomeric poly(ethylene glycol) in different functionalization reactions. Nano Lett., 2003. 3: pp. 565–568.
47. Georgakilas, V., K. Kordatos, M. Prato, D.M. Guldi, M. Holzingger, and A. Hirsch, Organic functionaliza- tion of carbon nanotubes. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002. 124: pp. 760–761.
48. Xu, M., T. Zhang, B. Gu, J. Wu, and Q. Chen, Synthesis and properties of novel polyurethaneurea/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites. Macromolecules, 2006. 39: pp. 3540–3545.
49. Dongyan, T., Q. Liangsheng, J. Zheng, and C. Weimin, Preparation, morphology, and thermoelectric property studies of BaTiO3 superfine fiber/castor oil polyurethane-based IPN nanocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2002. 84: pp. 709–715.
50. Mezzenga, R., C.J.G. Plummer, and J.A.E. Manson, Morphology build-up in dendritic hyperbranched polymer modified epoxy resins: modelling and characterization. Polymer, 2001. 42: pp. 305–317.
51. Boogh, L., B. Petterson, and J.A.E. Manson, Dendritic hyperbranched polymers as tougheners for epoxy resins. Polymer, 1999. 40: pp. 2249–2261.
52. Hawker, C.J., R. Lee, and J.M. Frechet, One-step synthesis of hyperbranched dendritic polyesters. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1991.113: pp. 4583–4588.
53. Plummer, C.J.G., L. Garamszegi, Y. Leterrier, M. Rodlert, and J.A.E. Manson, Hyperbranched polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Chem. Mater., 2002. 14: pp. 486–488.
54. Rodlert, M., C.J.G. Plummer, L. Garamszegi, Y Leterrier, H.J.M. Grünbauer, and J.A.E. Manson, Hyperbranched polymer/montmorillonite clay nanocomposites. Polymer, 2004. 45: pp. 949–960.
55. Xia, H., and M. Song, Intercalation and exfoliation behaviour of clay layers in branched polyol and polyurethane/clay nanocomposites. Polym. Int., 2006. 55: pp. 229–235.
56. Li, X., and C.S. Ha, Nanostructure of EVA/organoclay nanocomposites: Effects of kinds of organoclays and grafting of maleic anhydride onto EVA. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2003. 87: pp. 1901–1909.
57. Pattanayak, A., and S.C. Jana, Synthesis of thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites of reactive nanoclay by bulk polymerization methods. Polymer, 2005. 46: pp. 3275–3288.
58. Pattanayak, A., and S.C. Jana, Properties of bulk-polymerized thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites. Polymer, 2005. 46: pp. 3394–3406.
59. Pattanayak, A., and S.C. Jana, Thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites of reactive silicate clays: effects of soft segments on properties. Polymer, 2005. 46: pp. 5183–5193.
60. Plummer, C.J.G., M. Rodlert, J.L. Bucaille, H.J.M. Grünbauer, and J.A.E. Manson, Correlating the rhe- ological and mechanical response of polyurethane nanocomposites containing hyperbranched polymers. Polymer, 2005. 46: pp. 6543–6553.
61. Wang, Z., and T.J. Pinnavaia, Nanolayer reinforcement of elastomeric polyurethane. Chem. Mater., 1998. 10: pp. 3769–3771.
62. Privalko, V.P., V.O. Dupanov, E.G. Privalko, and A.A. Usenko, Thermoelastic behavior of polyurethanes reinforced with the in situ-generated sodium silica-poly phosphate nanophase. J. Macromol. Sci. Part B: Physics, 2005. 44: pp. 641–650.
63. Song, L., Y. Hu, B. Li, S. Wang, W. Fan, and Z. Chen, A study on the synthesis and properties of polyurethane/clay nanocomposites. Int. J. Polym. Analysis Characterization, 2003. 8: pp. 317–326.
64. Chang, J.H. and U.A. Yeong, Nanocomposites of polyurethane with various organoclays: Thermomechanical properties, morphology, and gas permeability. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 2002. 40: pp. 670–677.
65. Han, B., A. Cheng, G. Ji, S. Wu, and J. Shen, Effect of organophilic montmorillonite on polyurethane/montmorillonite nanocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2004. 91: pp. 2536–2542.
66. Chen-Yang, Y.W., H.C. Yang, G.J. Li, and Y.K. Li, Thermal and anticorrosive properties of polyurethane/clay nanocomposites. J. Polym. Res., 2004. 11: pp. 275–283.
67. Chen, T.K., Y.I. Tien, and K.H. Wei, Synthesis ad characterization of novel segmented polyurethane/clay nanocomposites. Polymer, 2000. 41: pp. 1345–1353.
68. Tien, Y.I., and K.H. Wei, Hydrogen bonding and mechanical properties in segmented montmoril- lonite/polyurethane nanocomposites of different hard segment ratios. Polymer, 2001. 42: pp. 3213–3221.
69. Rehab, A., and N. Salahuddin, Nanocomposite materials based on polyurethane interaclated into montmorillonite clay. Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2005. 399: pp. 368–376.
70. Ni, P., J. Li, J. Suo, and S. Li, Study on mechanical properties of polyurethane-attapulgite nanocomposites. J. Mater. Sci., 2004. 39: pp. 4671–4673.
71. Kuo, W.J., G.H. Hsiue, and R.J. Jeng, Novel guest-host NLO poly(ether imide) based on a two-dimensional carbazole chromophore with sulfonyl acceptors. Macromolecules, 2001. 34: pp. 2373–2384.
72. Osman, M.A., V. Mittal, M. Morbidelli, and U.W. Suter, Polyurethane adhesive nanocomposites as gas permeation barrier. Macromolecules, 2003. 36: pp. 9851–9858.
73. Barna, E., B. Bommer, J. Kürsteiner, A. Vital, O. Trzebiatowski, W. Koch, B. Schmid, and T. Graule, Innovative, scratch proof nanocomposites for clear coatings. Composites: Part A, 2005. 36: pp. 473–480.
74. Fisher, H.R., and L.H. Gielgens, Nanocomposite material. 1998, WO patent 99/35186.
75. Demjen, Z., and B. Pukanszky, Effect of surface coverage of silane treated CaCO3 on the tensile properties of polypropylene composites. Polym. Comp., 1997. 18: pp. 741–747.
76. Demjen, Z., B. Pukanszky, E. Foldes, and J. Nagy, Interaction of silane coupling agents with CaCO3. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 1997. 190: pp. 427–436.
77. Blagojevi C, S.L., V. Kovacevic, M. Leskovac, D. Vrsaljko, V. Volovsek, and C. Nover, Silane pre-treatment of calcium carbonate nanofillers for polyurethane composites. E-Polymers, 2004. 036: pp. 1–14.
78. Shen, Y.F., S. Chen, and L. Chen, Synthesis of functionalized CdS nanocrystals and CdS/PU hybrid nanocomposites. Polym. Preprints, 2005. 46: pp. 823–824.
79. Fu, B.X., B.S. Hsiao, S. Pagola, P. Stephens, H. White, M. Rafailovich, J. Sokolov, P.T. Mather, H.G. Jeon, S. Phillips, J. Lichtenhan, and J. Schwab, Structural development during deformation of polyurethane containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) molecules. Polymer, 2001. 42: pp. 599–611.
80. Wu, H.L., Y.T. Yang, C.C. Ma, and H.C. Kuan, Molecular mobility of free-radical-functionalized carbon- nanotube/siloxane/poly(urea urethane) nanocompoites. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem., 2005. 43: pp. 6084–6094.
81. Tien, C.F., C.R. Hegedus, T.M. Santosusso, A.J. Snyder, and L.A. Mercando, Two component-waterborne crosslinkable polyurethane/acrylate-hybrid systems. 1997, US patent 5594054.
82. Subramani, S., J.M. Lee, J.H. Kim, and I.W. Cheong, One-pack cross-linkable waterborne methyl ethyl ketoxime-blockedpolyurethane/clay nanocomposite dispersions. Macromol. Res., 2005. 13: pp. 418–426.
83. Jeong, H.M., K.H. Jang, and K. Cho, Properties of waterborne polyurethanes based on polycarbonate diol reinforced with organophilic clay. J. Macromol. Sci. Part B: Phys., 2003. B42: pp. 1249–1263.
84. Ma, C.C., H.Y. Su, H.C. Kuan, C.F. Kuan, and C.L. Chiang, Hydrogen-bonding, crystallinity, and morphological properties of poly(silicic acid)/waterbornepolyurethane nanocomposites. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 2005. 43: pp. 1076–1089.
85. Mamunya, Y.P., V.I. Shtompel, E.V. Lebedev, P. Pissis, A. Kanapitsas, and G. Boiteux, Structure and water sorption of polyurethane nanocomposites based on organic and inorganic components. Eur. Polym. J., 2004. 40: pp. 2323–2331.
86. Kuan, H.C., W.P. Chuang, C.C. Ma, C.L. Chiang, and H.L. Wu, Synthesis and characterization of a clay/waterborne polyurethane nanocomposite. J. Mater. Sci., 2005. 40: pp. 179–185.
87. Alexander, M.D., H.J. Bentley, and C.S. Wang, Polymer modified off-axis multiwall nanotubes for fabrication of electrically conductive polyurethane nanocomposites. Polym. Preprints, 2003. 44: pp. 294–295.
88. Cao, X., L.J. Lee, T. Widya, and C. Macosko, Polyurethane/clay nanocomposites foams: processing, structure and properties. Polymer, 2005. 46: pp. 775–783.
89. Zeng, C., X. Han, L.J. Lee, K.W. Koelling, and D.L. Tomasko, Polymer-clay nanocomposite foams prepared using carbon dioxide. Adv. Mater., 2003. 15: pp. 1743–1747.
90. Widya, T., and C. Macosko, Nanoclay-modified rigid polyurethane foam. J. Macromol. Sci. Part B: Phys., 2005. 44: pp. 897–908.
91. Brochhagen, F.K., W. Dietrich, G. Gabrysch, R. Kubens, K.J. Kraft, G. Loew, and R. Zöllner, Polyurethan Handbook: PU Rigid Foam. 1985, Munich: Hanser.
92. Grünbauer, H.J.M., J. Bicerano, P. Clavel, R.D. Daussin, H.A. de Vos, M.J. Elwell, H. Kawabata, H. Kramer, D.D. Latham, C.A. Martin, S.E. Moore, B.C. Obi, V. Parenti, A.K. Schrock, and R. van den Bosch, Polymeric Foams, Mechanisms and Materials: Rigid Polyurethane Foams. 2004, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
93. Chastek, T.T., A. Stein, and C.W. Macosko, Hexadecyl-functionalized lamellar mesostructure silicates and aluminosilicates designed for polymer-clay nanocomposite. Part II. Dispersion in organic solvents and in polystyrene. Polymer, 2005. 46: pp. 4431–4439.
94. Jeon, H.S., J.K. Rameshwaram, G. Kim, and D.H. Weinkauf, Characterization of polyisoprene-clay nanocomposites prepared by solution blending. Polymer, 2003. 44: pp. 5749–5758.
95. Fukushima, Y., X-ray diffraction study of aqueous montmorillonite emulsions. Clays Clay Miner., 1984. 32: pp. 320–326.
96. Fukushima, Y., and S. Inagaki, Synthesis of intercalated compound of montmorillonite and 6-polyamide. J. Inclusion Phenomena, 1987. 5: pp. 473–482.
97. Fukushima, Y., A. Okada, M. Kawasumi, T. Kurauchi, and O. Kamigaito, Swelling behaviour of montmorillonite by poly-6-amide. Clay Minerals, 1988. 23: pp. 27–34.
98. Decker, C., K. Zahouily, L. Keller, S. Benfarhi, T. Bendaikha, and J. Baron, Ultrafast synthesis of bentonite- acrylate nanocomposite materials by UV-radiation curing. J. Mater. Sci., 2002. 37: pp. 4831–4838.
99. Bertoldo, M., S. Bronco, P. Narducci, S. Rossetti, and M. Scoponi, Polymerization kinetics and characterization of dual cured polyurethane—acrylate nanocomposites for laminates, Macromol. Mater. Eng., 2005. 290: pp. 475–484.
100. You, C., J. Xu, S. Xi, X. Duan, J. Shen, and D. Jia, Properties and morphology of unsaturated polyester/acrylate-terminated polyurethane/organo-montmorillonite nanocomposites. Chinese J. Polym. Sci., 2005. 23: pp. 471–478.
101. Zhou, S., M. Xiong, and L. Wu, The properties of high solid acrylic based polyurethane and acrylic latex embedded with nano-silica. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 2003. 36: pp. 1263–1269.
102. Zhou, S.X., L.M. Wu, J. Sun, and W.D. Shen, Effect of nanosilica on the properties of polyester-based polyurethane. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2003. 88: pp. 189–193.
103. Kim, J.Y., J.W. Lee, and K.D. Suh, Synthesis of magnetic nanocomposites using amphiphilic polyurethane networks. Macromol. Rapid Communications, 2001. 22: pp. 1432–1437.
104. Jia, Q.M., M.S. Zheng, H.X. Chen, and R.J. Shen, Morphologies and properties of polyurethane/epoxy resin interpenetrating network nanocomposites modified with organoclay. Mater. Lett., 2006. 60: pp. 1306–1309.
105. Zhang, X., R. Xu, Z. Wu, and C. Zhou, The synthesis and characterization of polyurethane/clay nanocomposites. Polym. Int., 2003. 52: pp. 790–794.
106. Zhu, Y., L. Zhang, H. Zheng, M. Wei, and D. Sun, XPS surface chemical analysis of epoxy-based electrophoresis membrane improved by SiO2PU nanocomposites. Polym. Mater: Sci. Eng., 2005. 93: pp. 860–861.
107. Moon, S.Y., J.K. Kim, C. Nah, and Y.S. Lee, Polyurethane/montmorillonite nanocomposites prepared from crystalline polyols, using 1,4-butanediol and organoclay hybrid as chain extenders. Eur. Polym. J., 2004. 40: pp. 1615–1621.
108. Tortora, M., G. Gorrasi, V. Vittoria, G. Galli, S. Ritrovati, and E. Chiellini, Structural characterization and transport properties of organically modified montmorillonite/polyurethane nanocomposites. Polymer, 2002. 43: pp. 6147–6157.
109. Schneider, N.S., and C.S. Paik Sung, Transition behavior and phase segregation in TDl polyurethanes. Polym. Eng. Sci., 1977. 17: pp. 73–80.
110. Lee, H.S., S.R. Yoo, and S.W. Seo, Domain and segmental deformation behaviour of thermoplastic elastomers using synchrotron SAXS and FTlR methods. J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys., 1999. 37: pp. 3233–3245.
111. Lee, H.S., H.D. Park, and C.K. Cho, Domain and segment orientation behaviour of PBS-PTMG segmented block copolymers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2000. 77: pp. 699–709.
112. Rhoney, I., S. Brown, N.E. Hudson, and R.A. Pethrick, Influence of processing method on the exfoliation process for organically modified clay systems. I. Polyurethanes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2004. 91: pp. 1335–1343.
113. Finnigan, B., D. Martin, P. Halley, R. Truss, and K. Campbell, Morphology and properties of thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites incorporating hydrophilic layered silicates. Polymer, 2004. 45: pp. 2249–2260.
114. Kwon, J.Y., Y.S. Koo, and H.D. Kim, Preparation and properties of waterborne polyurethane/polyaniline codoped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid and hydrochloric acid blends. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2004. 93: pp. 700–710.
115. Kuppa, V., and E. Manias, Dynamics of poly(ethylene oxide) in nanoscale confinements: a computer simulations perspective. J. Chem. Phys., 2003. 118: pp. 3421–3429.
116. Lu, H.B., and S. Nutt, Restricted relaxation in polymer nanocomposites near the glass transition. Macromolecules, 2003. 36: pp. 4010–4016.
117. Liu, X.H., and Q.J. Wu, Non-isothermal crystallization behaviors of polyamide 6/clay nanocomposites. Eur. Polym. J., 2002. 38: pp. 1383–1389.
118. Song, M., H.S. Xia, K.J. Yao, and D.J. Hourston, A study on phase morphology and surface properties of polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposite. Eur. Polym. J., 2005. 41: pp. 259–266.
119. Song, M., and K.J. Yao, X-ray diffraction detection of compliance in polyurethane-organoclay nanocomposites. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2004. 20: pp. 989–992.
120. Dai, X., J. Xu, X. Guo, Y. Lu, D. Shen, N. Zhao, X. Luo, and X. Zhang, Study on structure and orientation action of polyurethane nanocomposites. Macromolecules, 2004. 37: pp. 5615–5623.
121. Dai, X., X. Luo, Q. Gu, X. Zhang, D. Shen, L. Shi, and J. Xu, Stress-induced crystallization of polyurethane/montmorillonite nanocomposite. Chinese J. Polym. Sci., 2002. 20: pp. 481–483.
122. Ren, J., A.S. Silva, and R. Krishnamoorti, Linear viscoelasticity of disordered polystyrene-polyisoprene block copolymer based layered-silicate nanocomposites. Macromolecules, 2000. 33: pp. 3739–3746.
123. Krishnamoorti, R., and E.P. Giannelis, Rheology of end-tethered polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Macromolecules, 1997. 30: pp. 4097–4102.
124. Yao, K.J., M. Song, D.J. Hourston, and D.Z. Luo, Polymer/Layered clay nanocomposites: 2 polyurethane nanocomposites. Polymer, 2002. 43: pp. 1017–1020.
125. Xia, H., S.J. Shaw, and M. Song, Relationship between mechanical properties and exfoliation degree of clay in polyurethane nanocomposites. Polym. Int., 2005. 54: pp. 1392–1400.
126. Mishra, J.K., I. Kim, and C.S. Ha, New millable polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposite: preparation, characterization and properties. Macromol. Rapid Communications, 2003. 24: pp. 671–675.
127. Zilg, C., R. Mülhaupt, and J. Finter, Morphology and toughness/stiffness balance of nanocomposites based upon anhydride-cured epoxy resins and layered silicates. Macromol. Chem. Phys., 1999. 200: pp. 661–670.
128. Xiong, J., X. Yang, Y. Liu, and X. Wang, Studies on polyurethane/clay nanocomposites based on a reactive compatilizer. Polym. Mater.: Sci. Eng., 2004. 91: pp. 735–736.
129. Xiong, J., Y. Liu, X. Yang, and X. Wang, Thermal and mechanical properties of polyurethane/montmorillonite nanocomposites based on a novel reactive modifier. Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 2004. 86: pp. 549–555.
130. Song, M., D.J. Hourston, K.J. Yao, J.K.H. Tay, and M.A. Ansarifar, High performance nanocomposites of polyurethane elastomer and organically modified layered silicate. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2003. 90: pp. 3239–3243.
131. Xu, R.J., E. Manias, A.J. Snyder, and J. Runt, New biomedical poly(urethane urea)-layered silicate nanocomposites. Macromolecules, 2001. 34: pp. 337–339.
132. Tien, Y.I., and K.H. Wei, High-tensile-property layered silicates/polyurethane nanocomposìtes by using reactive silicates as pseudo chain extenders. Macromolecules, 2001. 34: pp. 9045–9052.
133. Jin, J., M. Song, K.J. Yao, and L. Chen, A study on viscoelasticity of polyurethane-organoclay nanocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2006. 99: pp. 3677–3683.
134. Ni, P., J. Li, J. Suo, and S. Li, Novel polyether polyurethane/clay nanocomposìtes synthesized with organic- modified montmorìllonìte as chain extenders. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2004. 94: pp. 534–541.
135. Lan, T., and T.J. Pinnavaia, Clay-reinforced epoxy nanocomposìtes. Chem. Mater., 1994. 6: pp. 2216–2219.
136. Kim, B.K., J.W. Seo, and H.M. Jeong, Morphology and properties of waterborne polyurethane/clay nanocomposites. Eur. Polym. J., 2003. 39: pp. 85–91.
137. Zheng, J., R. Ozisik, and R.W. Siegel, Disruption of self-assembly and altered mechanical behavior in polyurethane/zinc oxide nanocomposites. Polymer, 2005. 46: pp. 10873–10882.
138. Lee, S.I., Y.B. Hahn, K.S. Nahm, and Y.S. Lee, Synthesis of polyether-basedpolyurethane-sìlìca nanocomposites with high elongation property. Polym. Adv. Technol., 2005. 16: pp. 328–331.
139. Chen, X., B. You, S. Zhou, and L. Wu, Surface and interface characterization of polyester-based polyurethane/nano-silica composites. Surf. Interface Anal., 2003. 38: pp. 369–374.
140. Chen, Y., S. Zhou, H. Yang, and L. Wu, Structure and properties of polyurethane/nanosilica composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2005. 95: pp. 1032–1039.
141. Shen, J., Z. Zhang, and G. Wu, Preparation and characterization of polyurethane doped with nano-sized SiO2 derived from sol-gel process. J. Chem. Eng. Japan, 2003. 36: pp. 1270–1275.
142. Sheptalin, R.A., S.M. Lomakin, V.S. Osipchik, and G.E. Zaikov, Flammabìlìty of polyurethane-organophilic clay nanocomposìte. Oxidation Communications, 2004. 27: pp. 691–701.
143. Berta, M., C. Lindsay, G. Pans, and G. Camino, Effect of chemical structure on combustion and thermal behaviour of polyurethane elastomer layered silicate nanocomposites. Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 2006. 91: pp. 1179–1191.
144. Song, L., Y. Hu, Y. Tang, R. Zhang, Z. Chen, and W. Fan, Study on the properties of flame retardant polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposite. Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 2005. 87: pp. 111–116.
145. Osman, M.A., V. Mittal, and H.R. Lusti, The aspect ratio and gas permeation in polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. Macromol. Rapid Communications, 2004. 28: pp. 1145–1149.
146. Ma, X., H. Lu, G. Lian, J. Zhao, and T. Lu, Rectorite/thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites. II. Improvement of thermal and oil-resistant properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2005. 96: pp. 1165–1169.
147. Fredrickson, G.H., and J. Bicerano, Barrier properties of oriented disk composites. J. Chem. Phys., 1999. 110: pp. 2181–2188.
148. Watanabe, M., T. Hirai, M. Suzuki, and Y. Amaike, Electric conduction in bending electrostriction of polyurethanes. Appl. Phys. Lett., 1999. 74: pp. 2717–2719.
149. Nam, J.D., S.D. Hwang, H.R. Choi, J.H. Lee, K.J. Kim, and S. Heo, Electrostrictive polymer nanocomposites exhibiting tunable electrical properties. Smart Mater. Struct., 2005. 14, pp. 87–90.
150. Liu, R., Q. Zhang, and L.E. Cross, Experimental investigation of electrostrictive polarization biased direct apparent piezoelectric properties in polyurethane elastomer under quasistatic conditions. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1999. 73: pp. 2603–2609.
151. Vaia, R.A., H. Koerner, D. Powers, P. Mirau, M. Alexander, and M. Arlen, Polymer nanocomposites as adaptive materials: carbon nanotube-polyurethane stress recovery systems. Polym. Preprints, 2005. 46: pp. 542–543.
152. Koerner, H., G. Price, N. Pearce, M. Alexander, and R.A. Vaia, Remotely actuated polymer nanocomposites - stress-recovery of carbon-nanotube-filled thermoplastic elastomers. Nature Mater., 2004. 3: pp. 115–120.
153. Kwon, J.Y., and H.D. Kim, Preparation and properties of acid-treated multiwalled carbon nanotube/waterborne polyurethane nanocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2005. 96: pp. 595–604.
154. Drolet, F., and G.H. Fredrickson, Combinatorial screening of complex block copolymer assembly with self- consistent field theory. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1999. 83: pp. 4317–4320.
155. Balazs, A.C., C. Singh, and E. Zhulina, Modeling the interactions between polymers and clay surfaces through self-consistent field theory. Macromolecules, 1998. 31: pp. 8370–8381.
156. Balazs, A.C., V.V. Ginzburg, F. Qiu, G.W. Peng, and D. Jasnow, Multi-scale model for binary mixtures containing nanoscopic particles. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2000. 104: pp. 3411–3422.
157. Zeng, Q., A. Yu, and G. Lu, Interfacial interactions and structure of polyurethane intercalated nanocomposite. Nanotechnology, 2005. 16: pp. 2757–2763.
158. Zeng, Q.H., A.B. Yu, G.Q. Lu, and R.K. Standish, Molecular dynamics simulation of organic-inorganic nanocomposites: layering behaviour and interlayer structure of organoclays. Chem. Mater., 2003. 15: pp. 4732–4738.
159. Smith, W., and T.R. Forester, DL_POLY_2.0: a general-purpose parallel molecular dynamics simulation package. J. Mol. Graph., 1996. 14: pp. 136–141.
160. Gusev, A.A., Numerical identification of the potential of whisker- and platelet-filled polymers. Macromolecules, 2001. 34: pp. 3081–3093.
161. Larson, R.G., The Structure and Rheology of Complex Fluids. 1999, New York: Oxford University Press.
162. Guven, N., Clay-Water Interface and Its Rheological Properties. 1992, Boulder, CO: The Clay Minerals Society.
163. Garboczi, E.J., K.A. Snyder, J.F. Douglas, and M.F. Thorpe, Geometrical percolation threshold of overlapping ellipsoids. Phys. Rev. E, 1995. 52: pp. 819–828.
164. Halpin, J.C., and J.L. Kardos, The Halpin-Tsai equations: a review. Polym. Eng. Sci., 1976. 16: pp. 344–352.
165. Tandon, G.P., and G.J. Weng, The effect of aspect ratio of inclusions on the elastic properties of unidirectionally aligned composites. Polym. Compos., 1984. 5: pp. 327–333.
166. Tui, C., T. Moussa, and J.P. Carreau, Steady and dynamic shear properties of non-aqueous drag-reducing polymer solutions. Rheologica Acta, 1995. 34: pp. 586–600.
167. Khalil, K., A. Tougui, and D. Sigli, Relation between some rheological properties of polyisobutylene solutions and their mode of preparation. J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 1994. 52: pp. 375–386.
168. Herschel, W.H., and R. Bulkley, Measurement of consistency as applied to rubber-benzene solutions. Proc. Am. Soc. Test Mater., 1926. 26: pp. 621–633.
169. Matijasic, G., and A. Glasnovic, Influence of dispersed phase characteristics on rheological behavior of suspensions. Chem. Biochem. Eng. Quarterly, 2002. 16: pp. 165–172.
170. Kim, D.S., J.T. Kim, and W.B. Woo, Reaction kinetics and characteristics of polyurethane/clay nanocomposites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2005. 96: pp. 1641–1647.
171. Kissinger, H.E., Reaction kinetics in differential thermal analysis. Anal. Chem., 1957. 29: pp. 1702–1706.
172. Ozawa, T.J., Some demonstrations of the effect of the heating rate on thermoanalytical curves. J. Thermal Analysis, 1976. 9: pp. 217–227.
173. Flynn, J.H., The effect of heating rate upon the coupling of complex reactions. I. Independent and competitive reactions. Thermochimica Acta, 1980. 37: pp. 225–238.
174. Zdrahala, R.J., and I.J. Zdrahala, Biomedical applications of polyurethanes: a review of past, promises, present realities, and a vibrant future. J. Biomater. Appl., 1999.14: pp. 67–90.
175. Xu, R., E. Manias, A.J. Snyder, and J. Runt, Low permeability biomedical polyurethane nanocomposites. J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 2003. 64A: pp. 114–119.
176. Janoski, R.J., Solvent-free, organoclay-filled asphaltic polyurethane dispersion and method of making and using it. 1995, US patent 5421876.
177. Garrett, T.M., and I. Gruzins, Modified polyurethane including filler and method of manufacture thereof. 1997, US patent 5693696.
178. Miyanaga, S., and Y. Tsunoda, Isocyanurate-forming catalyst, polyisocyanurate-layered silicate composite composition, and production of polyisocyanurate-layered silicate composite composition. 1997, JP 9255747.
179. Twene, D., T.A. Klijn, and D.E.P. Mestach, Stain blocking waterborne coating composition. 2005, WO patent 2005071023.
180. Nakao, F., K. Sugisaki, and A. Tominaga, Cationically electrodepositable coating material. 2006, EP 1046684.
181. Cho, J.W., J.W. Kim, Y.C. Jung, and N.S. Goo, Electroactive shape-memory polyurethane composites incorporating carbon nanotubes. Macromol. Rapid Communications, 2005. 26: pp. 412–416.
182. Baughman, R.H., C. Cui, A.A. Zakhidov, Z. Iqbal, J.N. Barisci, G.M. Spinks, G.G. Wallace, A. Mazzoldi, D.D. Rossi, A.G. Rinzler, O. Jaschinski, S. Roth, and M. Kertesz, Carbon nanotube actuators. Science, 1999. 284: pp. 1340–1344.
183. Kyokane, J., H. Ishimoto, H. Yugen, T. Hirai, T. Ueda, and K. Yoshina, Electrostriction effect of polyurethane elastomer (PUE) and its application to actuators. Synth. Met., 1999. 103: pp. 2366–2367.
184. Aga, T., T. Koga, and T. Takeichi, Studies on thermal and mechanical properties of polyimide-clay nanocomposites. Polymer, 2001. 42: pp. 3399–3408.
185. Ayyer, R.K., and A.I. Leonov, Comparative rheological studies of polyamide-6 and its low loaded nanocomposite based on layered silicates. Rheologica Acta, 2004. 43: pp. 283–292.
186. Lim, Y.T., and O.O. Park, Phase morphology and rheological behavior of polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites. Rheologica Acta, 2001. 40: pp. 220–229.
187. Zilg, C., F. Dietsche, B. Hoffmann, C. Dietrich, and R. Mülhaupt, Nanofillers based upon organophilic layered silicates. Macromol. Symp., 2001. 169: pp. 65–77.