Blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dose-dependent suppression of melatonin in humans

Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 110, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 619-626

  West, Kathleen E ^a   Jablonski, Michael R ^a   Warfield, Benjamin ^a   Cecil, Kate S ^a   James, Mary ^a   Ayers, Melissa A ^a   Maida, James ^b   Bowen, Charles ^b   Sliney, David H ^c   Rollag, Mark D ^a   Hanifin, John P ^a   Brainard, George C ^a  

^a THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NASA JOHNSON SPACE CENTER   (United States)

^c Aberdeen Proving Ground   (United States)

Author keywords

Light emitting diode; Pineal

Indexed keywords

MELATONIN;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; COLOR; HUMAN; ILLUMINATION; METABOLIC CLEARANCE RATE; METHODOLOGY; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIATION RESPONSE; RETINA; SEMICONDUCTOR;

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; COLOR; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, RADIATION; HUMANS; LIGHTING; MELATONIN; METABOLIC CLEARANCE RATE; PHOTIC STIMULATION; RADIATION DOSAGE; RETINA; SEMICONDUCTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79954624257     PISSN: 87507587     EISSN: 15221601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01413.2009     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Altimus CM, Guler AD, Alam NM, Arman AC, Prusky GT, Sampath AP, Hattar S. Rod photoreceptors drive circadian photoentrainment across a wide range of light intensities. Nat Neurosci 13: 1107-1112, 2010.
2. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Nonionizing radiation and fields. In: Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, Cincinnati, Ohio: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2007, p. 34-46.
3. American National Standards Institute, and Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety for Lamps and Lamp Systems-General Requirements. New York: American National Standards Institute and Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, RP 27.1- 05, 2005, p. 1-28.
4. Anderson JL, Glod CA, Dai J, Cao Y, Lockley SW. Lux vs. wavelength in light treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Acta Physiol Scand 120: 203-212, 2009.
5. Bergh A, Craford G, Duggal A, Haitz R. The promise and challenge of solid-state lighting. Physics Today 54: 42-47, 2001. (Pubitemid 33129338)
6. Berson DM, Castrucci AM, Provencio I. Morphology and mosaics of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cell types in mice. J Comp Neurol 518: 2405-2422, 2010.
7. Boulos Z, Macchi MM, Stürchler MP, Stewart KT, Brainard GC, Suhner A, Wallace G, Steffen R. Light visor treatment for jet lag after westward travel across six time zones. Aviat Space Environ Med 73: 953-963, 2002.
8. Brainard GC, Hanifin JP. Photons, clocks and consciousness. J Biol Rhythms 20: 314-325, 2005.
9. Brainard GC, Rollag MD, Hanifin JP. Photic regulation of melatonin in humans: Ocular and neural signal transduction. J Biol Rhythms 12: 537-546, 1997. (Pubitemid 127477091)
10. Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Greeson JM, Byrne B, Glickman G, Gerner E, Rollag MD. Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: Evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor. J Neurosci 21: 6405-6412, 2001. (Pubitemid 32737772)
11. Brainard G, Warfield B, Fucci R, Martin E, Stone M, James M, Byrne B, Rollag M, Hanifin J. Testing polychromatic light as a circadian stimulus for space travel (Abstract). 19th Annual Meeting of the Society for Light Treatment and Biological Rhythms Abstract Volume, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2007.
12. Cajochen C, Munch M, Kobialka S, Krauchi K, Steiner R, Oelhafen P, Orgul S, Wirz-Justice A. High sensitivity of human melatonin, alertness, thermoregulation, and heart rate to short-wavelength light. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90: 1311-1316, 2005. (Pubitemid 40463981)
13. Cajochen C, Jud C, Munch M, Kobialka S, Wirz-Justice A, Albrecht U. Evening exposure to blue light stimulates the expression of the clock gene PER2 in humans. Eur J Neurosci 23: 1082-1086, 2006. (Pubitemid 43348550)
14. Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage. International Lighting Vocabulary. Vienna, Austria: Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, CIE Publication No. 174, 1987, p. 1-365.
15. Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage. Ocular Lighting Effects on Human Physiology and Behaviour. Vienna, Austria: Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, Technical Report 158, 2004, p. 1-54.
16. Czeisler CA, Johnson MP, Duffy JF, Brown EN, Ronda JM, Kronauer RE. Exposure to bright light and darkness to treat physiologic maladaptation to night work. N Engl J Med 322: 1253-1259, 1990. (Pubitemid 20152487)
17. Czeisler CA, Chiasera AJ, Duffy JF. Research on sleep, circadian rhythms and aging: Applications to manned spaceflight. Exp Gerontol 26: 217-232, 1991.
18. Dacey DM, Liao HW, Peterson BB, Robinson FR, Smith VC, Pokorny J, Yau KW, Gamlin PD. Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN. Nature 433: 749-754, 2005. (Pubitemid 40292984)
19. Desan PH, Weinstein AJ, Michalak EE, Tam EM, Meesters Y, Ruiter MJ, Horn E, Telner J, Iskandar H, Boivin DB, Lam RW. A controlled trial of the Litebook light-emitting diode (LED) light therapy device for treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) [Online]. BMC Psych 7: 38, 2007.
20. Deutsches Institut Fur Normung. Optical Radiation Physics and Illuminating Engineering-Part 100: Non-Visual Effects of Ocular Light on Human Beings-Quantities, Symbols, and Action Spectra. Berlin: Deutsches Institut Fur Normung, DIN V 5031-100, 2009, p. 1-16.
21. Dijk DJ, Neri DF, Wyatt JK, Ronda JM, Riel E, Ritz-De Cecco A, Hughes RJ, Elliott AR, Prisk GK, West JB, Czeisler CA. Sleep, performance, circadian rhythms, and light-dark cycles during two space shuttle flights. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 281: R1647-R1664, 2001.
22. Figueiro MG, Bullough JD, Parsons RH, Rea MS. Preliminary evidence for spectral opponency in the suppression of melatonin by light in humans. Neuroreport 15: 313-316, 2004. (Pubitemid 38297356)
23. Figueiro MG, Bullough JD, Bierman A, Fay CR, Rea MS. On light as an alerting stimulus at night. Acta Neurobiol Exp 67: 171-178, 2007. (Pubitemid 47066470)
24. Gaddy JR, Rollag MD, Brainard GC. Pupil size regulation of threshold of light-induced melatonin suppression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77: 1398-1401, 1993. (Pubitemid 23345504)
25. Gall D, Bieske K. Definition and measurement of circadian radiometric quantities. In: Symposium '04 'Light and Health: Non-Visual Effects. Vienna, Austria: CIE, 2004, p. 129-136.
26. Gamlin PDR, McDougal DH, Pokorny J, Smith VC, Yau KW, Dacey DM. Human and macaque pupil responses driven by melanopsin-containing retinal gangion cells. Vision Res 47: 946-954, 2007. (Pubitemid 46365788)
27. Glickman G, Byrne B, Pineda C, Hauck WW, Brainard GC. Light therapy for Seasonal Affective Disorder with blue narrow-band lightemitting diodes (LED). Biol Psychiatry 59: 502-507, 2006. (Pubitemid 43320537)
28. Gooley JJ, Rajaratnam SM, Brainard GC, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA, Lockley SW. Spectral responses of the human circadian system depend on the irradiance and duration of exposure to light. Sci Transl Med 2: 31ra33, 2010.
29. Heeke DS, White MP, Mele GD, Hanifin JP, Brainard GC, Rollag MD, Winget CM, Holley DC. Light-emitting diodes and cool white fluorescent light similarly suppress pineal gland melatonin and maintain retinal function and morphology in the rat. Lab Anim Sci 49: 297-304, 1999. (Pubitemid 29284385)
30. Horspool WM, Song editors PS. Organic Photochemistry and Photobiology. New York: CRC Press, 1994, p. 1-1636.
31. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Light and Human Health: An Overview of the Impact of Optical Radiation on Visual, Circadian, Neuroendocrine, and Neurobehavioral Responses, IES TM- 18-08. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2008, p. 1-23.
32. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Guidelines on limits of exposure to broad-band incoherent optical radiation (038 to 3 μM). Health Phys 73: 539-554, 1997.
33. Klein DC, Moore RY, Reppert SM (Editors). Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: The Mind's Clock. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1991, p. 1-456.
34. Lall GS, Revell VL, Momiji H, Al Enezi J, Altimus CM, Guler AD, Aguilar C, Cameron MA, Allender S, Hankins MW, Lucas RL. Distinct contributions of rod, cone, and melanopsin photoreceptores to encoding irradiance. Neuron 66: 417-428, 2010.
35. Lerchl A, Schindler C, Eichhorn K, Kley F, Erren TC. Indirect blue light does not suppress nocturnal salivary melatonin in humans in an automobile setting. J Pineal Res 47: 143-146, 2009.
36. Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Newsome DA, Markey SP. Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science 210: 1267-1269, 1980. (Pubitemid 11178017)
37. Lockley SW, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA. High sensitivity of the human circadian melatonin rhythm to resetting by short-wavelength light. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 4502-4505, 2003. (Pubitemid 37153763)
38. Lockley SW, Evans EE, Scheer FA, Brainard GC, Czeisler CA, Aeschbach D. Short-wavelength sensitivity for the direct effects of light on alertness, vigilance, and the waking electroencephalogram in humans. Sleep 29: 161-168, 2006. (Pubitemid 44019969)
39. Longnecker D, Molins editors R. Bioastronautics Roadmap: A Risk Reduction Strategy for Human Exploration of Space. Washington, D.C.: Committee on Review of NASA's Bioastronautics Roadmap: National Research Council, 2005, p. 1-126.
40. Lucas RJ, Hattar S, Takao M, Berson DM, Foster RG, Yau KW. Diminished pupillary light reflex at high irradiances in melanopsinknockout mice. Science 299: 245-247, 2003. (Pubitemid 36125209)
41. Moore RY. Organization and function of a central nervous system circadian oscillator: The suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nucleus. Fed Proc 42: 2783-2789, 1983. (Pubitemid 13039368)
42. Morin LP. The circadian visual system. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 19: 102-127, 1994. (Pubitemid 24024085)
43. National Aeronautics, and Space Administration. International Space Station Flight Crew Integration Standard (NASA-STD-3000/T) Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, June 2006.
44. National Aeronautics, and Space Administration. Human Research Program Integrated Research Plan. HRP-47065, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, January, 2009.
45. National Aeronautics, and Space Administration. Constellation Program Human-Systems Integration Requirements, CxP 70024, Revision C, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 6, 2009.
46. Pechacek CS, Andersen M, Lockley SW. Preliminary method for prospective analysis of the circadian efficacy of (day)light with applications to healthcare architecture. Leukos 5: 1-26, 2008.
47. Rea MS (Editor). Lighting Handbook: Reference & Application. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 2000.
48. Rea MS, Figueiro MG, Bullough JD, Bierman A. A model of phototransduction by the human circadian system. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 50: 213-228, 2005. (Pubitemid 41654393)
49. Revell VL, Eastman CI. How to trick mother nature into letting you fly around or stay up all night. J Biol Rhythms 20: 353-365, 2005. (Pubitemid 41022978)
50. Revell VL, Arendt J, Terman M, Skene DJ. Short-wavelength sensitivity of the human circadian system to phase-advancing light. J Biol Rhythms 20: 270-272, 2005. (Pubitemid 40646947)
51. Revell VL, Arendt J, Fogg LF, Skene DJ. Alerting effects of light are sensitive to very short wavelengths. Neurosci Lett 399: 96-100, 2006.
52. Rollag MD, Niswender GD. Radioimmunoassay of serum concentrations of melatonin in sheep exposed to different lighting regimens. Endocrinology 98: 482-489, 1976.
53. Schubert EF, Kim JK. Solid-state light sources getting smart. Science 308: 1274-1278, 2005. (Pubitemid 40746117)
54. Sliney D, Wolbarsht M. Safety with Lasers and Other Optical Sources. New York: Plenum Press, 1980, p. 1-1035.
55. Stewart KT, Eastman CI. The light stuff: Shiftwork, circadian rhythms, and manned spaceflight. In: Biologic Effects of Light, edited by Holick M and Kligman A. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter, 1996, p. 340-347.
56. Strong RE, Marchant BK, Reimherr FW, Williams E, Soni P, Mestas R. Narrow-band blue-light treatment of seasonal affective disorder in adults and the influence of additional nonseasonal symptoms. Depress Anxiety 26: 273-278, 2009.
57. Thapan K, Arendt J, Skene DJ. An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: Evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans. J Physiol 535: 261-267, 2001. (Pubitemid 32782742)
58. Wright HR, Lack LC, Partridge KJ. Light-emitting diodes can be used to phase delay the melatonin rhythm. J Pineal Res 31: 350-355, 2001. (Pubitemid 33032951)
59. Wright HR, Lack LC, Kennaway DJ. Differential effects of light wavelength in phase advancing the melatonin rhythm. J Pineal Res 36: 140-144, 2004. (Pubitemid 38250885)
60. Yoshimura T, Ebihara S. Spectral sensitivity of photoreceptors mediating phase-shifts of circadian rhythms in retinally degenerate CBA/J (rd/rd) and normal CBA/N (+/+) mice. J Comp Physiol [A] 178: 797-802, 1996. (Pubitemid 126573538)
61. Zaidi FH, Hull JT, Peirson SN, Wulff K, Aeschbach D, Gooley JJ, Brainard GC, Gregory-Evans K, Rizzo JF, Czeisler CA, Foster RG, Moseley MJ, Lockley SW. Short-wavelength light sensitivity of circadian, pupillary, and visual awareness in humans lacking an outer retina. Curr Biol 17: 2122-2128, 2007. (Pubitemid 50014862)