An intriguing and hitherto unexplained co-occurrence: Depression and chronic fatigue syndrome are manifestations of shared inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative (IO&NS) pathways

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 784-794

  Maes, Michael ^a  

^a Maes Clinics at TRIA   (Thailand)

Author keywords

Chronic fatigue syndrome; Cytokines; Depression; Inflammation; Mitochondria; Oxidative stress

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; CYTOKINE; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; TRYPTOPHAN;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION; CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; DIETARY INTAKE; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; INFECTION; INFLAMMATION; MENTAL STRESS; NITRATIVE STRESS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHYSICAL STRESS; RISK FACTOR; SHORT SURVEY;

ANIMALS; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; NITROSATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS;

EID: 79954604116     PISSN: 02785846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.06.023     Document Type: Short Survey

References (191)

1. Aleksandrovskii Iu A., Poiurovskii M.V., Neznamov G.G., Seredeniia S.B., Krasova E. Lipid peroxidation in emotional stress and neurotic disorders. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 1988, 88(11):95-101.
2. Allen A.D., Tilkian S.M. Depression correlated with cellular immunity in systemic immunodeficient Epstein-Barr virus syndrome (SIDES). J Clin Psychiatry 1986, 47(3):133-135.
3. Alonso Fernandez F. Somatoform depressive disorders. An R Acad Nac Med (Madr) 2001, 118(4):745-766.
4. Amodio P., De Toni E.N., Cavalletto L., Mapelli D., Bernardinello E., Del Piccolo F., et al. Mood, cognition and EEG changes during interferon alpha (alpha-IFN) treatment for chronic hepatitis C. J Affect Disord 2005, 84(1):93-98.
5. Angelucci F., Brene S., Mathe A.A. BDNF in schizophrenia, depression and corresponding animal models. Mol Psychiatry 2005, 10(4):345-352.
6. Anisman H., Kokkinidis L., Merali Z. Further evidence for the depressive effects of cytokines: anhedonia and neurochemical changes. Brain Behav Immun 2002, 16(5):544-556.
7. Arashima Y., Kato K., Komiya T., Kumasaka K., Matsukawa Y., Murakami M., et al. Improvement of chronic nonspecific symptoms by long-term minocycline treatment in Japanese patients with Coxiella burnetii infection considered to have post-Q fever fatigue syndrome. Intern Med 2004, 43(1):49-54.
8. Aspler A.L., Bolshin C., Vernon S.D., Broderick G. Evidence of inflammatory immune signaling in chronic fatigue syndrome: a pilot study of gene expression in peripheral blood. Behav Brain Funct 2008, 26(4):44.
9. Babcock T.A., Carlin J.M. Transcriptional activation of indoleamine dioxygenase by interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in interferon-treated epithelial cells. Cytokine 2000, 12(6):588-594.
10. Barker E., Fujimura S.F., Fadem M.B., Landay A.L., Levy J.A. Immunologic abnormalities associated with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 1994, 18(Suppl 1):S136-S141.
11. Bassi N., Amital D., Amital H., Doria A., Shoenfeld Y. Chronic fatigue syndrome: characteristics and possible causes for its pathogenesis. Isr Med Assoc J 2008, 10(1):79-82.
12. Beck A.T., Ward C.H., Mendelson M., Mock J., Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961, 4:561B71.
13. Behan W.M., More I.A., Behan P.O. Mitochondrial abnormalities in the postviral fatigue syndrome. Acta Neuropathol 1991, 83(1):61-65.
14. Bellmann-Weiler R., Schroecksnadel K., Holzer C., Larcher C., Fuchs D., Weiss G. IFN-gamma mediated pathways in patients with fatigue and chronic active Epstein Barr virus-infection. J Affect Disord 2008, 108(1-2):171-176.
15. Beneke M. Methodological investigations of the Hamilton anxiety scale. Pharmacopsychiatry 1987, 20:249-255.
16. Ben-Shachar D., Karry R. Neuroanatomical pattern of mitochondrial complex I pathology varies between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression. PLoS One 2008, 3(11):e3676.
17. Berger M., Gilbert I. Role of gamma globulin. Semin Respir Infect 1989, 4(4):272-283.
18. Bonaccorso S., Marino V., Puzella A., Pasquini M., Biondi M., Artini M., et al. Increased depressive ratings in patients with hepatitis C receiving interferon-alpha-based immunotherapy are related to interferon-alpha-induced changes in the serotonergic system. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002, 22(1):86-90.
19. Bower J.E., Ganz P.A., Tao M.L., Hu W., Belin T.R., Sepah S., et al. Inflammatory biomarkers and fatigue during radiation therapy for breast and prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15(17):5534-5540.
20. Broderick G., Fuite J., Kreitz A., Vernon S.D., Klimas N., Fletcher M.A. A formal analysis of cytokine networks in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Brain Behav Immun 2010, [May 4].
21. Campbell S., MacQueen G. An update on regional brain volume differences associated with mood disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2006, 19(1):25-33.
22. Carlo-Stella N., Badulli C., De Silvestri A., Bazzichi L., Martinetti M., Lorusso L., et al. A first study of cytokine genomic polymorphisms in CFS: positive association of TNF-857 and IFN-gamma 874 rare alleles. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006, 24(2):179-182.
23. Chen R., Moriya J., Yamakawa J., Takahashi T., Li Q., Morimoto S., et al. Brain atrophy in a murine model of chronic fatigue syndrome and beneficial effect of Hochu-ekki-to (TJ-41). Neurochem Res 2008, 33(9):1759-1767.
24. Chia J.K., Chia A.Y., Voeller M., Lee T.M., Chang R. Acute enterovirus infection followed by myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and viral persistence. J Clin Pathol 2010, 63(2):165-168.
25. de Lange F.P., Kalkman J.S., Bleijenberg G., Hagoort P., van der Meer J.W., Toni I. Gray matter volume reduction in the chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuroimage 2005, 26(3):777-781.
26. De Vriese S.R., Christophe A.B., Maes M. Fatty acid composition of phospholipids and cholesteryl esters in maternal serum in the early puerperium. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2003, 68(5):331-335.
27. Edwards R., Peet M., Shay J., Horrobin D. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the diet and in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients. J Affect Disord 1998, 48(2-3):149-155.
28. Eren I., Naziroglu M., Demirdas A. Protective effects of lamotrigine, aripiprazole and escitalopram on depression-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Neurochem Res 2007, 32(7):1188-1195.
29. Eren I., Naziroglu M., Demirda A., Celik O., Uguz A.C., Altunbasak A., et al. Venlafaxine modulates depression-induced oxidative stress in brain and medulla of rat. Neurochem Res 2007, 32(3):497-505.
30. Erlwein O., Kaye S., McClure M.O., Weber J., Wills G., Collier D., et al. Failure to detect the novel retrovirus XMRV in chronic fatigue syndrome. PLoS One 2010, 5(1):e8519.
31. Exton M.S. Infection-induced anorexia: active host defence strategy. Appetite 1997, 29(3):369-383.
32. Famularo G., De Simone C., Trinchieri V., Mosca L. Carnitines and its congeners: a metabolic pathway to the regulation of immune response and inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004, 1033:132-138.
33. Feinstein A.R. The pre-therapeutic classification of co-morbidity in chronic disease. J Chronic Dis 1970, 23:455-468.
34. First M.B. Mutually exclusive versus co-occurring diagnostic categories: the challenge of diagnostic comorbidity. Psychopathology 2005, 38(4):206-210.
35. Fletcher M.A., Zeng X.R., Barnes Z., Levis S., Klimas N.G. Plasma cytokines in women with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Transl Med 2009, 7:96.
36. Floyd-Smith G., Slattery E., Lengyel P. Interferon action: RNA cleavage pattern of a (25)oligoadenylate-dependent endonuclease. Science 1981, 212(4498):1030-1032.
37. Forlenza M.J., Miller G.E. Increased serum levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in clinical depression. Psychosom Med 2006, 68(1):1-7.
38. Fox R., Eldred L.J., Fuchs E.J., Kaslow R.A., Visscher B.R., Ho M., et al. AIDS Program, NIAID, Bethesda, MD 20892: clinical manifestations of acute infection with human immunodeficiency virus in a cohort of gay men. AIDS 1987, 1(1):35-38.
39. Gabbay V., Klein R.G., Katz Y., Mendoza S., Guttman L.E., Alonso C.M., et al. The possible role of the kynurenine pathway in adolescent depression with melancholic features. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010, 51(8):935-943.
40. Ganz P.A., Bower J.E. Cancer related fatigue: a focus on breast cancer and Hodgkin's disease survivors. Acta Oncol 2007, 46(4):474-479.
41. Gardner A., Boles R.G. Beyond the serotonin hypothesis: mitochondria, inflammation and neurodegeneration in major depression and affective spectrum disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010, [Special issue].
42. Gardner A., Johansson A., Wibom R., Nennesmo I., von Döbeln U., Hagenfeldt L., et al. Alterations of mitochondrial function and correlations with personality traits in selected major depressive disorder patients. J Affect Disord 2003, 76(1-3):55-68.
43. Gardner A., Salmaso D., Nardo D., Micucci F., Nobili F., Sanchez-Crespo A., et al. Mitochondrial function is related to alterations at brain SPECT in depressed patients. CNS Spectr 2008, 13(9):805-814.
44. Ghia J.E., Blennerhassett P., Deng Y., Verdu E.F., Khan W.I., Collins S.M. Reactivation of inflammatory bowel disease in a mouse model of depression. Gastroenterology 2009, 136(7):2280-2288. [e1-4].
45. Gold S.M., Irwin M.R. Depression and immunity: inflammation and depressive symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2009, 29(2):309-320.
46. Goncalves L., Dafre A.L., Carobrez S.G., Gasparotto O.C. A temporal analysis of the relationships between social stress, humoral immune response and glutathione-related antioxidant defences. Behav Brain Res 2008, 192(2):226-231.
47. Goshen I., Kreisel T., Ben-Menachem-Zidon O., Licht T., Weidenfeld J., Ben-Hur T., et al. Brain interleukin-1 mediates chronic stress-induced depression in mice via adrenocortical activation and hippocampal neurogenesis suppression. Mol Psychiatry 2008, 13(7):717-728.
48. Gow J.W., Hagan S., Herzyk P., Cannon C., Behan P.O., Chaudhuri A. A gene signature for post-infectious chronic fatigue syndrome. BMC Med Genomics 2009, 2:38.
49. Groom H.C., Boucherit V.C., Makinson K., Randal E., Baptista S., Hagan S., et al. Absence of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus in UK patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Retrovirology 2010, 7:10.
50. Groussard C., Morel I., Chevanne M., Monnier M., Cillard J., Delamarche A. Free radical scavenging and antioxidant effects of lactate ion: an in vitro study. J Appl Physiol 2000, 89(1):169-175.
51. Gupta A., Vij G., Sharma S., Tirkey N., Rishi P., Chopra K. Curcumin, a polyphenolic antioxidant, attenuates chronic fatigue syndrome in murine water immersion stress model. Immunobiology 2009, 214:33-39.
52. Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety by rating. Brit J Psychiatry 1959, 32:50-55.
53. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960, 23:56-61.
54. Harboe E., Tjensvoll A.B., Vefring H.K., G ransson L.G., Kvaly J.T., Omdal R. Fatigue in primary Sj gren's syndrome - a link to sickness behaviour in animals. Brain Behav Immun 2009, 23(8):1104-1108.
55. Hart B.L. Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1988, 12(2):123-137.
56. Harvey S.B., Wessely S. Chronic fatigue syndrome: identifying zebras amongst the horses. BMC Med 2009, 7:58-63.
57. Hawk C., Jason L.A., Torres-Harding S. Differential diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome and major depressive disorder. Int J Behav Med 2006, 13(3):244-251.
58. Helbig K., Harris R., Ayres J., Dunckley H., Lloyd A., Robson J., et al. Immune response genes in the post-Q-fever fatigue syndrome, Q fever endocarditis and uncomplicated acute primary Q fever. QJM 2005, 98(8):565-574.
59. Hickie I., Davenport T., Wakefield D., Vollmer-Conna U., Cameron B., Vernon S.D., et al. Dubbo infection outcomes study group: post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2006, 333(7568):575.
60. Hokama Y., Empey-Campora C., Hara C., Higa N., Siu N., Lau R., et al. Acute phase phospholipids related to the cardiolipin of mitochondria in the sera of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), chronic Ciguatera fish poisoning (CCFP), and other diseases attributed to chemicals, Gulf War, and marine toxins. J Clin Lab Anal 2008, 22(2):99-105.
61. Hokama Y., Campora C.E., Hara C., Kuribayashi T., Le Huynh D., Yabusaki K. Anticardiolipin antibodies in the sera of patients with diagnosed chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Lab Anal 2009, 23(4):210-212.
62. Holmes J.E., Miller N.E. Effects of bacterial endotoxin on water intake, food intake, and body temperature in the albino rat. J Exp Med 1963, 118:649-658.
63. Huang T.L., Leu H.S., Liu J.W. Lymphocyte subsets and viral load in male AIDS patients with major depression: naturalistic study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006, 60(6):687-692.
64. Inagaki M., Isono M., Okuyama T., Sugawara Y., Akechi T., Akizuki N., et al. Plasma interleukin-6 and fatigue in terminally ill cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2008, 35(2):153-161.
65. Irie M., Asami S., Nagata S., Miyata M., Kasai H. Relationships between perceived workload, stress and oxidative DNA damage. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2001, 74(2):153-157.
66. Jammes Y., Steinberg J.G., Mambrini O., Bregeon F., Delliaux S. Chronic fatigue syndrome: assessment of increased oxidative stress and altered muscle excitability in response to incremental exercise. J Intern Med 2005, 257(3):299-310.
67. Katafuchi T., Kondo T., Take S., Yoshimura M. Enhanced expression of brain interferon-alpha and serotonin transporter in immunologically induced fatigue in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2005, 22(11):2817-2826.
68. Kelley K.W., Bluthé R.M., Dantzer R., Zhou J.H., Shen W.H., Johnson R.W., et al. Cytokine-induced sickness behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2003, 17(Suppl 1):S112-S118.
69. Kennedy G., Spence V.A., McLaren M., Hill A., Underwood C., Belch J.J. Oxidative stress levels are raised in chronic fatigue syndrome and are associated with clinical symptoms. Free Radic Biol Med 2005, 39(5):584-589.
70. Kerr J.R., Barah F., Mattey D.L., Laing I., Hopkins S.J., Hutchinson I.V., et al. Circulating tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma are detectable during acute and convalescent parvovirus B19 infection and are associated with prolonged and chronic fatigue. J Gen Virol 2001, 82(Pt 12):3011-3019.
71. Kerr J.R., Petty R., Burke B., Gough J., Fear D., Sinclair L.I., et al. Gene expression subtypes in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. J Infect Dis 2008, 197(8):1171-1184.
72. Khanzode S.D., Dakhale G.N., Khanzode S.S., Saoji A., Palasodkar R. Oxidative damage and major depression: the potential antioxidant action of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Redox Rep 2003, 8(6):365-370.
73. Klein R., Berg P.A. High incidence of antibodies to 5-hydroxytryptamine, gangliosides and phospholipids in patients with chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndrome and their relatives: evidence for a clinical entity of both disorders. Eur J Med Res 1995, 1(1):21-26.
74. Klimas N.G., Koneru A.O. Chronic fatigue syndrome: inflammation, immune function, and neuroendocrine interactions. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2007, 9(6):482-487.
75. Klimas N.G., Salvato F.R., Morgan R., Fletcher M.A. Immunologic abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 1990, 28(6):1403-1410.
76. Kodydkova J., Vávrov L., Zeman M., Jirák R., Macásek J., Stankov B., et al. Antioxidative enzymes and increased oxidative stress in depressive women. Clin Biochem 2009, 42(13-14):1368-1374.
77. Kojima M., Kojima T., Ishiguro N., Oguchi T., Oba M., Tsuchiya H., et al. Psychosocial factors, disease status, and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Psychosom Res 2009, 67(5):425-431.
78. Kos D., Kerckhofs E., Nagels G., D'hooghe M.B., Ilsbroukx S. Origin of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: review of the literature. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008, 22(1):91-100.
79. Krzyszton C.P., Sparkman N.L., Grant R.W., Buchanan J.B., Broussard S.R., Woods J., et al. Exacerbated fatigue and motor deficits in interleukin-10-deficient mice after peripheral immune stimulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008, 295(4):R1109-R1114.
80. Kubera M., Symbirtsev A., Basta-Kaim A., Borycz J., Roman A., Papp M., et al. Effect of chronic treatment with imipramine on interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 production by splenocytes obtained from rats subjected to a chronic mild stress model of depression. Pol J Pharmacol 1996, 48:503-506.
81. Kubera M., Maes M., Holan V., Basta-Kaim A., Roman A., Shani J. Prolonged desipramine treatment increases the production of interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, in C57BL/6 mice subjected to the chronic mild stress model of depression. J Affect Disord 2001, 63(1-3):171-178.
82. Kubera M., Obuchowicz E., Goehler L., Brzeszcz J., Maes M. Animal models of depression: pathways from peripheral to brain inflammation and from neuroinflammation to neurodegeneration and reduced neurogenesis. Progr Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010, [special issue].
83. Lange G., Holodny A.I., DeLuca J., Lee H.J., Yan X.H., Steffener J., et al. Quantitative assessment of cerebral ventricular volumes in chronic fatigue syndrome. Appl Neuropsychol 2001, 8(1):23-30.
84. Langsjoen P.H., Langsjoen J.O., Langsjoen A.M., Lucas L.A. Treatment of statin adverse effects with supplemental Coenzyme Q10 and statin drug discontinuation. Biofactors 2005, 25(1-4):147-152.
85. Lestage J., Verrier D., Palin K., Dantzer R. The enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase is induced in the mouse brain in response to peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide and superantigen. Brain Behav Immun 2002, 16(5):596-601.
86. Lombardi V.C., Ruscetti F.W., Das Gupta J., Pfost M.A., Hagen K.S., Peterson D.L., et al. Detection of an infectious retrovirus, XMRV, in blood cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Science 2009, 326(5952):585-589.
87. Lorusso L., Mikhaylova S.V., Capelli E., Ferrari D., Ngonga G.K., Ricevuti G. Immunological aspects of chronic fatigue syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2009, 8(4):287-291.
88. Low C.A., Cunningham A.L., Kao A.H., Krishnaswami S., Kuller L.H., Wasko M.C. Association between C-reactive protein and depressive symptoms in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Biol Psychol 2009, 81(2):131-134.
89. Lucca G., Comim C.M., Valvassori S.S., Réus G.Z., Vuolo F., Petronilho F., et al. Effects of chronic mild stress on the oxidative parameters in the rat brain. Neurochem Int 2009, 54(5-6):358-362.
90. Lucca G., Comim C.M., Valvassori S.S., Réus G.Z., Vuolo F., Petronilho F., et al. Increased oxidative stress in submitochondrial particles into the brain of rats submitted to the chronic mild stress paradigm. J Psychiatr Res 2009, 43(9):864-869.
91. Maes M. Evidence for an immune response in major depression: a review and hypothesis. Progr Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1995, 19(1):11-38.
92. Maes M. Inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways underpinning chronic fatigue, somatization and psychosomatic symptoms. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2009, 22:75-83.
93. Maes M. Functional or "psychosomatic" symptoms, e.g. a flu-like malaise, aches and pain and fatigue, are major features of major and in particular of melancholic depression: time to amend the diagnostic criteria for major depression and the rating scales that measure severity of illness. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2009, 30(5):564-573.
94. Maes M. Autoimmuniteit in ME/CFS. Moe, vermoeid, uitgeput 2010, Lampedaire Uitgevers, Brussels.
95. Maes M., Leunis J.C. Normalization of leaky gut in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is accompanied by a clinical improvement: effects of age, duration of illness and the translocation of LPS from gram-negative bacteria. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2008, 29(6):902-910.
96. Maes M., Meltzer H.Y. The Serotonin hypothesis of major depression. Psychopharmacology, the fourth generation of progress 1995, 933-944. Raven Press, New York. F. Bloom, D. Kupfer (Eds.).
97. Maes M., Twisk F.N.M. Chronic fatigue syndrome: la bete noire of the Belgian Health Care System. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2009, 30(3):300-311.
98. Maes M, Twisk FNM. Chronic fatigue syndrome: Harvey and Wessely's (bio)psychosocial model vs. a bio(psychosocial) model based on inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways. BMC Med 2010;8:35.
99. Maes M., Meltzer H., Jacobs J., Suy E., Calabrese J., Minner B., et al. Autoimmunity in depression: increased antiphospholipid autoantibodies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993, 87(3):160-166.
100. Maes M., Meltzer H.Y., Scharp S., Cooreman W., Uyttenbroeck W., Suy E., et al. Psychomotor retardation, anorexia, weight loss, sleep disturbances, and loss of energy: psychopathological correlates of hyperhaptoglobinemia during major depression. Psychiatry Res 1993, 47(3):229-241.
101. Maes M., D'Haese P.C., Scharpe S., D'Hondt P., Cosyns P., De Broe M.E. Hypozincemia in depression. J Affect Disord 1994, 31(2):135-140.
102. Maes M., Scharpé S., Meltzer H.Y., Okayli G., Bosmans E., D'Hondt P., et al. Increased neopterin and interferon-gamma secretion and lower availability of L-tryptophan in major depression: further evidence for an immune response. Psychiatry Res 1994, 54(2):143-160.
103. Maes M., Song C., Lin A., De Jongh R., Van Gastel A., Kenis G., et al. The effects of psychological stress on humans: increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a Th1-like response in stress-induced anxiety. Cytokine 1998, 10(4):313-318.
104. Maes M., Christophe A., Delanghe J., Altamura C., Neels H., Meltzer H.Y. Lowered omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids and cholesteryl esters of depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 1999, 85(3):275-291.
105. Maes M., De Vos N., Pioli R., Demedts P., Wauters A., Neels H., et al. Lower serum vitamin E concentrations in major depression. Another marker of lowered antioxidant defenses in that illness. J Affect Disord 2000, 58(3):241-246.
106. Maes M., Verkerk R., Bonaccorso S., Ombelet W., Bosmans E., Scharp S. Depressive and anxiety symptoms in the early puerperium are related to increased degradation of tryptophan into kynurenine, a phenomenon which is related to immune activation. Life Sci 2002, 71(16):1837-1848.
107. Maes M., Mihaylova I., De Ruyter M. Decreased dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate but normal insulin-like growth factor in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): relevance for the inflammatory response in CFS. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2005, 26(5):487-492.
108. Maes M., Mihaylova I., Leunis J.C. In chronic fatigue syndrome, the decreased levels of omega-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids are related to lowered serum zinc and defects in T cell activation. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2005, 26(6):745-751.
109. Maes M., Mihaylova I., De Ruyter M. Lower serum zinc in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): relationships to immune dysfunctions and relevance for the oxidative stress status in CFS. J Affect Disord 2006, 90(2-3):141-147.
110. Maes M., Mihaylova I., Leunis J.C. Chronic fatigue syndrome is accompanied by an IgM-related immune response directed against neopitopes formed by oxidative or nitrosative damage to lipids and proteins. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2006, 27(5):615-621.
111. Maes M., Coucke F., Leunis J.C. Normalization of the increased translocation of endotoxin from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) is accompanied by a remission of chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007, 28(6):739-744.
112. Maes M., Mihaylova I., Bosmans E. Not in the mind of neurasthenic lazybones but in the cell nucleus: patients with chronic fatigue syndrome have increased production of nuclear factor kappa beta. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007, 28(4):456-462.
113. Maes M., Mihaylova I., Kubera M., Bosmans E. Not in the mind but in the cell: increased production of cyclo-oxygenase-2 and inducible NO synthase in chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007, 28(4):463-469.
114. Maes M., Mihaylova I., Leunis J.C. Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS of enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): indication for the involvement of gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut-intestinal permeability. J Affect Disord 2007, 99(1-3):237-240.
115. Maes M., Mihaylova I., Leunis J.C. Increased serum IgM antibodies directed against phosphatidyl inositol (Pi) in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and major depression: evidence that an IgM-mediated immune response against Pi is one factor underpinning the comorbidity between both CFS and depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007, 28(6):861-867.
116. Maes M., Kubera M., Leunis J.C. The gut-brain barrier in major depression: intestinal mucosal dysfunction with an increased translocation of LPS from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) plays a role in the inflammatory pathophysiology of depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2008, 29(1):117-124.
117. Maes M., Mihaylova I., Kubera M., Leunis J.C. An IgM-mediated immune response directed against nitro-bovine serum albumin (nitro-BSA) in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and major depression: evidence that nitrosative stress is another factor underpinning the comorbidity between major depression and CFS. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2008, 29(3):313-319.
118. Maes M., Mihaylova I., Kubera M., Uytterhoeven M., Vrydags N., Bosmans E. Increased 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative damage to DNA, in major depression and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2009, 30(6):715-722.
119. Maes M., Mihaylova I., Kubera M., Uytterhoeven M., Vrydags N., Bosmans E. Coenzyme Q10 deficiency in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is related to fatigue, autonomic and neurocognitive symptoms and is another risk factor explaining the early mortality in ME/CFS due to cardiovascular disorder. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2009, 30(4):462-469.
120. Maes M., Mihaylova I., Kubera M., Uytterhoeven M., Vrydags N., Bosmans E. Lower plasma Coenzyme Q10 in depression: a marker for treatment resistance and chronic fatigue in depression and a risk factor to cardiovascular disorder in that illness. Neuiro Endocrinol Lett 2009, 30(4):462-469.
121. Maes M., Yirmyia R., Noraberg J., Brene S., Hibbeln J., Perini G., et al. The inflammatory & neurodegenerative (I&ND) hypothesis of depression: leads for future research and new drug developments in depression. Metab Brain Dis 2009, 24(1):27-53.
122. Maes M., Galecki P., Chang Y.S., Berk M. A review on the oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) pathways in major depression and their possible contribution to the neurodegenerative processes in that illness. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010, [Special issue].
123. Maier S.F., Wiertelak E.P., Martin D., Watkins L.R. Interleukin-1 mediates the behavioral hyperalgesia produced by lithium chloride and endotoxin. Brain Res 1993, 623(2):321-324.
124. Maj M. "Psychiatric comorbidity": an artefact of current diagnostic systems Br J Psychiatry 2005, 186:182-184.
125. Mamalakis G., Kalogeropoulos N., Andrikopoulos N., Hatzis C., Kromhout D., Moschandreas J., et al. Depression and long chain n-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue in adults from Crete. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006, 60(7):882-888.
126. Martin K.A., Krahn L.E., Balan V., Rosati M.J. Modafinil's use in combating interferon-induced fatigue. Dig Dis Sci 2007, 52(4):893-896.
127. Mathew S.J., Mao X., Keegan K.A., Levine S.M., Smith E.L., Heier L.A., et al. Ventricular cerebrospinal fluid lactate is increased in chronic fatigue syndrome compared with generalized anxiety disorder: an in vivo 3.0 T (1)H MRS imaging study. NMR Biomed 2009, 22(3):251-258.
128. McNamara R.K., Hahn C.G., Jandacek R., Rider T., Tso P., Stanford K.E., et al. Selective deficits in the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the postmortem orbitofrontal cortex of patients with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007, 62(1):17-24.
129. Meeus M., Nijs J., McGregor N., Meeusen R., de Schutter G., Truijen S., et al. Unravelling intracellular immune dysfunctions in chronic fatigue syndrome: interactions between protein kinase R activity; RNase L cleavage and elastase activity; and their clinical relevance. In Vivo 2008, 22(1):115-121.
130. Michel T.M., Camara S., Tatschner T., Frangou S., Sheldrick A.J., Riederer P., et al. Increased xanthine oxidase in the thalamus and putamen in depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2008, 12:1-7.
131. Miller A.H., Maletic V., Raison C.L. Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2009, 65(9):732-741.
132. Mohr D.C., Goodkin D.E., Islar J., Hauser S.L., Genain C.P. Treatment of depression is associated with suppression of nonspecific and antigen-specific T(H)1 responses in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2001, 58(7):1081-1086.
133. Mountjoy C.Q., Roth M. Studies in the relationship between depressive disorders and anxiety states: part 2: rating scales. J Affect Disord 1982, 4:127-147.
134. Mountjoy C.Q., Roth M. Studies in the relationship between depressive disorders and anxiety states: part 2: clinical items. J Affect Disord 1982, 4:149-161.
135. Munhoz C.D., Lepsch L.B., Kawamoto E.M., Malta M.B., Lima L.deS., Avellar M.C., et al. Chronic unpredictable stress exacerbates lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in the frontal cortex and hippocampus via glucocorticoid secretion. J Neurosci 2006, 26(14):3813-3820.
136. Murrough J.W., Mao X., Collins K.A., Kelly C., Andrade G., Nestadt P., et al. Increased ventricular lactate in chronic fatigue syndrome measured by 1H MRS imaging at 3.0 T. II: comparison with major depressive disorder. NMR Biomed 2010, 23(6):643-650.
137. Myhill S., Booth N.E., McLaren-Howard J. Chronic fatigue syndrome and mitochondrial dysfunction. Int J Clin Exp Med 2009, 2(1):1-16.
138. Myint A.M., Kim Y.K., Verkerk R., Park S.H., Scharpe S., Steinbusch H.W., et al. Tryptophan breakdown pathway in bipolar mania. J Affect Disord 2007, 102(1-3):65-72.
139. Nakamura T., Schwander S.K., Donnelly R., Ortega F., Togo F., Broderick G., et al. Cytokines across the night in chronic fatigue syndrome with and without fibromyalgia. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010, 17(4):582-587.
140. Nijs J., Frémont M. Intracellular immune dysfunction in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: state of the art and therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008, 12(3):281-289.
141. Nishikai M. Antinuclear antibodies in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Nippon Rinsho 2007, 65(6):1067-1070.
142. O'Connor J.C., Lawson M.A., André C., Moreau M., Lestage J., Castanon N., et al. Lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior is mediated by indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase activation in mice. Mol Psychiatry 2009, 14(5):511-522. [May].
143. Owe-Larsson B., Säll L., Salamon E., Allgulander C. HIV infection and psychiatric illness. Afr J Psychiatry 2009, 12(2):115-128.
144. Owen A.J., Batterham M.J., Probst Y.C., Grenyer B.F., Tapsell L.C. Low plasma vitamin E levels in major depression: diet or disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005, 59(2):304-306.
145. Ozcan M.E., Gulec M., Ozerol E., Polat R., Akyol O. Antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stress in affective disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2004, 19(2):89-95.
146. Pal S.N., Dandiya P.C. Glutathione as a cerebral substrate in depressive behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994, 48(4):845-851.
147. Peet M., Murphy B., Shay J., Horrobin D. Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biol Psychiatr 1998, 43(5):315-319.
148. Pertsov S.S., Balashova T.S., Kubatieva A.A., Sosnovskii A.S., Pirogova G.V., Abramov V.M. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rat brain in acute emotional stress: effect of interleukin-1beta. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1995, 120(9):244-247.
149. Pollak Y., Orion E., Goshen I., Ovadia H., Yirmiya R. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-associated behavioral syndrome as a model of 'depression due to multiple sclerosis'. Brain Behav Immun 2002, 16(5):533-543.
150. Qin L., Wu X., Block M.L., Liu Y., Breese G.R., Hong J.S., et al. Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. Glia 2007, 55(5):453-462.
151. Raison C.L., Lin J.M., Reeves W.C. Association of peripheral inflammatory markers with chronic fatigue in a population-based sample. Brain Behav Immun 2009, 23(3):327-337.
152. Rezin G.T., Amboni G., Zugno A.I., Quevedo J., Streck E.L. Mitochondrial dysfunction and psychiatric disorders. Neurochem Res 2009, 34(6):1021-1029.
153. Roy-Byrne P., Afari N., Ashton S., Fischer M., Goldberg J., Buchwald D. Chronic fatigue and anxiety/depression: a twin study. Br J Psychiatry 2002, 180:29-34.
154. Sachdeva A.K., Kuhad A., Tiwari V., Chopra K. Epigallocatechin gallate ameliorates chronic fatigue syndrome in mice: behavioral and biochemical evidence. Behav Brain Res 2009, 205(2):414-420.
155. Saiki T., Kawai T., Morita K., Ohta M., Saito T., Rokutan K., et al. Identification of marker genes for differential diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome. Mol Med 2008, 14(9-10):599-607.
156. Sakic B., Szechtman H., Braciak T., Richards C., Gauldie J., Denburg J.A. Reduced preference for sucrose in autoimmune mice: a possible role of interleukin-6. Brain Res Bull 1997, 44(2):155-165.
157. Sakic B., Gauldie J., Denburg J.A., Szechtman H. Behavioral effects of infection with IL-6 adenovector. Brain Beh Immun 2001, 15(1):25-42.
158. Sapolsky R.M. Is impaired neurogenesis relevant to the affective symptoms of depression. Biol Psychiatry 2004, 56(3):137-139.
159. Sarandol A., Sarandol E., Eker S.S., Erdinc S., Vatansever E., Kirli S. Major depressive disorder is accompanied with oxidative stress: short-term antidepressant treatment does not alter oxidative-antioxidative systems. Hum Psychopharmacol 2007, 22(2):67-73.
160. Schroecksnadel K., Sarcletti M., Winkler C., Mumelter B., Weiss G., Fuchs D., et al. Quality of life and immune activation in patients with HIV-infection. Brain Behav Immun 2008, 22(6):881-889.
161. Silverman R.H. Viral encounters with 2,5oligoadenylate synthetase and RNase L during the interferon antiviral response. J Virol 2007, 81(23):12720-12729.
162. Silverstein B. Gender differences in the prevalence of somatic versus pure depression: a replication. Am J Psychiatry 2002, 159(6):1051-1052.
163. Singal A., Kaur S., Tirkey N., Chopra K. Green tea extract and catechin ameliorate chronic fatigue-induced oxidative stress in mice. J Med Food 2005, 8(1):47-52.
164. Singh A., Naidu P.S., Gupta S., Kulkarni S.K. Effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants in a mouse model of chronic fatigue syndrome. J Med Food 2002, 5:211-220.
165. Singh A., Garg V., Gupta S., Kulkarni S.K. Role of antioxidants in chronic fatigue syndrome in mice. Indian J Exp Biol 2002, 40(11):1240-1244.
166. Sivonova M., Zitnanova I., Hlincikova L., Skodacek I., Trebaticka J., Durackova Z. Oxidative stress in university students during examinations. Stress 2004, 7(3):183-188.
167. Skapinakis P., Lewis G., Mavreas V. Unexplained fatigue syndromes in a multinational primary care sample: specificity of definition and prevalence and distinctiveness from depression and generalized anxiety. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160(4):785-787.
168. Skapinakis P., Lewis G., Mavreas V. Temporal relations between unexplained fatigue and depression: longitudinal data from an international study in primary care. Psychosom Med 2004, 66(3):330-335.
169. Smirnova I.V., Pall M.L. Elevated levels of protein carbonyls in sera of chronic fatigue syndrome patients. Mol Cell Biochem 2003, 248(1-2):93-95.
170. Smith M.A., Makino S., Kvetnansky R., Post R.M. Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus. J Neurosci 1995, 15:1768B77.
171. Song C., Leonard B.E. Interleukin-2-induced changes in behavioural, neurotransmitter, and immunological parameters in the olfactory bulbectomized rat. Neuroimmunomodulation 1995, 2(5):263-273.
172. Song C., Killeen A.A., Leonard B.E. Catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity in neutrophils of sham-operated and olfactory-bulbectomised rats following chronic treatment with desipramine and lithium chloride. Neuropsychobiology 1994, 30(1):24-28.
173. Stockmeier C.A., Mahajan G.J., Konick L.C., Overholser J.C., Jurjus G.J., Meltzer H.Y., et al. Cellular changes in the postmortem hippocampus in major depression. Biol Psychiatr 2004, 56(9):640-650.
174. Suhadolnik R.J., Reichenbach N.L., Hitzges P., Sobol R.W., Peterson D.L., Henry B., et al. Upregulation of the 2-5A synthetase/RNase L antiviral pathway associated with chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 1994, (Suppl 1):S96-S104.
175. Suhadolnik R.J., Peterson D.L., Cheney P.R., Horvath S.E. Biochemical dysregulation of the 2-5A synthetase/RNase L antiviral defense pathway in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Chron Fatigue Syndrome 1999, 5(3):223-242.
176. Tanaka M., Kovalenko S.A., Gong J.S., Borgeld H.J., Katsumata K., Hayakawa M., et al. Accumulation of deletions and point mutations in mitochondrial genome in degenerative diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996, 786:102-111.
177. Tanskanen A., Hibbeln J.R., Tuomilehto J., Uutela A., Haukkala A., Viinamäki H., et al. Fish consumption and depressive symptoms in the general population in Finland. Psychiatr Serv 2001, 52(4):529-531.
178. Tobi M., Morag A., Ravid Z., Chowers I., Feldman-Weiss V., Michaeli Y., et al. Prolonged atypical illness associated with serological evidence of persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection. Lancet 1982, 1(8263):61-64.
179. Twisk F.N., Maes M. A review on cognitive behavorial therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET) in myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)/chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): CBT/GET is not only ineffective and not evidence-based, but also potentially harm. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2009, 30(3):284-299.
180. Valderas J.M., Starfield B., Sibbald B., Salisbury C., Roland M. Defining comorbidity: implications for understanding health and health services. Ann Fam Med 2009, 7(4):357-363.
181. Vecchiet J., Cipollone F., Falasca K., Mezzetti A., Pizzigallo E., Bucciarelli T., et al. Relationship between musculoskeletal symptoms and blood markers of oxidative stress in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Neurosci Lett 2003, 335(3):151-154.
182. Vernon S.D., Whistler T., Cameron B., Hickie I.B., Reeves W.C., Lloyd A. Preliminary evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with post-infective fatigue after acute infection with Epstein Barr virus. BMC Infect Dis 2006, 31:6-15.
183. Vollmer-Conna U., Piraino B.F., Cameron B., Davenport T., Hickie I., Wakefield D., et al. Cytokine polymorphisms have a synergistic effect on severity of the acute sickness response to infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47(11):1418-1425.
184. Wang J.F., Shao L., Sun X., Young L.T. Increased oxidative stress in the anterior cingulate cortex of subjects with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Bipolar Disord 2009, 11(5):523-529.
185. Wichers M.C., Koek G.H., Robaeys G., Praamstra A.J., Maes M. Early increase in vegetative symptoms predicts IFN-alpha-induced cognitive-depressive changes. Psychol Med 2005, 35(3):433-441.
186. Wichers M.C., Koek G.H., Robaeys G., Verkerk R., Scharpe S., Maes M. IDO and interferon-alpha-induced depressive symptoms: a shift in hypothesis from tryptophan depletion to neurotoxicity. Mol Psychiatr 2005, 10(6):538-544.
187. Yirmiya R. Endotoxin produces a depressive-like episode in rats. Brain Res 1996, 711(1-2):163-174.
188. Yirmiya R., Weidenfeld J., Pollak Y., Morag M., Morag A., Avitsur R., et al. Cytokines, "depression due to a general medical condition," and antidepressant drugs. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999, 461:283-316.
189. Zachrisson O., Regland B., Jahreskog M., Kron M., Gottfries C.G. A rating scale for fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome (the FibroFatigue scale). J Psychosom Res 2002, 52(6):501-509.
190. Zhang C., Baumer A., Mackay I.R., Linnane A.W., Nagley P. Unusual pattern of mitochondrial DNA deletions in skeletal muscle of an adult human with chronic fatigue syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 1995, 4:751-754.
191. Zhang L., Goudh J., Christmas D., Mattey D., Richards S., Main J., et al. Microbial infections in eight genomic subtypes of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). J Clin Pathol 2010, 63(2):156-164. [Epub 2009 Dec 2].