Russia as a fiscal-military state, 1689-1825

The Fiscal-Military State in Eighteenth-Century Europe: Essays in honour of P.G.M. Dickson

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 125-145

  Hartley, Janet ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79954560639     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (109)

1. C.B. Stevens, 'Modernizing the Military: Peter the Great and Military Reforms', in J. Kotilaine and M. Poe, eds, Modernizing Muscovy: Reform and Social Change in Seventeenth Century Russia (London and New York, 2004), p. 251.
2. J. Glete, Navies and Nations, Warships, Navies and State Building, in Europe and America, 1500-1860, 2 vols (Stockholm, 1993), vol. 1, p. 311.
3. D.F. Lynch, 'The Conquest, Settlement and Initial Development of New Russia (The Southern Third of the Ukraine): 1780-1837' (Yale University PhD thesis, 1965), pp. 99-100.
4. P. Longworth, 'Transformations in Cossackdom 1650-1850' in B.K. Kiraly and G.E. Rothenberg, eds, War and Society in East Central Europe, vol. 1 (New York, 1979), p. 455.
5. N.A. Minenko, ed., Istoriia kazachestva Aziaticheskoi Rossii, 2 vols (Ekaterinburg, 1995), vol. 1, p. 76.
6. J.P. LeDonne, The GrandStrategy of the Russian Empire, 1650-1831 (Oxford, 2004).
7. R. Hellie, The Economy and Material Culture of Russia 1600-1725 (Chicago and London, 1999), p. 536
8. J.L.H. Keep, Soldiers of the Tsar: Army and Society in Russia 1462-1874 (Oxford, 1985), p. 140.
9. J.P. Moran, From Garrison State to Nation State: Political Power and the Russian Military under Gorbachev and Yeltsin (Portsmouth, NH, 2002).
10. A. Kahan, The Plow, the Hammer and the Knout: An Economic History ofEighteenth-Century Russia (Chicago and London, 1985), p. 336.
11. W.M. Pintner, 'The Burden of Defense in Imperial Russia, 1725-1914', Russian Review, 43 (1984), pp. 238-39.
12. D. Beyrau, Militar und Gesellschaft in Vorrevolutionaren Russland (Cologne and Vienna, 1984), p. 59.
13. J.P. LeDonne, Absolutism and Ruling Class. The Formation of the Russian Political Order 1700-1825 (Oxford and New York, 1991), pp. 277-81.
14. P.G.M. Dickson, Finance and Government under Maria Theresia 1740-1780, 2 vols (Oxford, 1987), vol. 2, p. 37.
15. Kahan, The Plow, p. 337.
16. N.D. Chechulin, Ocherki po istorii russkikh finansov v tsarstvovanie Ekateriny II (St Petersburg, 1906), pp. 314-16.
17. F. W. Kagan, The Military Reforms of Nicholas I. The Origins of the Modern Russian Army (Basingstoke and London, 1999), p. 12.
18. I. Pecherin, Istoricheskii obzor rospisei gosudarstvennykh dokladov i raskhodov s 1803po 1843 god vkliuchitel'no (St Petersburg, 1896), pp. 10, 37, 41, 53, 81.
19. Stoletie voennago ministerstva 1802-1902, 14 vols (St Petersburg, 1902-11), vol. 1, book 4, part 1, p. 422.
20. J. Bloch, Les finances de la Russie au XIX siü̈cle, 2 vols (Paris, 1899), vol. 1.
21. J.M. Hartley, Charles Whitworth: Diplomat in the Age of Peter the Great (Aldershot, 2002), p. 100.
22. D.K. Reading, The Anglo-Russian Commercial Treaty of 1734 (Newtonville, MA, 1938), pp. 262-63.
23. Hartley, Whitworth, p. 99.
24. Kahan, The Plow, p. 330.
25. L.G. Beskrovnyi, Russkaia armiia i flot XVIII veka (ocherki) (Moscow, 1958), p. 379.
26. L.G. Beskrovnyi, Otechestvennaia voina 1812 goda (Moscow, 1962), p. 250.
27. Kagan, The Military Reforms, p. 15.
28. Hellie, The Economy and Material Culture of Russia, pp. 537-39.
29. S.A. Kozlov and Z.V. Dmitrieva, Nalogi v Rossii do XIX v (St Petersburg, 1999), pp. 124-25.
30. L. Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (New Haven and London, 1998), p. 140.
31. Charles Whitworth. 'Summary Account of Russia as it was in the Spring in 1710', London, BL, Add. MS 37359, f. 236, Whitworth papers; published as An Account of Russia as it was in the Year 1710 (Strawberry Hill, 1758), p. 93.
32. Hartley, Charles Whitworth, p. 100.
33. Hartley, Charles Whitworth, p. 9.
34. Hughes, Peter the Great, p. 138.
35. E.V. Anisimov, Podatnaia reforma Petra I: Vvedenie podushnoipodati v Rossii 1719-1728 (Leningrad, 1982), pp. 50, 54.
36. Kahan, The Plow, p. 329.
37. Kahan, The Plow, pp. 330-32.
38. B.N. Mironov, 'Consequences ofthe Price Revolution in Eighteenth-Century Russia', Economic History Review, 45/3 (1992), pp. 469, 457-59.
39. S.M. Troitskii, Finansovaia politika russkogo absoliutizma v XVIII veke (Moscow, 1966), p. 118.
40. S.M. Troitskii, Finansovaia politika russkogo absoliutizma v XVIII veke (Moscow, 1966), p. 141.
41. A. Kahan, 'Natural Calamities and their Effect upon the Food Supply in Russia', Jahrbucher fur Geshchichte Osteuropas 16 (1968), pp. 353-77.
42. C.L. Leonard, Reform and Regicide. The Reign of Peter III of Russia (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1993), p. 93.
43. LeDonne, Absolutism, pp. 278, 280, 282.
44. J.M Hartley, A Social History of the Russian Empire 1650-1825 (London and New York, 1999), pp. 61-62.
45. Hartley, Social History, pp. 19-20.
46. J.M. Hartley, 'The Russian Recruit', in J. Klein, S. Dixon and M. Fraanje, eds, Reflections on Russia in the Eighteenth Century (Cologne, Weimar and Vienna, 2001), p. 39.
47. Hartley, Social History, pp. 4-6, 64-65.
48. Kahan, The Plow, pp. 322-28.
49. C.M. Foust, Rhubarb, The Wondrous Drug (Princeton, NJ, 1992).
50. C.M. Foust, 'The Rhubarb Connection', in A.G. Cross, ed., Russia and the West in the Eighteenth Century (Newtonville, MA, 1983), pp. 348-53.
51. Idem, Account, p. 83.
52. Hartley, Charles Whitworth, pp. 98-99.
53. Kahan, The Plow, p. 241.
54. J.M. Hartley, 'The Boards of Social Welfare and the Financing of Catherine II's State Schools', The Slavonic and East European Review, 67/2 (1989), pp. 211-27.
55. A.B. Bugrov, Ocherki po istorii kazennykh bankov v Rossii (Moscow, 2003), p. 47.
56. Kahan, The Plow, p. 314.
57. Bugrov, Ocherki, p. 46.
58. M. Raeff, Michael Speransky: Statesman of Imperial Russia 1772-1839 (The Hague, 1957), pp. 83-105.
59. I. de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (London, 1981), p. 235.
60. S.A. Kozlov, 'Nalogi i voina ekaterininskoi epokhi', in R. Bartlett, G. Lehmann-Carli, eds, Eighteenth-Century Russia: Society, Culture, Economy. Papers from the International Conference of the Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia, Wittenberg (Munster, 2004), pp. 531-40.
61. Ministerstvo finansov 1802-1902, 2 vols (St Petersburg, 1902), vol. 1, p. 168.
62. K.V. Sivkov, 'Finansy Rossii posle voin s Napoleonom', in A.K. Dzhivelegov, ed., Otechestvennaia voina i russkoe obshchestvo, 7 vols (Moscow, 1912), vol. 7, p. 129.
63. J.M. Hartley, It is the Festival of the Crown and Sceptres: The Diplomatic, Commercial and Domestic Significance of the Visit of Alexander I to England in 1814, Slavonic and East European Review, 73/2 (1995), pp. 246-68.
64. Pecherin, Istoricheskii obzor, p. 93.
65. Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great, p. 443.
66. Sivkov, 'Finansy Rossii', p. 131.
67. Ministerstvo finansov, vol. 1, pp. 170-71.
68. J.S. Curtiss, The Russian Army under Nicholas 11825-1855, (Durham, NC, 1965), p. 100.
69. L.G. Beskrovnyi, The Russian Army and the Fleet in the Nineteenth Century (Gulf Breeze, FL, 1996), p. 47.
70. Keep, Soldiers of the Tsar, p. 145.
71. E. Kimerling Wirtschafter, From Serf to Russian Soldier (Princeton, NJ, 1990), p. 3.
72. Pintner, 'Burden of Defense', pp. 246-47.
73. A. Corvisier, Armies and Societies in Europe 1494-1789 (Bloomington, IN, 1979), p. 113.
74. B R. Kroener, 'The Modern State and Military Society', in P. Contamine, ed., War and Competition between States (Oxford, 2000), p. 211.
75. Keep, Soldiers of the Tsar, p. 196.
76. B. Farnsworth, 'The Soldatka: Folklore and Court Record', Slavic Review, 49 (1990), pp. 58-73.
77. Hartley, 'The Russian Recruit' describes this process at pp. 34-36.
78. R.D. Bohac, 'The Mir and the Military Draft', Slavic Review, 47/4 (1988), pp. 652-66.
79. E. Melton, 'Enlightened Seignorialism and its Dilemmas in Serf Russia, 1750-1830', Journal of Modern History, 62/4 (1990), pp. 675-708.
80. D. Moon, The Russian Peasantry 1699-1930: The World the Peasants Built (London and New York, 1999), pp. 174-75.
81. N.A. Minenko, 'Obshchina i russkaia krest'ianskaia sem'ia v Iugo-Zapadnoi Sibiri (XVIII- pervaia polovina XIXv), in Krest'ianskaia obshchina v Sibiri XVII-nachala XXv (Novosibirsk, 1977), pp. 117-19.
82. S.L. Hoch, Serfdom and Social Control in Russia. Petrovskoe, a Village in Tambov (Chicago and London, 1986), pp. 67, 72-74, 79, 87-88.
83. L.S. Prokof'ev, Krest'ianskaia obshchina v Rossii vo vtoroi polovine XVIII-pervoi polovine XIX veka (na materialakh vochin Sheremet'evykh) (Leningrad, 1981), p. 152.
84. Hartley, 'The Russian Recruit', pp. 34-37.
85. G.L. Freeze, The Russian Levites. Parish Clergy in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, MA, 1977), pp. 37-40.
86. Hartley, Social History, pp. 52-57.
87. C. Wilmot and M. Wilmot, The Russian Journals of Catherine and Martha Wilmot 1803-1808 (London, 1934).
88. R.K. Porter, Travelling Sketches in Russia and Sweden during the Years 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 2 vols (London, 1813), vol. 1, p. 133.
89. Hartley, Social History, pp. 39-40.
90. J.M. Hartley, 'Bribery and Justice in the Provinces in the Reign of Catherine II', in S. Lovell, A. Ledeneva and A. Rogachevskii, Bribery and Blat in Russia. Negotiating Reciprocity from the Middle Ages to the 1990s (Basingstoke, 2000), pp. 48-64.
91. R.D. Givens, 'Servitors or Seigneurs: The Nobility and the Eighteenth Century Russia State' (University of California, Berkeley, PhD thesis, 1975), pp. 405-6.
92. A.N. Petrov, Vtoraia turetskaia voina v tsarstvovanie Ekateriny II, 1787-1791, 2 vols (St Petersburg, 1880), vol. I, p. 86.
93. E. Kimerling Wirtschafter, 'The Lower Ranks in the Peacetime Regimental Economy of the Russian Army, 1796-1855' Slavonic and East European Review, 64/1 (1986), p. 50.
94. M. van Crevald, Supplying War: Logistics from Wallerstein to Patton (Cambridge, 1977), p. 34.
95. R. Lyall, Travels in Russia, the Krimea, the Caucasus, and Georgia, 2 vols (London, 1825), vol. 2, p. 444.
96. Pintner, 'Burden of Defense', pp. 238-40.
97. Beskrovnyi, Otechestvennaia voina, p. 242.
98. Kahan, The Plow, p. 99.
99. Beskrovnyi, Russkaia armiia, pp. 347-48, 367.
100. Beskrovnyi, Russian Army, p. 155.
101. J.M. Lauber, 'The Merchant-Gentry Conflict in Eighteenth-Century Russia' (University of Iowa PhD thesis, 1967), p. 71.
102. H.H. Kaplan, 'Russian Commerce and British Industry: a Case Study in Resource Scarcity in the Eighteenth Century', in Cross, Russia and the West, p. 329.
103. N.I. Pavlenko, Istoriia metallurgii v Rossii XVIII veka. Zavody i zavodovladel'tsy (Moscow, 1962), pp. 384-85.
104. Lauber, 'Merchant-Gentry Conflict', p. 297.
105. I. Blanchard, Russia's 'Age of Silver': Precious Metal Production and Economic Growth in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1989), p. 122.
106. Kagan, Military Reforms, p. 13.
107. Lyall, An Account, pp. 40-41.
108. Kagan, Military Reforms.
109. A. Bitis, 'Reserves under Serfdom? Nicholas I's Attempt to Solve the Russian Army's Manpower Crisis of 1831-1832', Jahrbucher fur Geshchichte Osteuropas, 51 (2003), pp. 185-93.