Sustainable small-scale agriculture in semi-arid environments

Ecology and Society

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2011, Pages

  Spielmann, Katherine A ^a   Nelson, Margaret ^a   Ingram, Scott ^a   Peeples, Matthew A ^a  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptive strategy; Archaeology; Climate; Risk; Semi arid environments; Small scale farming; U.S. southwest

Indexed keywords

ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE; ARCHAEOLOGY; CLIMATE EFFECT; CROP PRODUCTION; FARMING SYSTEM; PROXY CLIMATE RECORD; RISK FACTOR; SEMIARID REGION; VULNERABILITY;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 79954552468     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17083087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5751/ES-03814-160126     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Acosta-Michlik, L., and V. Espladon. 2008. Assessing vulnerability of selected farming communities in the Philippines based on a behavioural model of agent's adaptation to global environmental change. Global Environmental Change 18:554-563.
2. Acosta-Michlik, L., U. Kelkar, and U. Sharma. 2008. A critical overview: local evidence on vulnerabilities and adaptations to global environmental change in developing countries. Global Environmental Change 18:539-542.
3. Adams, E. C. 1991. The origin and development of the Pueblo Katsina cult. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
4. Adams, E. C. 1998. Late prehistory in the middle Little Colorado River area: a regional perspective. Pages 53-63 in K.A. Spielmann, editor. Migration and reorganization: the Pueblo IV period in the American Southwest. Arizona State University Anthropological Research Paper 51, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
5. Adler, M. A. 1996. Land tenure, archaeology, and the Ancestral Pueblo social landscape. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 15:337-371.
6. Aggarwal, R.M. 2008. Resource-poor farmers in South India: on the margins or frontiers of globalization? Pages 196-220 in M. Nissanke and E. Thorbecke, editors. Globalization and the poor in Asia: can shared growth be sustained? Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK.
7. Ahlstrom, R. V. N., C. R. Van West, and J. S. Dean. 1995. Environmental and chronological factors in the Mesa Verde-northern Rio Grande migration. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14:125-142.
8. Allan, W. 1965. The African husbandman. Oliver and Boyd, London, UK.
9. Anschuetz, K. 1998. Not waiting for rain: integrated systems of water management by pre-Colombian Pueblo farmers in north-central New Mexico. Dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
10. Anschuetz, K. 2006. Tewa fields, Tewa traditions. Pages 57-73 in V.B. Price and B.H. Morrow, editors. Canyon gardens: the ancient Pueblo landscapes of the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
11. Anyango, G., T. Downing, C. Getao, M. Gitahi, C. Kabutha, C. Kamau, M. Karanja, S. Mbarire, S. Muente, W. Mutero, H. Muturi, B. Mwangi, M. Wainaina, and F. Were. 1989. Drought vulnerability in central and eastern Kenya. Pages 169-210 in T. Downum, K. Gitu, and C. Kamau, editors. Coping with drought in Kenya: national and local strategies. L. Rienner, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
12. Anyon, R., P. A. Gilman, and S. A. LeBlanc. 1981. The reevaluation of the Mogollon-Mimbres archaeological sequence. Kiva 46:209-225.
13. Arnold, J.E. 1987. Craft specialization in the prehistoric Channel Islands, California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA.
14. Barbieri, A.F., and D.L. Carr. 2005. Gender-specific out-migration, deforestation, and urbanization in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Global and Planetary Change 47:99-110.
15. Basavaraja, H., S.B. Mahajanashetti, and N. C. Udagatti. 2007. Economic analysis of post-harvest losses in food grains in India: a case study of Karnataka. Agricultural Economics Research Review 20:117-126.
16. Blake, T. M., S. A. Leblanc, and P. E. Minnis. 1986. Changing settlement and population in the Mimbres valley, SW New Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 13:439-464.
17. Braun, D., and S. Plog. 1982. Evolution of tribal social networks: theory and prehistoric North American evidence. American Antiquity 47:504-525.
18. Brew, J.O. 1979. Hopi prehistory and history to 1850. Pages 514-523 in A. Ortiz, editor. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 9, Southwest. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
19. Burns, B. 1983. Simulated Anasazi storage behavior using crop yields reconstructed from tree rings: A.D. 652-1968 (Colorado). Dissertation. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
20. Cameron, C. M. 1995. Migration and the movement of Southwestern peoples. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14:104-124.
21. Cannon, M. D. 2000. Large mammal relative abundance in pithouse and Pueblo period archaeofaunas from southwestern New Mexico: resource depression among the Mimbres-Mogollon? Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19:317-347.
22. Cannon, M. D. 2001. Large mammal resource depression and agricultural intensification: an empirical test in the Mimbres Valley, New Mexico. Dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
23. Chamberlin, M. 2008. Evaluating the cultural origins of complexity in the Salinas Pueblo province. Dissertation. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
24. Cordell, L. S. 1975. Predicting site abandonment at Wetherill Mesa. Kiva 40:189-202.
25. Cordell, L. S., C. R. Van West, J. S. Dean, and D. A. Muenchrath. 2007. Mesa Verde settlement history and relocation: climate change, social networks, and ancestral Pueblo migration. Kiva 72:379-405.
26. Crown, P. L., J. D. Orcutt, and T. A. Kohler. 1996. Pueblo cultures in transition: the northern Rio Grande. Pages 188-204 in M. Adler, editor, Pueblo cultures in transition. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
27. Dean, J. S. 1988. A model of Anasazi behavioral adaptation. Pages 25-44 in G. Gumerman, editor. The Anasazi in a changing environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
28. Dean, J. S. 1996. Demography, environment, and subsistence stress. Pages 25-56 in J.A. Tainter and B.B. Tainter, editors. Evolving complexity and environmental risk in the prehistoric Southwest. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts, USA.
29. Dean, J. S. 2000. Complexity theory and sociocultural change in the American Southwest. Pages 89-118 in J. A. Tainter, R. J. McIntosh, S. K. McIntosh, editors. The way the wind blows. Columbia University Press, New York, New York, USA.
30. Dean, J. S. 2006. Subsistence stress and food storage at Kiet Siel, northeastern Arizona. Pages 160-179 in D.E. Doyel and J.S. Dean, editors. Environmental change and human adaptation in the ancient American Southwest. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
31. Dean, J., R. C. Euler, G. J. Gumerman, F. Plog, R. H. Hevly, and T. N. V. Karlstrom. 1985. Human behavior, demography, and paleoenvironment on the Colorado Plateaus. American Antiquity 50:537-554.
32. Dean, J. S., and W. J. Robinson. 1978. Expanded tree-ring chronologies for the Southwestern United States. Chronology Series 3. Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
33. de Sherbinin, A. L., K. VanWey, K. McSweeney, R. Aggarwal, A. Barbieri, S. Henry, L. M. Hunter, W. Twine, and R. Walker. 2008. Rural household demographics, livelihood, and the environment. Global Environmental Change 18:38-53.
34. Devraj, R. 2010. Cereals rot in the rain while the poor stay hungry. Inter Press Service. [online] URL: http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=52804
35. Dhaliwal, R.K., and G. Singh. 2010. Traditional food grain storage practices of Punjab. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9:526-530.
36. Diehl, M. W. 1994. Subsistence economics and emergent social differences: a case study from the prehistoric North American Southwest. Dissertation. State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
37. Diehl, M. W. 1996. The intensity of maize processing and production in upland Mogollon pithouse villages, A.D. 200-1000. American Antiquity 61:102-115.
38. Duff, A. 1998. The process of migration in the late prehistoric Southwest. Pages 31-52 in K.A. Spielmann, editor. Migration and reorganization: the Pueblo IV period in the American Southwest. Anthropological Research Papers 51, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
39. Dupree, H., and W. Rodel. 1974. Coping with drought in a pre-industrial, preliterature farming society. Pages 115-119 in G. White, editor. Natural hazards, local, national, global. Oxford University Press, New York.
40. Eakin, H. 2006. Weathering risk in rural Mexico. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
41. Eakin, H., and M.B. Wehbe. 2009. Linking local vulnerability to system sustainability in a resilience framework: two cases from Latin America. Climatic Change 93:355-377.
42. Euler, R. C., G. J. Gumerman, T. N. V. Karlstrom, J. S. Dean, R. H. Hevly. 1979. The Colorado Plateaus: cultural dynamic and paleoenvironment. Science 205(4411):1089-1101.
43. Ford, R. I. 1972. An ecological perspective on the eastern Pueblos. Pages 1-17 in A. Ortiz, editor. New Perspectives on the Pueblos. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
44. Ford, R. I. 1992. An ecological analysis involving the population of San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico. Garland, New York, New York, USA.
45. Grissino-Mayer, H. D., C. H. Baisan, T. W. Swetnam. 1997. A 1,373 year reconstruction of annual precipitation for the southern Rio Grande basin. Final report submitted to the Directorate of Environment of Natural Resources Division, Fort Bliss, Texas, for the Legacy Program. Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
46. Gumerman, G. J. 1988.The Anasazi in a changing environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
47. Hankins, T. 1974. Responses to drought in Sukumaland, Tanzania. Pages 98-104 in G. White, editor. Natural hazards, local, national, global. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
48. Hegmon, M. 1991. The risks of sharing and sharing as risk reduction: interhousehold food sharing in egalitarian societies. Pages 309-329 in S. A. Gregg, editor. Between Bands and States. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Illinois, USA.
49. Hegmon, M. 1996. Variability in food production, strategies of storage, and sharing, and the pithouseto-Pueblo transition in the northern Southwest. Pages 223-250 in J.A. Tainter and B.B. Tainter, editors. Evolving Complexity and Environmental Risk in the Prehistoric Southwest. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, USA.
50. Hegmon, M., J. A. Brady, and M. C. Nelson. 2006. Variability in Classic Mimbres room suites: implications for household organization and social differences. Pages 45-65 in V.S. Powell-Marti and P.A. Gilman, editors. Mimbres society. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
51. Hegmon, M., M. C. Nelson, and S. Ruth. 1998. Abandonment, reorganization, and social change: analysis of pottery and architecture from the Mimbres region of the American Southwest. American Anthropologist 100:148-162.
52. Hegmon, M., M. A. Peeples, A. P. Kinzig, S. Kulow, C. M. Meegan, and M. C. Nelson. 2008. Social transformation and its human costs in the Prehispanic U.S. Southwest. American Anthropologist 110:313-324.
53. Heijnen, J., and R. Kates. 1974. Pages 105-114 in G. White, editor. Natural hazards, local, national, global. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
54. Herrington, L. 1979. Settlement patterns and water control systems of the Mimbres Classic phase, Grant County, New Mexico. Dissertation. University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA.
55. Howard, J. 2006. Hohokam irrigation communities: a study of internal structure, external relationships and sociopolitical complexity. Dissertation. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
56. Ice, R. 1968. A report on 1964 excavations at Gran Quivira. Report on file at Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument, Mountainair, New Mexico, USA.
57. Jones, P., and P. Thornton. 2003. The potential impacts of climate change on maize production in Africa and Latin America in 2055. Global Environmental Change 13:51-59.
58. Judge, W. J. 1989. Chaco Canyon - San Juan basin. Pages 209-261 in L. S. Cordell and G. J. Gumerman, editors. Dynamics of Southwest prehistory. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Book, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
59. Kamau, C., G. Anyango, M. Wainama, T. Downum, and M. Gitahi. 1989. Case studies of drought impacts and responses in central and eastern Kenya. Pages 211-225 in T. Downum, K. Gitu, and C. Kamau, editors. Coping with drought in Kenya: national and local strategies. L. Rienner, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
60. Kapila, U. 2008. India's economic development since 1947, 3rd edition. Academic Foundation, New Delhi, India.
61. Kellner, C., M. Schoeninger, K. Spielmann, and K. Moore. 2010. Stable isotope data show temporal stability in diet at Pecos Pueblo and diet variation among Southwest Pueblos. Pages 79-91 in M. Morgan, editor. Pecos Pueblo revisited: the biological and social context. Papers of the Peabody Museum 85, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
62. Kintigh, K. W. 1985. Settlement, subsistence, and society in late Zuni prehistory. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona No. 44, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
63. Kintigh, K. W. 1994. Chaco, community architecture, and Cibolan aggregation. Pages 131-140 in W.H. Wills and R.D. Leonard, editors. The ancient Southwestern community: Models for the study of prehistoric social organization. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, USA.
64. Kohler, T. A., and C. van West. 1996. The calculus of self-interest in the development of cooperation: sociopolitical development and risk among the northern Anasazi. Pages 169-196 in J.A. Tainter and B.B. Tainter, editors. Evolving complexity and environmental risk in the prehistoric Southwest. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts, USA.
65. LeBlanc, S. A. 1983. The Mimbres people, ancient Pueblo painters of the American Southwest. Thames and Hudson, New York, New York, USA.
66. LeBlanc, S. A. 1999. Prehistoric warfare in the American Southwest. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
67. Lebo, C. 1991. Anasazi harvests: agroclimate, harvest variability, and agricultural strategies on prehistoric Black Mesa, northeastern Arizona. Dissertation., Indiana University, Bloomington, USA.
68. Lipe, W. D. 1995. The depopulation of the northern San Juan: conditions in the turbulent 1200s. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14:143-169.
69. Meinzer, O. E. 1911. Geology and water resources of Estancia Valley, New Mexico. USGS Water-Supply Paper 489, Washington, D.C., USA.
70. Minnis, P. E. 1985. Social adaptation to food stress: a prehistoric Southwestern example. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
71. Minnis, P.E. 1996. Notes on economic uncertainty and human behavior in the prehistoric North American Southwest. Pages 57-78 in J. Tainter and B.B. Tainter, editors. Evolving complexity and environmental risk in the prehistoric Southwest. Santa Fe Institute, Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading, MA, USA.
72. Mortimer, M., and W. Adams. 2001. Farmer adaptation, change, and "crisis" in the Sahel. Global Environmental Change 11:49-57.
73. Morton, J. 2007. The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:19680-19685.
74. Muenchrath, D. A., and R. J. Salvador. 1995. Maize productivity and agroecology: effects of environment and agricultural practices on the biology of Maize. Pages 303-333 in H. S. Toll, editor. Soil, water, biology, and belief in prehistoric and traditional Southwestern agriculture. New Mexico Archaeological Council Special Publication. Volume 2, New Mexico Archaeological Council, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
75. Neel, G. M. 1926. Seventh biennial report of the State Engineer of New Mexico. Sun Publishing Company, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA.
76. Nelson, M. C. 1999. Mimbres during the twelfth century: abandonment, continuity, and reorganization. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
77. Nelson, M. C. 2003. Abandonment is not as it seems. Archaeology Southwest 17(4):9.
78. Nelson, M. C., and K. G. Schollmeyer. 2003. Game resources, social interaction, and the ecological footprint in southwest New Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 10:69-110.
79. Nelson, M. C., K. Kintigh, D. R. Abbott, and J. M. Anderies. 2010. The cross-scale interplay between social and biophysical context and the vulnerability of irrigation-dependent societies: archaeology's long-term perspective. Ecology and Society 15 (3):31. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss3/art31/
80. Nelson, M. C., M. Hegmon, S. Kulow, M. Peeples, K. Kintigh, and A. Kinzig. 2011. Resisting diversity: a long-term archaeological study. Ecology and Society 16(1):25. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art25/
81. Orcutt, J. D. 1991.Environmental variability and settlement changes on the Pajarito Plateau, New Mexico. American Antiquity 56:315-332.
82. Peeples, M. 2007. Report on Salinas demography. Report on file, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
83. Rautman, A. 1990. The environmental context of decision-making: coping strategies among prehistoric cultivators in central New Mexico. Dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
84. Rautman, A. 1993. Resource variability, risk, and the structure of social networks: an example from the prehistoric Southwest. American Antiquity 58:403-424.
85. Rautman, A. 1995. Final Report on the Excavation of Pueblo de la Mesa. Report on file with the USDA Forest Service, Cibola National Forest, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
86. Rautman, A., and M. Chamberlin. 2008. When is a defensive site? Coping with conflict in central New Mexico. Paper presented at the 73rd annual Meetings of the Society for American Archaeology, March 2008, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
87. Raynaut, C. 1997. Societies and nature in the Sahel. Routledge, London, UK.
88. Rice, G., and S. LeBlanc. 2001. Deadly landscapes: case studies in prehistoric Southwestern warfare. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
89. Rocek, T., and A. Rautman. 2007. Pithouse villages in southeastern New Mexico. Paper presented at the Foundations of the Southwest Community, Amerind Foundation, Arizona, USA.
90. Sandor, J. 1990. Prehistoric agricultural terraces and soils in the Mimbres area, New Mexico. World Archaeology 22:70-86.
91. Schlanger, S. H. 1988. Patterns of population movement and long-term population growth in southwestern Colorado. American Antiquity 53:773-793.
92. Schollmeyer, K. G. 2009. Resource stress and settlement pattern change in the eastern Mimbres area. Dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
93. Scoones, I. 1996. Hazards and opportunities: farming livelihoods in dryland Africa. Zed Books, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, USA.
94. Shafer, H. J. 1982. Classic Mimbres phase households and room use patterns. Kiva 48:17-37.
95. Slatter, E. 1979. Drought and demographic change in the prehistoric Southwest United States: A preliminary quantitative assessment. Dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of California at Los Angeles, California, USA.
96. Solometo, J. 2006. The dimensions of war: conflict and culture change in central Arizona. Pages 23-65 in E. Arkush and M. Allen, editors. The archaeology of warfare: prehistories of raiding and conquest. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
97. Spiegel, Z. 1955. Geology and ground-water resources of north-eastern Socorro County, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Ground-water Report 4, Socorro, New Mexico, USA.
98. Spielmann, K. A. 1996. Impressions of Pueblo III settlement trends among the Rio Abajo and eastern border Pueblos. Pages 177-187 in M. Adler, editor. Pueblo cultures in transition. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
99. Spielmann, K. A. 2000. Gender and exchange. Pages. 345-377 in P. Crown, editor. Women and men in the prehispanic Southwest. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA.
100. Spielmann, K. A., and M. Schoeninger. 1992. Multidisciplinary studies of trade in meat at Gran Quivira Pueblo, New Mexico. Paper presented at the Conference on Paleonutrition, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.
101. Spielmann, K. A., M. Schoeninger, and K. Moore. 1990. Plains-Pueblo interdependence and human diet at Pecos Pueblo, New Mexico. American Antiquity 55:745-765.
102. Swanson, S. 2009. The ecology of early farming: a Mimbres case study. Dissertation. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
103. Swanson, S., R. Anyon and M. C. Nelson. 2011. Southern Mogollon pithouse settlement dynamics, land use, and community development, A.D. 200-1000. In S. Herr and L. Young, editors. The foundations of Southwest pithouse communities: variation and change in pithouse villages between AD 200 and 900. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA, in press.
104. Tainter, J. A., and B. B. Tainter. 1996. Evolving complexity and environmental risk in the prehistoric Southwest. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts, USA.
105. Tiffen, M. 2003. Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Agriculture, urbanization and income growth. World Development 31:1343-1366.
106. Upham, S. 1982. Polities and power: An economic and political history of the Western Pueblo. Academic Press, New York, USA.
107. Van West, C., and J. S. Dean. 2000. Environmental characteristics of the A.D. 9900-1300 period in the central Mesa Verde Region. Kiva 66:19-44.
108. Wisner, B., and P. Mbithi. 1974. Drought in eastern Kenya: nutritional status and farmer activity. Pages 97-97 in G. White, editor. Natural hazards, local, national, global. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.