Eye tracking unconscious face-to-face confrontations: Dominance motives prolong gaze to masked angry faces

Psychological Science

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 314-319

  Terburg, David ^a   Hooiveld, Nicole ^a   Aarts, Henk ^a   Kenemans, J Leon ^a   van Honk, Jack ^b  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

dominance; gaze behavior; motivation; reward sensitivity; social competition

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANGER; ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; ATTENTION; EGO DEVELOPMENT; EYE FIXATION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HAPPINESS; HUMAN; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); MALE; MOTIVATION; NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PERCEPTION; REACTION TIME; REWARD; SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENT; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; STROOP TEST;

ANGER; ATTENTION; CUES; DOMINANCE-SUBORDINATION; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; FIXATION, OCULAR; HAPPINESS; HUMANS; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); MALE; MOTIVATION; NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PERCEPTUAL MASKING; REACTION TIME; REWARD; SACCADES; STROOP TEST; UNCONSCIOUS (PSYCHOLOGY); YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79954542788     PISSN: 09567976     EISSN: 14679280     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0956797611398492     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Beaver, J.D., Lawrence, A.D., Passamonti, L., & Calder, A.J. (2008). Appetitive motivation predicts the neural response to facial signals of aggression. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 2719-2725.
2. Bediou, B., Eimer, M., d'Amato, T., Hauk, O., & Calder, A.J. (2009). In the eye of the beholder: Individual differences in reward-drive modulate early frontocentral ERPs to angry faces. Neuropsychologia, 47, 825-834.
3. Carver, C.S. (2004). Negative affects deriving from the behavioral approach system. Emotion, 4, 3-22.
4. Carver, C.S., & White, T.L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333.
5. Craig, M.C., Catani, M., Deeley, Q., Latham, R., Daly, E., Kanaan, R.,et al.(2009). Altered connections on the road to psychopathy. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 946-953.
6. Dabbs, J.M., Jr. (1997). Testosterone, smiling, and facial appearance. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21, 45-55.
7. Eisenegger, C., Naef, M., Snozzi, R., Heinrichs, M., & Fehr, E. (2010). Prejudice and truth about the effect of testosterone on human bargaining behaviour. Nature, 463, 356-359.
8. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. (1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
9. Ellis, L. (2006). Gender differences in smiling: An evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory. Physiology and Behavior, 88, 303-308.
10. Emery, N.J., & Amaral, D.G. (2002). The role of the amygdala in primate social cognition. In R.D. Lane & L. Nadel (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of emotion (pp. 156-191). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
11. Harmon-Jones, E. (2003). Anger and the behavioral approach system. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 995-1005.
12. Harmon-Jones, E. (2004). Contributions from research on anger and cognitive dissonance to understanding the motivational functions of asymmetrical frontal brain activity. Biological Psychology, 67, 51-76.
13. Harmon-Jones, E., & Peterson, C.K. (2009). Supine body position reduces neural response to anger evocation. Psychological Science, 20, 1209-1210.
14. Hess, U., & Bourgeois, P. (2010). You smile-I smile: Emotion expression in social interaction. Biological Psychology, 84, 514-520.
15. Liddell, B.J., Brown, K.J., Kemp, A.H., Barton, M.J., Das, P., Peduto, A.,et al.(2005). A direct brainstem-amygdala-cortical 'alarm' system for subliminal signals of fear. NeuroImage, 24, 235-243.
16. Mazur, A., & Booth, A. (1998). Testosterone and dominance in men [Target article and discussion]. Behavioral Brain Sciences, 21, 353-397.
17. Murphy, S.T., & Zajonc, R.B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 723-739.
18. Nomura, M., Ohira, H., Haneda, K., Iidaka, T., Sadato, N., Okada, T., & Yonekura, Y. (2004). Functional association of the amygdala and ventral prefrontal cortex during cognitive evaluation of facial expressions primed by masked angry faces: An event-related fMRI study. NeuroImage, 21, 352-363.
19. Öhman, A. (1986). Face the beast and fear the face: Animal and social fears as prototypes for evolutionary analyses of emotion. Psychophysiology, 23, 123-145.
20. Putman, P., Hermans, E., & van Honk, J. (2004). Emotional Stroop performance for masked angry faces: It's BAS, not BIS. Emotion, 4, 305-311.
21. Scheres, A., & Sanfey, A.G. (2006). Individual differences in decision making: Drive and reward responsiveness affect strategic bargaining in economic games. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 2, 35. Retrieved fromhttp://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/2/1/35.
22. Siever, L.J. (2008). Neurobiology of aggression and violence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 429-442.
23. Smits, D.J.M., & Kuppens, P. (2005). The relations between anger, coping with anger, and aggression, and the BIS/BAS system. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 783-793.
24. van Honk, J., & Schutter, D.J. (2007). Vigilant and avoidant responses to angry facial perceptions: Dominance and submission motives. In E. Harmon-Jones & P. Winkielman (Eds.), Social neuroscience: Integrating biological and psychological explanations of social behavior (pp. 197-226). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
25. van Honk, J., Tuiten, A., de Haan, E., van den Hout, M., & Stam, H. (2001). Attentional biases for angry faces: Relationships to trait anger and anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 15, 279-297.
26. van Honk, J., Tuiten, A., van den Hout, M., Koppeschaar, H., Thijssen, J., de Haan, E., & Verbaten, R. (1998). Baseline salivary cortisol levels and preconscious selective attention for threat: A pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 741-747.
27. van Honk, J., Tuiten, A., van den Hout, M., Koppeschaar, H., Thijssen, J., de Haan, E., & Verbaten, R. (2000). Conscious and preconscious selective attention to social threat: Different neuroendocrine response patterns. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25, 577-591.
28. Vuilleumier, P. (2002). Facial expression and selective attention. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 15, 291-300.
29. Winkielman, P., Berridge, K.C., & Wilbarger, J.L. (2005). Unconscious affective reactions to masked happy versus angry faces influence consumption behavior and judgments of value. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 121-135.
30. Wirth, M.M., & Schultheiss, O.C. (2007). Basal testosterone moderates responses to anger faces in humans. Physiology and Behavior, 90, 496-505.