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1
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85028104091
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Sri Lanka military, rebels trade death toll claims
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Colombo: Reuters, 1 March
-
'Sri Lanka military, rebels trade death toll claims', Reuters India (Colombo: Reuters, 1 March 2008).
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(2008)
Reuters India
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3
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0037307791
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Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war
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J. D. Fearon and D. D. Laitin, 'Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War', American Political Science Review, 97(2003), 75-90; (Pubitemid 36420120)
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(2003)
American Political Science Review
, vol.97
, Issue.1
, pp. 75-90
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Fearon, J.D.1
Laitin, D.D.2
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4
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30844466659
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Ethnic polarization, potential conflict, and civil wars
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DOI 10.1257/0002828054201468
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J. G. Montalvo and M. Reynal-Querol, 'Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars', American Economic Review, 95(2005), 796-816. (Pubitemid 43104415)
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(2005)
American Economic Review
, vol.95
, Issue.3
, pp. 796-816
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Montalvo, J.G.1
Reynal-Querol, M.2
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8
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79957438114
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Ethnic conflict, federalism, and democracy in India
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Kumar Rupesinghe and Valery A. Tishkov, eds, New York: United Nations University Press
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S. D. Muni, 'Ethnic Conflict, Federalism, and Democracy in India', in Kumar Rupesinghe and Valery A. Tishkov, eds, Ethnicity and Power in the Contemporary World (New York: United Nations University Press, 1996).
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(1996)
Ethnicity and Power in the Contemporary World
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Muni, S.D.1
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12
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33747410896
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A clash of generations? Youth bulges and political violence
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DOI 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00416.x
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Henrik Urdal, 'A Clash of Generations? Youth Bulges and Political Violence', International Studies Quarterly, 50(2006), 607-29. (Pubitemid 44251857)
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(2006)
International Studies Quarterly
, vol.50
, Issue.3
, pp. 607-629
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Urdal, H.1
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13
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46749135398
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Geo-referencing of ethnic groups: Creating a new dataset
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Oslo: Peace Research Institute PRIO
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Lars-Erik Cederman, Jan Ketil Rød and Nils Weidmann, 'Geo-Referencing of Ethnic Groups: Creating a New Dataset', in GROW Workshop (Oslo: Peace Research Institute (PRIO), 2006).
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(2006)
GROW Workshop
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Cederman, L.1
Ketil Rød, J.2
Weidmann, N.3
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14
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0030482230
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A theory of ethnic group boundaries
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Chai refers to this as in-group altruism; see Sun-Ki Chai, 'A Theory of Ethnic Group Boundaries', Nations and Nationalism, 2(1996), 281-307. (Pubitemid 126632715)
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(1996)
Nations and Nationalism
, vol.2
, Issue.2
, pp. 281-307
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Chai, S.-K.1
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16
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17044428559
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The impact of social structure on economic outcomes
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M. Granovetter, 'The Impact of Social Structure on Economic Outcomes', Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(2005), 33-50.
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(2005)
Journal of Economic Perspectives
, vol.19
, pp. 33-50
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Granovetter, M.1
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17
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33947524690
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Beyond fractionalization: Mapping ethnicity onto nationalist insurgencies
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L. E. Cederman and L. Girardin, 'Beyond Fractionalization: Mapping Ethnicity onto Nationalist Insurgencies', American Political Science Review, 101(2007), 173-85.
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(2007)
American Political Science Review
, vol.101
, pp. 173-185
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Cederman, L.E.1
Girardin, L.2
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19
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85028116592
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I use the broader term social structure to refer to a description of macro social cleavages and groups including characteristics of individual cleavages and/or groups as well as the relationship of cleavages to each other
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I use the broader term social structure to refer to a description of macro social cleavages and groups including characteristics of individual cleavages and/or groups as well as the relationship of cleavages to each other.
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20
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0003813532
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A cleavage is a 'division on the basis of some criteria of individuals, groups, or organizations between whom conflict may arise', and, London: Sage
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A cleavage is a 'division on the basis of some criteria of individuals, groups, or organizations [between] whom conflict may arise' (Jan-Erik Lane and Svante O. Ersson, Politics and Society in Western Europe (London: Sage, 1994).
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(1994)
Politics and Society in Western Europe
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Lane, J.1
Ersson, S.O.2
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23
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0032415657
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On economic causes of civil war
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DOI 10.1093/oep/50.4.563
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Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, 'On Economic Causes of Civil War', Oxford Economic Papers, 50(1998), 563-73; (Pubitemid 29007100)
-
(1998)
Oxford Economic Papers
, vol.50
, Issue.4
, pp. 563-573
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Collier, P.1
Hoeffler, A.2
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25
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2942546923
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Greed and grievance in civil war
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DOI 10.1093/oep/gpf064
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Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, 'Greed and Grievance in Civil War', Oxford Economic Papers, 56(2004), 563-95. (Pubitemid 39393806)
-
(2004)
Oxford Economic Papers
, vol.56
, Issue.4
, pp. 563-595
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Collier, P.1
Hoeffler, A.2
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26
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85028113940
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other work, I have used a cross-cutting index of ethnicity and income to try and measure this. See, and, unpublished paper
-
In other work, I have used a cross-cutting index of ethnicity and income to try and measure this. See Joel Selway and Joshua Gubler, 'Ethno-Income Inequality, Ethno-Geographic Dispersion, Ethno-Religious Cross-Cuttingness and Civil War Onset' (unpublished paper).
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Ethno-Income Inequality, Ethno-Geographic Dispersion, Ethno-Religious Cross-Cuttingness and Civil War Onset
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Selway, J.1
Gubler, J.2
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28
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85028117204
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All the previously cited cleavages have been or can be further dissected: ethnicity into race and language, religion into sects and denominations, and geography into region, rural/urban residence and centre/periphery
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All the previously cited cleavages have been or can be further dissected: ethnicity into race and language, religion into sects and denominations, and geography into region, rural/urban residence and centre/periphery.
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29
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0003968361
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I explicitly separate the two cleavages as distinct, while recognizing that much recent work on ethnicity incorporates religion into a broader definition of ethnicity. See:, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press
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I explicitly separate the two cleavages as distinct, while recognizing that much recent work on ethnicity incorporates religion into a broader definition of ethnicity. See: A. Varshney, Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2002);
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(2002)
Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life
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Varshney, A.1
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31
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8344232481
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Measuring ethnic fractionalization in Africa
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DOI 10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00105.x
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Daniel N. Posner, 'Measuring Ethnic Fractionalization in Africa', American Journal of Political Science, 48(2004), 849-63. This decision comes with trade-offs, most important of which is that in countries where ethnicity and religion seem virtually inseparable, such as Malaysia, we cannot know whether a measure of cross-cuttingness is meaningful. More broadly, we can categorize this in the long-standing challenge of measuring the salience of cleavages in society. (Pubitemid 39483449)
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(2004)
American Journal of Political Science
, vol.48
, Issue.4
, pp. 849-863
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Posner, D.N.1
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35
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85028119886
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There is a growing sociological literature, under the rubric of the 'religious economy', which argues that switching religions especially denominations within religions is more common than many think. In my dataset, for most of the countries that appeared in more than one survey over time, there appeared to be minimal changes in the scores. On the whole, this supports my assertion that religious and ethnic identity are difficult, though not impossible, to change, especially when they are the bases for conflict
-
There is a growing sociological literature, under the rubric of the 'religious economy', which argues that switching religions (especially denominations within religions) is more common than many think. In my dataset, for most of the countries that appeared in more than one survey over time, there appeared to be minimal changes in the scores. On the whole, this supports my assertion that religious and ethnic identity are difficult, though not impossible, to change, especially when they are the bases for conflict.
-
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36
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85028097708
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A group is a category of identity/membership within a single cleavage, such as Christian and Muslim within the religion cleavage
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A group is a category of identity/membership within a single cleavage, such as Christian and Muslim within the religion cleavage.
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37
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0032828235
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The specification of ethnic cleavages and ethnopolitical groups for the analysis of democratic competition in contemporary Africa
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James R. Scarritt and Shaheen Mozaffar, 'The Specification of Ethnic Cleavages and Ethnopolitical Groups for the Analysis of Democratic Competition in Contemporary Africa', Nationalism & Ethnic Politics, 5(1999), 82-117; (Pubitemid 29475801)
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(1999)
Nationalism and Ethnic Politics
, vol.5
, Issue.1
, pp. 82-117
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Scarritt, J.R.1
Mozaffar, S.2
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40
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79955418521
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Social cleavages, political institutions, and party systems: Putting preferences back into the fundamental equation of politics
-
Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University
-
Heather Stoll, 'Social Cleavages, Political Institutions, and Party Systems: Putting Preferences Back into the Fundamental Equation of Politics', Political Science (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University, 2004).
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(2004)
Political Science
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Stoll, H.1
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42
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0040153325
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Africa's growth tragedy: Policies and ethnic divisions
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Easterly and Levine, for example, use the terms ethnic diversity, polarization and ethnic fractionalization almost interchangeably in their path-breaking study on how ethnicity affects economic growth. See:, and
-
Easterly and Levine, for example, use the terms ethnic diversity, polarization and ethnic fractionalization almost interchangeably in their path-breaking study on how ethnicity affects economic growth. See: W. Easterly and R. Levine, 'Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(1997), 1203-50.
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(1997)
Quarterly Journal of Economics
, vol.112
, pp. 1203-1250
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Easterly, W.1
Levine, R.2
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43
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85028109157
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i is the proportion of society that identifies with a given ethnic group
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i is the proportion of society that identifies with a given ethnic group.
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44
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0036102314
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Ethnicity, political systems, and civil wars
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DOI 10.1177/0022002702046001003
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M. Reynal-Querol, 'Ethnicity, Political Systems, and Civil Wars', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46(2002), 29-54. (Pubitemid 36657032)
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(2002)
Journal of Conflict Resolution
, vol.46
, Issue.1
, pp. 29-54
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Reynal-Querol, M.1
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45
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0000595914
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On the measurement of polarization
-
i is again the proportion of society that identifies with a given ethnic group. While this equation is similar to Esteban and Ray's measure of polarization, Reynal-Querol imposes an assumption that the distance, or intensity of difference, between any pair of groups is identical. In other words, cultural distance is already contained in the underlying assumption. To avoid confusion with cultural polarization, I use the term bipolarization, since the measure is maximized with two groups or two poles of equal size. See:, and
-
i is again the proportion of society that identifies with a given ethnic group. While this equation is similar to Esteban and Ray's measure of polarization, Reynal-Querol imposes an assumption that the distance, or intensity of difference, between any pair of groups is identical. In other words, cultural distance is already contained in the underlying assumption. To avoid confusion with cultural polarization, I use the term bipolarization, since the measure is maximized with two groups (or two poles) of equal size. See: J. M. Esteban and D. Ray, 'On the Measurement of Polarization', Econometrica, 62(1994), 819-51.
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(1994)
Econometrica
, vol.62
, pp. 819-851
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Esteban, J.M.1
Ray, D.2
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51
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33745771320
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Sensitivity analysis of empirical results on civil war onset
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DOI 10.1177/0022002706289303
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H. Hegre and N. Sambanis, 'Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(2006), 508-35. (Pubitemid 44022518)
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(2006)
Journal of Conflict Resolution
, vol.50
, Issue.4
, pp. 508-535
-
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Hegre, H.1
Sambanis, N.2
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52
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77956852325
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Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war revisited
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paper presented at
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Kevin Quinn, Michael Hechter and Erik Wibbels, 'Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War Revisited' (paper presented at Laboratory in Comparative Ethnic Processes (LICEP) meeting, 2004).
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(2004)
Laboratory in Comparative Ethnic Processes (LICEP) Meeting
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Quinn, K.1
Hechter, M.2
Wibbels, E.3
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53
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0003618221
-
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Annett also offers a measure of social fractionalization, which captures fractionalization on both the religious and ethnic cleavages - defined as one half times the value of ethnic fractionalization plus one half times the value of religious fractionalization. To date, I have not seen this measure used in a study of civil war
-
Collier and Hoeffler, 'Greed and Grievance in Civil War'. Annett also offers a measure of social fractionalization, which captures fractionalization on both the religious and ethnic cleavages - defined as one half times the value of ethnic fractionalization plus one half times the value of religious fractionalization. To date, I have not seen this measure used in a study of civil war.
-
Greed and Grievance in Civil War
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Collier1
Hoeffler2
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54
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0039562967
-
Social fractionalization, political instability, and the size of government
-
See
-
See Anthony Annett, 'Social Fractionalization, Political Instability, and the Size of Government', IMF Staff Papers, 48 (2001).
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(2001)
IMF Staff Papers
, pp. 48
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Annett, A.1
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56
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85028109241
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This term is my own. Past references to this same characteristic/ phenomenon include cross-cutting cleavages, cross-cutting circles, criss-cross pattern of cleavage structure and intersection of cleavages. The antonym reinforcing has also been referred to as overlapping cleavages, consolidation of cleavages, superimposition of lines of differentiation and correspondence of cleavages
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This term is my own. Past references to this same characteristic/ phenomenon include cross-cutting cleavages, cross-cutting circles, criss-cross pattern of cleavage structure and intersection of cleavages. The antonym (reinforcing) has also been referred to as overlapping cleavages, consolidation of cleavages, superimposition of lines of differentiation and correspondence of cleavages.
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58
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A brief note on the role of cross-cutting alliances in segmentary political systems
-
A. Beteille, 'A Brief Note on the Role of Cross-Cutting Alliances in Segmentary Political Systems', Man, 60(1960), 181-2.
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(1960)
Man.
, vol.60
, pp. 181-182
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Beteille, A.1
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59
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The nuer of the Southern Sudan
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M. Fortes and E. Evans-Pritchard, eds, London: Oxford University Press
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E. Evans-Pritchard, 'The Nuer of the Southern Sudan', in M. Fortes and E. Evans-Pritchard, eds, African Political Systems (London: Oxford University Press, 1940), pp. 272-96.
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(1940)
African Political Systems
, pp. 272-296
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Evans-Pritchard, E.1
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60
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27944507988
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Political institutions
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E. E. Evans-Pritchard, ed., Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press
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Max Gluckman, 'Political Institutions', in E. E. Evans-Pritchard, ed., The Institutions of Primitive Society (Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1954), pp. 66-80.
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(1954)
The Institutions of Primitive Society
, pp. 66-80
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Gluckman, M.1
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61
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33747902127
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New York: The Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History
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A. L. Kroeber, Zũni Kin and Clan (New York: The Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History, 1917), p. 183.
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(1917)
Zũni Kin and Clan
, pp. 183
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Kroeber, A.L.1
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68
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In between the individual and cleavage levels of analysis is the group-level dynamic. Cross-fragmentation, furthermore, dissolves in-groups and diminishes group pressures. To motivate measures of cross-cuttingness, I thus pose the question: 'In what way should groups on a cleavage x be distributed amongst groups on a second cleavage y to maximize cross-cuttingess?' This question motivates at least two additional measures - cross-proportionalization and cross-bipolarization-and indeed is able to motivate our first two measures also. Indices for these measures have not yet been computed, but are forthcoming. See Selway, 'Crosscutting Cleavages'.
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Crosscutting Cleavages
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Selway1
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72
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0003535936
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-
Since the statistics literature is unclear on which measure is superior, I opt for the more widely used Cramer's V. See:, New York: Wiley-Interscience
-
Since the statistics literature is unclear on which measure is superior, I opt for the more widely used Cramer's V. See: Alan Agresti, Categorical Data Analysis (New York: Wiley-Interscience, 2002).
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(2002)
Categorical Data Analysis
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Agresti, A.1
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73
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O stands for the observed frequencies in a simple cross-tabulation of the religious and ethnic cleavages; E stands for expected frequencies, calculated by multiplying the two marginal frequencies from the original cross-tabulation; i refers to cells in the contingency table
-
O stands for the observed frequencies in a simple cross-tabulation of the religious and ethnic cleavages; E stands for expected frequencies, calculated by multiplying the two marginal frequencies from the original cross-tabulation; i refers to cells in the contingency table.
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However, neither heterogeneity nor sub-group fractionalization are sensitive to group identity on both cleavages, and thus do not capture cross-cuttingness. A simple example illustrates why sub-group fractionalization is not a measure of cross-cuttingness. Consider Society A with its two ethnic groups, black and white, each composing 50 per cent of the population, and its two religions, Christian and Muslim, each also composing 50 per cent of the population. The sub-group fractionalization score for Society A is 0.5. In a second society, B, we could have a society with the same sub-group fractionalization score, 0.5, but with a huge difference in the structure of its cleavages. Specifically, in Society B, there is just one ethnic group split 50-50 between religions. We can thus see where subgroup fractionalization fails to capture the concept of cross-cuttingness: it is not sensitive to the identities of the groups that compose the subgroups. Selway identifies this as a cross-cuttingness axiom. See Selway, 'Cross-cutting Cleavages'.
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Cross-cutting Cleavages
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Selway1
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75
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0003618221
-
-
Collier and Hoeffler imply that this relationship should be interactive also. See, and
-
Collier and Hoeffler imply that this relationship should be interactive also. See Collier and Hoeffler, 'Greed and Grievance in Civil War', p. 570.
-
Greed and Grievance in Civil War
, pp. 570
-
-
Collier1
Hoeffler2
-
77
-
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79952680301
-
-
See, May-June, Computer file
-
See Antonis Papacostas, Eurobarometer 63.4: European Union Enlargement, the European Constitution, Economic Challenges, Innovative Products and Services, May-June 2005 [Computer file];
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(2005)
Eurobarometer 63.4: European Union Enlargement, the European Constitution, Economic Challenges, Innovative Products and Services
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Papacostas, A.1
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81
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84962746550
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We thank the Latin American Public Opinion Project LAPOP and its major supporters the United States Agency for International Development, the United Nations Development Program, the Inter-American Development Bank and Vanderbilt University for making the data available
-
The Americas Barometer by the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP), http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/HOME. We thank the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) and its major supporters (the United States Agency for International Development, the United Nations Development Program, the Inter-American Development Bank and Vanderbilt University) for making the data available.
-
The Americas Barometer by the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP)
-
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82
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or, computer file, producer and distributor, Accessed December 2006
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Takashi Inoguchi et al., Asia Barometer Survey Data (2003 or 2004) [computer file]. Asia Barometer Project (http://www.asiabarometer.org/) [producer and distributor], Accessed December 2006.
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(2003)
Asia Barometer Survey Data
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Inoguchi, T.1
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83
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85028107902
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Asia Barometer is a registered trademark of Professor Takashi Inoguchi, Chuo University, Japan, Director of the AsiaBarometer Project, Room 2137, Building Two, Chuo University, Korakuen Campus, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
-
Asia Barometer is a registered trademark of Professor Takashi Inoguchi, Chuo University, Japan, Director of the AsiaBarometer Project, Room 2137, Building Two, Chuo University, Korakuen Campus, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan.
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86
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33748996311
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Computer file
-
Gary R. Andrews, World Health Organization Regional Office for Southeast Asia Collaborative Study on Social and Health Aspects of Aging in Burma, Indonesia, North Korea, Sri Lanka, and Thailand (1990) [Computer file];
-
(1990)
World Health Organization Regional Office for Southeast Asia Collaborative Study on Social and Health Aspects of Aging in Burma, Indonesia, North Korea, Sri Lanka, and Thailand
-
-
Andrews, G.R.1
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88
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85028106530
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Appendix, available at author's website
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Appendix available at author's website, http://www.umich.edu/, jselway.
-
-
-
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89
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See author's website
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See author's website http://www.umich.edu/, jselway.
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-
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90
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85028121418
-
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raw data, including tables from these analyses, will eventually be available at the author's website
-
The raw data, including tables from these analyses, will eventually be available at the author's website http://www.umich.edu/, jselway.
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-
-
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91
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78650068111
-
-
This comparison was necessarily restricted to African countries, and thus the Afrobarometer and World Values Survey, since Posner's index concentrates on Africa. The results are nevertheless encouraging. See:, Full analysis is available in the appendix at
-
This comparison was necessarily restricted to African countries, and thus the Afrobarometer and World Values Survey, since Posner's index concentrates on Africa. The results are nevertheless encouraging. See: Posner, 'Measuring Ethnic Fractionalization in Africa'. Full analysis is available in the appendix at http://www.umich.edu/, jselway.
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Measuring Ethnic Fractionalization in Africa
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Posner1
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92
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There may be additional problems of representativeness in terms of the self-selection bias inherent in the types of surveys I am using. While this may exclude countries that have recently experienced civil war, the data go back far enough to diminish this problem
-
There may be additional problems of representativeness in terms of the self-selection bias inherent in the types of surveys I am using. While this may exclude countries that have recently experienced civil war, the data go back far enough to diminish this problem.
-
-
-
-
93
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0010974824
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-
IMF, Washington, D. C.: International Monetary Fund
-
IMF, 'World Economic Outlook Database' (Washington, D. C.: International Monetary Fund, 2007).
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(2007)
World Economic Outlook Database
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-
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95
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0032220433
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Taking time seriously: Time-series-cross-section analysis with a binary dependent variable
-
See, and
-
See Nathaniel Beck, Jonathan N. Katz and Richard Tucker, 'Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series-Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable', American Journal of Political Science, 42(1998), 1260-88.
-
(1998)
American Journal of Political Science
, vol.42
, pp. 1260-1288
-
-
Beck, N.1
Katz, J.N.2
Tucker, R.3
-
96
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85028127706
-
-
I also experiment with two alternative ways to control for time dependence. First, I use a lagged variable for the occurrence of war as Fearon and Laitin do see Fearon and Laitin, 'Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War'. In addition, I follow Hegre et al.'s method of using a variable that assumes that the effect of a previous conflict is decaying over time according to the formula exp-peace years/X, where 'peace years' is the number of years since a country experienced a civil war
-
I also experiment with two alternative ways to control for time dependence. First, I use a lagged variable for the occurrence of war as Fearon and Laitin do (see Fearon and Laitin, 'Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War'). In addition, I follow Hegre et al.'s method of using a variable that assumes that the effect of a previous conflict is decaying over time according to the formula exp{ (-peace years)/X}, where 'peace years' is the number of years since a country experienced a civil war
-
-
-
-
97
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79957497976
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see, and, The value X determines the rate of decay. I follow Toset et al. and set X to 4, implying that the risk of civil war is halved approximately every 3 years
-
(see Hegre and Sambanis, 'Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset'. The value X determines the rate of decay. I follow Toset et al. and set X to 4, implying that the risk of civil war is halved approximately every 3 years
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Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset
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Hegre1
Sambanis2
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98
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0033646760
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Shared rivers and interstate conflict
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see, and, This decaying variable takes on values close to 1 immediately after the end of a conflict and approaches 0 over time. The major results are not appreciably affected by these various approaches
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(see H. P. W. Toset, N. P. Gleditsch and H. Hegre, 'Shared Rivers and Interstate Conflict', Political Geography, 19(2000), 971-96. This decaying variable takes on values close to 1 immediately after the end of a conflict and approaches 0 over time. The major results are not appreciably affected by these various approaches.
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(2000)
Political Geography
, vol.19
, pp. 971-996
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Toset, H.P.W.1
Gleditsch, N.P.2
Hegre, H.3
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99
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0036714433
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Armed conflict 1946-2001: A new dataset
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Sometimes referred to as the 'Armed Conflict Data', the PRIO data I use were restricted to conflicts with at least 1, 000 battle deaths by Urdal. I thank him for his generous sharing of data
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N. P. Gleditsch, P. Wallensteen, M. Eriksson, M. Sollenberg and H. Strand, 'Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset', Journal of Peace Research, 39(2002), 615-37. Sometimes referred to as the 'Armed Conflict Data', the PRIO data I use were restricted to conflicts with at least 1, 000 battle deaths by Urdal. I thank him for his generous sharing of data
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(2002)
Journal of Peace Research
, vol.39
, pp. 615-637
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Gleditsch, N.P.1
Wallensteen, P.2
Eriksson, M.3
Sollenberg, M.4
Strand, H.5
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101
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85028117569
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Appendix available at
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Appendix available at http://www.umich.edu/, jselway.
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104
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0008124501
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exact definition is a country with territory holding at least 10, 000 people and separated from the land area containing the capital city either by land or by 100 kilometres of water. These were coded as 'non-contiguous' see, and
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The exact definition is a country with territory holding at least 10, 000 people and separated from the land area containing the capital city either by land or by 100 kilometres of water. These were coded as 'non-contiguous' (see Fearon and Laitin, 'Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War').
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Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War
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Fearon1
Laitin2
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105
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0008124501
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I also include a measure of democracy based on the Polity IV index, which ranges from 110, most democratic, to 210, least democratic Democracy. All these variables are taken from Fearon and Laitin. I thank them for their generous sharing of data see, and
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I also include a measure of democracy based on the Polity IV index, which ranges from 110, most democratic, to 210, least democratic (Democracy). All these variables are taken from Fearon and Laitin. I thank them for their generous sharing of data (see Fearon and Laitin, 'Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War').
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Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War
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Fearon1
Laitin2
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106
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85028097521
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Coefficients on each of the single-dimension characteristics were also statistically insignificant, as were various combinations of pairs of these variables. For lack of space, these results are not displayed
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Coefficients on each of the single-dimension characteristics were also statistically insignificant, as were various combinations of pairs of these variables. For lack of space, these results are not displayed.
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107
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85028100043
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addition, I ran models using all the other indices of civil war used in this article and all other social structure variables. The conclusion is that F&L's results on Oil and Income are not robust
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In addition, I ran models using all the other indices of civil war used in this article and all other social structure variables. The conclusion is that F&L's results on Oil and Income are not robust.
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108
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85028117550
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I note that I also find mixed results for ethnic and religious bipolarization measures, for which Montalvo and Reynal-Querol show strong empirical support see, and
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I note that I also find mixed results for ethnic and religious bipolarization measures, for which Montalvo and Reynal-Querol show strong empirical support (see Montalvo and Reynal-Querol, 'Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars').
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Ethnic Polarization, Potential Conflict, and Civil Wars
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Montalvo1
Reynal-Querol2
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110
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85028126992
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All excluded figures will be made available on the author's website
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All excluded figures will be made available on the author's website.
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111
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85028127446
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Full results are available on the author's website at
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Full results are available on the author's website at http://www.umich.edu/, jselway.
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112
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23044526113
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The dorrelates of war data on war: An update to 1997
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Meredith Reid Sarkees, 'The Correlates of War Data on War: An Update to 1997', Conflict Management and Peace Science, 18(2000), 123-44. (Pubitemid 33258321)
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(2000)
Conflict Management and Peace Science
, vol.18
, Issue.1
, pp. 123-144
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Sarkees, M.R.1
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113
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85028125926
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See
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See http://globalpolicy.gmu.edu/pitf
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116
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9944235712
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What is civil war? Conceptual and empirical complexities of an operational definition
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DOI 10.1177/0022002704269355
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For a more in-depth discussion on the important differences amongst these different datasets, see Nicholas Sambanis, 'What Is Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(2004), 814-58. These additional data are perhaps best seen as additional robustness tests. (Pubitemid 39594124)
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(2004)
Journal of Conflict Resolution
, vol.48
, Issue.6
, pp. 814-858
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Sambanis, N.1
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117
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0035354434
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Do ethnic and nonethnic civil wars have the same causes? A theoretical and empirical inquiry (part 1)
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Nicholas Sambanis, 'Do Ethnic and Nonethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes? A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry (Part 1) ', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 45(2001), 259-82.
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(2001)
Journal of Conflict Resolution
, vol.45
, pp. 259-282
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Sambanis, N.1
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118
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85028092919
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All results are available in the appendix at
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All results are available in the appendix at http://www.umich.edu/, jselway.
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119
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85028106064
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Indeed, the author is currently compiling such data. A more comprehensive project to map the geographic location of ethnic groups is currently being directed by Lars-Erik Cederman and various co-authors. See:, and
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Indeed, the author is currently compiling such data. A more comprehensive project to map the geographic location of ethnic groups is currently being directed by Lars-Erik Cederman and various co-authors. See: Cederman, Rød and Weidmann, 'Geo-Referencing of Ethnic Groups'.
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Geo-Referencing of Ethnic Groups
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Cederman1
Rød2
Weidmann3
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