메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 88-114

Clean manufacture of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) via improved regioselectivity in the nitration of toluene

Author keywords

Aromatic compounds; Dinitrotoluene; Nitration; Process chemistry; TNT; Toluene; Trinitrotoluene

Indexed keywords


EID: 79953908328     PISSN: 07370652     EISSN: 15458822     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07370652.2010.484411     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (23)

References (49)
  • 1
    • 79953872516 scopus 로고
    • Dover, NJ: U.S. Army Armament Research & Development Command. PATR
    • Kaye, S. M., Ed. 1980. Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items. Vol. 9. Dover, NJ: U.S. Army Armament Research & Development Command. PATR 2700.
    • (1980) Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items , vol.9 , pp. 2700
    • Kaye, S.M.1
  • 5
    • 37049083496 scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic nitration rates of aromatic compounds, Part 3: Nitration ofaromatic compounds in concentrated aqueous trifluoromethanesulphonic acid
    • Marziano, N. C., C. Tortato, and M. Sampoli. 1991. Thermodynamic nitration rates of aromatic compounds, Part 3: Nitration ofaromatic compounds in concentrated aqueous trifluoromethanesulphonic acid. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions, 2: 423-429.
    • (1991) Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions , vol.2 , pp. 423-429
    • Marziano, N.C.1    Tortato, C.2    Sampoli, M.3
  • 6
    • 2342616666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the properties of zeolite BEA on its performance in the nitration of toluene and nitrotoluene
    • Bernasconi, S., G. D. Pirngruber, and R. Prins. 2004. Influence of the properties of zeolite BEA on its performance in the nitration of toluene and nitrotoluene. Journal of Catalysis, 224: 297-303.
    • (2004) Journal of Catalysis , vol.224 , pp. 297-303
    • Bernasconi, S.1    Pirngruber, G.D.2    Prins, R.3
  • 7
    • 0010661899 scopus 로고
    • Dinitrogen pentoxide-sulfur dioxide, a new nitration system
    • Bakke, J. M. and I. Hegbom. 1994. Dinitrogen pentoxide-sulfur dioxide, a new nitration system. Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 48(2): 181-182.
    • (1994) Acta Chemica Scandinavica , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 181-182
    • Bakke, J.M.1    Hegbom, I.2
  • 8
    • 0000100465 scopus 로고
    • A procedure for quantitative regioselective nitration of aromatic hydrocarbons in the laboratory
    • Cornelis, A., L. Delaude, A. Gerstmans, and P. Laszlo. 1988. A procedure for quantitative regioselective nitration of aromatic hydrocarbons in the laboratory. Tetrahedron Letters, 29(44): 5657-5660.
    • (1988) Tetrahedron Letters , vol.29 , Issue.44 , pp. 5657-5660
    • Cornelis, A.1    Delaude, L.2    Gerstmans, A.3    Laszlo, P.4
  • 9
    • 0001066566 scopus 로고
    • Application of H-ZSM-5 zeolite for regioselective mononitration of toluene
    • Kwok, T. J., K. Jayasuriya, R. Damavarapu, and B. Brodman. 1994. Application of H-ZSM-5 zeolite for regioselective mononitration of toluene. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 59(17): 4939-4942.
    • (1994) Journal of Organic Chemistry , vol.59 , Issue.17 , pp. 4939-4942
    • Kwok, T.J.1    Jayasuriya, K.2    Damavarapu, R.3    Brodman, B.4
  • 11
    • 37549056606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved regioselective mononitration of toluene over ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts
    • Kim, S.-S., T. J. Pinnavaia, and R. Damavarapu. 2008. Improved regioselective mononitration of toluene over ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 253: 289-294.
    • (2008) Journal of Catalysis , vol.253 , pp. 289-294
    • Kim, S.-S.1    Pinnavaia, T.J.2    Damavarapu, R.3
  • 12
    • 79953908700 scopus 로고
    • Low temperature process for TNT manufacture, Part 1: Laboratory development
    • In L. F. Albright and C. Hanson, (eds.), Washington, DC: American Chemical Society
    • Hill, M. E., C. L. Coon, W. G. Blucher, G. J. McDonald, C. N. Marynowski, W. Tolberg, H. M. Peters, R. L. Simon, and D. L. Ross. 1975. Low temperature process for TNT manufacture, Part 1: Laboratory development. In L. F. Albright and C. Hanson, (eds.), ACS Symposium Series 22, Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
    • (1975) ACS Symposium Series , pp. 22
    • Hill, M.E.1    Coon, C.L.2    Blucher, W.G.3    McDonald, G.J.4    Marynowski, C.N.5    Tolberg, W.6    Peters, H.M.7    Simon, R.L.8    Ross, D.L.9
  • 13
    • 2342448715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel syntheses of energetic materials using dinitrogen pentoxide
    • In L. F. Albright, R. V. C. Carr and R. J. Schmitt (eds.), Washington, DC: American Chemical Society
    • Millar, R. W., M. E. Colclough, H. Desai, P. Golding, P. J. Honey, N. C. Paul, A. J. Sanderson, and M. J. Stewart. 1996. Novel syntheses of energetic materials using dinitrogen pentoxide. In L. F. Albright, R. V. C. Carr and R. J. Schmitt (eds.), ACS Symposium Series 623, Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
    • (1996) ACS Symposium Series , pp. 623
    • Millar, R.W.1    Colclough, M.E.2    Desai, H.3    Golding, P.4    Honey, P.J.5    Paul, N.C.6    Sanderson, A.J.7    Stewart, M.J.8
  • 14
    • 0031585056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel syntheses of nitramines and nitrate esters by nitrodesilylation reactions using dinitrogen pentoxide
    • Millar, R. W. and S. P. Philbin. 1997. Novel syntheses of nitramines and nitrate esters by nitrodesilylation reactions using dinitrogen pentoxide. Tetrahedron, 53(12): 4371-4386.
    • (1997) Tetrahedron , vol.53 , Issue.12 , pp. 4371-4386
    • Millar, R.W.1    Philbin, S.P.2
  • 15
    • 0035764026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Faujasite catalysis of aromatic nitrationswith dinitrogen pentoxide-The effect of aluminium content on catalytic activity and regioselectivity: The nitration of pyrazole
    • Claridge, R. P., N. L. Lancaster, R. W. Millar, R. B. Moodie, and J. P. B. Sandall. 2001. Faujasite catalysis of aromatic nitrationswith dinitrogen pentoxide-The effect of aluminium content on catalytic activity and regioselectivity: The nitration of pyrazole. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions, 2: 197-200.
    • (2001) Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions , vol.2 , pp. 197-200
    • Claridge, R.P.1    Lancaster, N.L.2    Millar, R.W.3    Moodie, R.B.4    Sandall, J.P.B.5
  • 16
    • 0034741417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinetic studies of the reactions of some phenols and alkyl aryl ethers with dinitrogen pentoxide in perfluorocarbon solvents
    • Crampton, M. R., L. M. Gibbons, and R. Millar. 2001. Kinetic studies of the reactions of some phenols and alkyl aryl ethers with dinitrogen pentoxide in perfluorocarbon solvents. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions, 2: 1662-1665.
    • (2001) Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions , vol.2 , pp. 1662-1665
    • Crampton, M.R.1    Gibbons, L.M.2    Millar, R.3
  • 17
    • 0003970635 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Schofield, K. 1980. Aromatic Nitration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1980) Aromatic Nitration
    • Schofield, K.1
  • 20
    • 0040779278 scopus 로고
    • Explosive hazards of some nitrating mixtures
    • Brown, T. A. and J. A. C. Watt. 1967. Explosive hazards of some nitrating mixtures. Chemistry in Britain, 3: 504.
    • (1967) Chemistry In Britain , vol.3 , pp. 504
    • Brown, T.A.1    Watt, J.A.C.2
  • 21
    • 1542684911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flow reactor nitrations using dinitrogen pentoxide
    • In L. F. Albright, R. V. C. Carr, and R. J. Schmitt (eds.), Washington, DC: ACS
    • Paul, N. C. 1996. Flow reactor nitrations using dinitrogen pentoxide. In L. F. Albright, R. V. C. Carr, and R. J. Schmitt (eds.), ACS Symposium Series 623. Washington, DC: ACS.
    • (1996) ACS Symposium Series , pp. 623
    • Paul, N.C.1
  • 28
    • 84975403004 scopus 로고
    • Electrosynthesis of N2O5 by controlled potential oxidation of N2O4 in anhydrous HNO3
    • Harrar, J. E. and R. K. Pearson. 1983. Electrosynthesis of N2O5 by controlled potential oxidation of N2O4 in anhydrous HNO3. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 130: 108-112.
    • (1983) Journal of the Electrochemical Society , vol.130 , pp. 108-112
    • Harrar, J.E.1    Pearson, R.K.2
  • 32
    • 79953851634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effect of High Pressure and High Concentration Ozone On the Manufacture of Dinitrogen Pentoxide From Ozone and Dinitrogen Tetroxide
    • August, Dearborn, MI
    • Arber, A. W. and J. K. Hammond. 1999. The effect of high pressure and high concentration ozone on the manufacture of dinitrogen pentoxide from ozone and dinitrogen tetroxide. In Proceedings of the 14th Ozone World Congress, August, Dearborn, MI.
    • (1999) Proceedings of the 14th Ozone World Congress
    • Arber, A.W.1    Hammond, J.K.2
  • 33
    • 23644432061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishment of Process Technology For the Manufacture of Dinitrogen Pentoxide and Its Utility For the Synthesis of Most Powerful Explosive of Today-CL-20
    • Talawar, M. B., R. Sivabalan, B. G. Polke, U. R. Nair, G. M. Gore, and S. N. Asthana. 2005. Establishment of process technology for the manufacture of dinitrogen pentoxide and its utility for the synthesis of most powerful explosive of today-CL-20.Journal of Hazardous Materials, B124: 153-164.
    • (2005) Journal of Hazardous Materials , vol.B124 , pp. 153-164
    • Talawar, M.B.1    Sivabalan, R.2    Polke, B.G.3    Nair, U.R.4    Gore, G.M.5    Asthana, S.N.6
  • 34
    • 2142691610 scopus 로고
    • Aromatische nitroverbindungen
    • In E. Muller, (ed.), 4th ed., Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag
    • Seidenfaden, W. and D. Pawellek. 1971. Aromatische nitroverbindungen. In E. Muller, (ed.) Methoden der Organischen Chemie, 4th ed., Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag.
    • (1971) Methoden Der Organischen Chemie
    • Seidenfaden, W.1    Pawellek, D.2
  • 36
    • 0011200122 scopus 로고
    • The chemistry of dinitrogen pentoxide
    • In H. Feuer and A. T. Nielsen (eds.), New York: VCH Publishers
    • Fischer, J. W. 1990. The chemistry of dinitrogen pentoxide. In H. Feuer and A. T. Nielsen (eds.) Nitro Compounds-Recent Advances in Synthesis and Chemistry, New York: VCH Publishers.
    • (1990) Nitro Compounds-Recent Advances In Synthesis and Chemistry
    • Fischer, J.W.1
  • 39
  • 41
    • 85050777969 scopus 로고
    • Vanadium(V) oxide nitrate and chromium(VI) oxide nitrate
    • Harris, A. D., J. C. Trebellas, and H. B. Jonassen. 1967. Vanadium(V) oxide nitrate and chromium(VI) oxide nitrate. Inorganic Syntheses, 9: 83-88.
    • (1967) Inorganic Syntheses , vol.9 , pp. 83-88
    • Harris, A.D.1    Trebellas, J.C.2    Jonassen, H.B.3
  • 43
  • 48
    • 79953844837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Military Standard 14 May 2002 (Amendment 1, June 27, 2007)
    • U.S. Military Standard, MIL-DTL-248 Revision D, 14 May 2002 (Amendment 1, June 27, 2007).
    • MIL-DTL-248 Revision D
  • 49
    • 77956716820 scopus 로고
    • BS1365, Milton Keynes, UK: British Standards Inst. ISBN: 0580 181472
    • BS1365. 1990. Specification for short-range short-stem thermometers. Milton Keynes, UK: British Standards Inst. ISBN: 0580 181472.
    • (1990) Specification For Short-range Short-stem Thermometers


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.