'The more things change...?': The thatcher years and educational reform in Scotland

Journal of Educational Administration and History

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 181-202

  Arnott, Margaret A ^a  

^a GLASGOW CALEDONIAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Education policy; Scotland; Thatcher

Indexed keywords

EID: 79953867834     PISSN: 00220620     EISSN: 14787431     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00220620.2011.560255     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. M.A. Arnott, 'Thatcherism in Scotland: An Exploration of Education Policy' (PhD thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1993).
2. S. Kendrick and D. McCrone, 'Politics in a Cold Climate: The Conservative Decline in Scotland', Political Studies 37, no. 4 (1989): 589-603;
3. T.M. Devine, The Scottish Nation 1707-2000 (London: Penguin, 1999);
4. R. Finlay, Modern Scotland, 1914-2000 (London: Profile, 2004);
5. D. Torrance,'We in Scotland': Thatcherism in a Cold Climate (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2009);
6. C. Kidd, Union and Unionism: Political Thought in Scotland 1500-2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
7. M. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (London: Harper Collins, 1993);
8. L. Fox, M. Mayall, and A. Cooke, Making Unionism Positive: Proposals for A Tory Agenda (London: Centre for Policy Studies, 1988);
9. J. Mitchell, Conservatives and the Union: A Study of Conservative Party Attitudes to Scotland (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990).
10. A. McPherson and C.D. Raab, Governing Education: A Sociology of Policy since 1945 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1988).
11. Scottish Education Department, The Structure of the Curriculum in the Third and Fourth Years of the Scottish Secondary School (The Munn Report) (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1977).
12. The Munn Committee was set up in 1974 to review the curriculum in Scottish secondary schools. Scottish Education Department, Assessment for All (The Dunning Report) (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1977). The Dunning Committee, also established in 1974, was intended to consider potential reforms to assessment and certification. For a fuller discussion of both the Munn and Dunning Reports.
13. G. Kirk, Curriculum and Assessment in the Scottish Secondary School: A Study of the Munn and Dunning Reports (London: Ward Lock, 1982).
14. S3 and S4 are broadly comparable with Years 9 and 10 in English secondary schools.
15. D. McIntyre, 'The Politics of Educational Review', in A Critique of the Munn and Dunning Reports, ed. D. McIntyre (Stirling, UK: University of Stirling, 1978), 1.
16. P. Munn and S. Brown, 'The Changing Face of Education 14 to 16', in The Changing Face of Education 14 to 16: Curriculum and Assessment, ed. S. Brown and P. Munn (Windsor, UK: NFER, 1985), 3.
17. M. Rifkind, 'Introduction', in Setting New Standards for All Scottish Pupils, ed. Scottish Education Department (Edinburgh: Scottish Education Department, 1988), 1.
18. A.D. Weir, Education and Vocation 14-18 (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1988), 50.
19. C. Chitty, Education Policy in Britain (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), chaps. 5 and 6;
20. S.J. Ball, Politics and Policy Making in Education: Exploration in Policy Sociology (London: Routledge, 1990).
21. Scottish Education Department, 16-18s in Scotland: An Action Plan (Edinburgh: Scottish Education Department, 1983), 26.
22. For a fuller discussion of how the National Certificate was assessed, H. Black, 'The National Certificate', in Assessment: A Changing Practice, ed. S. Brown(1 London: NFER-Nelson Publishing, 1988).
23. Scottish Education Department, 16+ in Scotland: The National Certificate(1Edinburgh: Scottish Education Department, 1986), 1.
24. J. Fairley and L. Paterson, 'The Reform of Vocational Education and Training in Scotland', Scottish Educational Review 23, no. 2 (1991): 73.
25. AD Weir, Education and Vocation 14-18, 68.
26. J. Fairley and L. Paterson, 'Reform of Vocational Education', 71.
27. Ibid., 72. The MSC was a non-departmental public body established in 1973 by the Conservative Government to co-ordinate employment and training services.
28. Ibid., 73.
29. D. Weir and L. Kydd, 'The National Certificate and Highers: A Case of Market Forces', Scottish Educational Review 23, no. 1 (1991): 16.
30. The 5-14 Programme arose from concerns about the progress of pupils in primary schools and the early years of secondary school, the balance of the curriculum, and the nature of reporting to parents.
31. Scottish Information Office, 'Secretary of State Announces Conclusions over Curriculum and Assessment Proposals' (Edinburgh, 1988).
32. W. Pickard and N. Munro, 'Guidelines, not Tramlines', Times Education Supplement (Scotland), August 14, 1990.
33. R. McCormick, 'National Curricula North and South', Scottish Educational Review 20 (1988): 98.
34. W.A. Gatherer, 'Two Voices', Scottish Educational Review 20 (1988): 100.
35. M. Simpson, 'An Intelligent Agenda', Times Education Supplement (Scotland), April 30, 1993.
36. Times Education Supplement (Scotland), 'The Politics of 5-14', November 22, 1991.
37. Times Education Supplement (Scotland), 'Broad Aims Endorsed, September 20, 1991.
38. C. Bell, C. Howieson, K. King, and D. Raffe, 'The Scottish Dimension of TVEI', in Scottish Government Yearbook 1989, ed. D. McCrone (Edinburgh: Unit for Study of Government in Scotland, 1989), 92-103.
39. C. Howieson, 'The Impact of the MSC on Secondary Education', in The MSC in Scotland, ed. A. Brown and J. Fairley (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1989), 74.
40. C Bell et al., 'Scottish Dimension', 94.
41. H. Black, H. Malcolm, and S. Zaklukiewicz, The TVEI Pilot Curriculum in Scotland (Edinburgh: Scottish Centre of Educational Research, 1988), 9.
42. Quoted in Weir, Education and Vocation 14-18, 66.
43. C Bell et al., 'Scottish Dimension', 96.
44. For a fuller discussion of the extent of local variation in TVEI pilot projects in Scotland. Paterson, 'Local Variation in the Scottish Pilot Projects of the Technical and Vocational Initiative', Research Papers in Education 8, no. 1 (1993):47-71.
45. A. Gamble, Free Economy and Strong State: The Politics of Thatcherism(Baskingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1988).
46. S. Gewirtz, S.J. Ball, and R. Bowe, Markets, Choice and Equity in Education (Buckingham, UK: Open University Press, 1995).
47. C. Knight, The Making of Tory Education Policy in Post-war Britain (Lewes, UK: Falmer Press, 1990), 137.
48. Ibid., 146.
49. Ibid., 141;
50. D. Lawton, Education and Politics: Conflict or Consensus? (London: Falmer Press, 1992), 39.
51. R. Dale, 'Thatcherism and Education', in Contemporary Education Policy, ed. J. Ahier and M. Flude (London: Croom Helm, 1983), 233-56.
52. M. Thatcher, Let Our Children Grow Tall: Selected Speeches 1975-1977 (London: Centre for Policy Studies, 1977), 35-6.
53. H.M. Paterson, 'Incubus and Ideology: The Development of Secondary Schooling, 1900-1939', in Scottish Culture and Scottish Education 1800-1980, ed. W.M. Humes and H.M. Paterson (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1983), 205.
54. The Conservative General Election Manifesto 1979, 7.
55. M. Adler, A. Petch, and J. Tweedie, Parental Choice and Education Policy (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1989), 50.
56. M. Adler, A. Petch, and J. Tweedie, 'The Origins and Impact of the Parents' Charter', in Scottish Government Yearbook 1987, ed. D. McCrone (Edinburgh: Unit for the Study of Government in Scotland, 1987) for fuller discussion.
57. Ibid. The Conservative General Election Manifesto 1987: The Next Moves Forward, 18-19.
58. A. Fisher, 'The Day the Ceiling Crashed to the Floor', Forum 30 (1988): 78.
59. W. Pickard, 'Why Scotland's Parents Rebelled', Times Educational Supplement (Scotland), February 22, 1991, 15.
60. Scotland on Sunday, October 6, 1991.
61. J. MacBeath and MVA, Talking About Schools: Main Findings (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1989).
62. The first study of School Boards and their effect on the education system was undertaken by the Scottish Centre of Educational Research. This research was undertaken by Pamela Munn and Sally Brown for Dumfries and Galloway education authority. It involved a study of seven pilot school boards set up by the authority prior to the passing of the School Boards (Scotland) Act 1988. The research was not intended however to 'question the desirability of school boards'.
63. P. Munn, 'School Boards, Accountability and Control', British Journal of Educational Studies 39, no. 2 (1991): 181.
64. C.M.M. Macdonald, Whaur Extremes Meet: Scotland's Twentieth Century (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2010);
65. L. Paterson, The Autonomy of Scotland (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994);
66. J. Mitchell, Governing Scotland: The Invention of Administrative Devolution (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
67. W.M. Humes, The Leadership Class in Scottish Education (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1986).
68. D. Marsh and R.A.W. Rhodes, 'The Implementation Gap: Explaining Policy Change and Continuity', in D. Marsh and R.A.W. Rhodes, Implementing Thatcherite Policies: An Audit of an Era (Buckingham, UK: Open University Press, 1992), 170-87.