메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 100-118

Risk-related disclosure practices in the annual reports of Portuguese credit institutions: An exploratory study

Author keywords

disclosure; financial; management; Portugal; reporting; risk

Indexed keywords


EID: 79953839384     PISSN: 17456452     EISSN: 17502071     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1057/jbr.2010.20     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (55)

References (84)
  • 1
    • 84909369535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significant information gap that required regulators' attention
    • 26 September, London, UK
    • Woods, M. (2007) Significant information gap that required regulators' attention. Financial Times 26 September:14, London, UK.
    • (2007) Financial Times , vol.14
    • Woods, M.1
  • 3
    • 79953863231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk transparency in the aftermath of the credit crisis
    • Heap, A. (2008) Risk transparency in the aftermath of the credit crisis. Corporate Finance Review 12(4): 30-35.
    • (2008) Corporate Finance Review , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 30-35
    • Heap, A.1
  • 4
    • 79953885667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Australian banks' disclosure of operational risk
    • Avram, K.J. and Skully, M. (2007) Australian banks' disclosure of operational risk. Monash Business Review 3(2): 1-9.
    • (2007) Monash Business Review , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 1-9
    • Avram, K.J.1    Skully, M.2
  • 6
    • 84969744939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relevance of valueat-risk disclosures: Evidence from the LTCM crisis
    • Chipalkatti, N. and Datar, V. (2006) The relevance of valueat-risk disclosures: Evidence from the LTCM crisis. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 14(2): 174-184.
    • (2006) Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 174-184
    • Chipalkatti, N.1    Datar, V.2
  • 7
    • 79953896496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bank credit risk disclosure in Japan
    • Frolov, M. (2006) Bank credit risk disclosure in Japan. Journal of Banking Regulation 7(3/4): 221-242.
    • (2006) Journal of Banking Regulation , vol.7 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 221-242
    • Frolov, M.1
  • 9
    • 79953900310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk disclosure: An exploratory study of UK and Canadian banks
    • Linsley, P.M., Shrives, P. J. and Crumpton, M. (2006) Risk disclosure: An exploratory study of UK and Canadian banks. Journal of Banking Regulation 7(3/4): 268-282.
    • (2006) Journal of Banking Regulation , vol.7 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 268-282
    • Linsley, P.M.1    Shrives, P.J.2    Crumpton, M.3
  • 11
    • 70449106060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The level and quality of value-at-risk disclosure by commercial banks
    • Pérignon, C. and Smith, D. (2010) The level and quality of value-at-risk disclosure by commercial banks. Journal of Banking and Finance 34(2): 362-377.
    • (2010) Journal of Banking and Finance , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 362-377
    • Pérignon, C.1    Smith, D.2
  • 13
    • 84982264075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asia Pacific banks' derivative and risk management disclosures
    • Yong, H.H.A., Chalmers, K. and Faff, R. (2005) Asia Pacific banks' derivative and risk management disclosures. Asian Review of Accounting 13(1): 15-44.
    • (2005) Asian Review of Accounting , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 15-44
    • Yong, H.H.A.1    Chalmers, K.2    Faff, R.3
  • 14
    • 79953897003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Market risk reporting by the world's top banks: Evidence on the diversity of reporting practice and the implications for international accounting harmonisation
    • Woods, M., Dowd, K. and Humphrey, C. (2008a) Market risk reporting by the world's top banks: Evidence on the diversity of reporting practice and the implications for international accounting harmonisation. Spanish Accounting Review 11(2): 9-42.
    • (2008) Spanish Accounting Review , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 9-42
    • Woods, M.1    Dowd, K.2    Humphrey, C.3
  • 15
    • 76249101766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The value of risk reporting: A critical analysis of value-at-risk disclosures in the banking sector
    • Woods, M., Dowd, K. and Humphrey, C. (2008b) The value of risk reporting: A critical analysis of value-at-risk disclosures in the banking sector. International Journal of Financial Services Management 3(1): 45-64.
    • (2008) International Journal of Financial Services Management , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 45-64
    • Woods, M.1    Dowd, K.2    Humphrey, C.3
  • 16
    • 51949084476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accounting for derivatives: An evaluation of reporting practice by UK banks
    • Woods, M. and Marginson, D. (2004) Accounting for derivatives: An evaluation of reporting practice by UK banks. European Accounting Review 13(2): 373-390.
    • (2004) European Accounting Review , vol.13 , Issue.2 , pp. 373-390
    • Woods, M.1    Marginson, D.2
  • 17
    • 79953893756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of IFRS 7 adoption on bank disclosure in Europe
    • Bischof, J. (2009) The effects of IFRS 7 adoption on bank disclosure in Europe. Accounting in Europe 6(1-2): 167-194.
    • (2009) Accounting in Europe , vol.6 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 167-194
    • Bischof, J.1
  • 22
    • 73349129713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradise lost
    • 17 May
    • Three quarters of our sample is composed by banks. They are special because of their interconnectedness. A collapse of one institution creates a wave of uncertainty among the others. [The Economist (2008) Paradise lost. Vol. 387, 17 May]. Consequently, other entities that are not classifiable as banks (but which pursue similar activities) were affected also by the GFC. The present study seeks to understand the risk-related reporting practices of credit institutions as a whole.
    • (2008) The Economist , vol.387
  • 23
    • 79953889179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bloomberg, 12 August, accessed 14 August 2009
    • Weil, J. (2009) Next bubble to burst is banks' big loans values. Bloomberg, 12 August, http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=email-en&sid= a04oVutXQybk, accessed 14 August 2009.
    • (2009) Next Bubble to Burst Is Banks' Big Loans Values
    • Weil, J.1
  • 24
    • 68149096645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The crisis of fair value accounting: Making sense of the recent debate
    • Laux, C. and Leuz, C. (2009) The crisis of fair value accounting: Making sense of the recent debate. Accounting, Organizations and Society 34(6/7): 826-834.
    • (2009) Accounting, Organizations and Society , vol.34 , Issue.6-7 , pp. 826-834
    • Laux, C.1    Leuz, C.2
  • 25
    • 44149125917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social responsibility disclosure: A study of proxies for public visibility of Portuguese banks
    • Branco, C.B. and Rodrigues, L.L. (2008) Social responsibility disclosure: A study of proxies for public visibility of Portuguese banks. The British Accounting Review 40(2): 161-181.
    • (2008) The British Accounting Review , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 161-181
    • Branco, C.B.1    Rodrigues, L.L.2
  • 26
    • 79953891302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Central Bank. Frankfurt, Germany: European Central Bank
    • European Central Bank. (2010) Structural Indicators for the EU Banking Sector. Frankfurt, Germany: European Central Bank.
    • (2010) Structural Indicators for the EU Banking Sector
  • 27
    • 79953847613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Information is relevant if it has predictive and confirmatory values. Reliable information must be free from material error and bias and faithfully represent reality. Information is understandable if complex and relevant matters are not excluded from financial statements because they are too difficult for readers to understand. Therefore, efforts to include definitions, glossaries or other forms of detail would improve understandability. Comparability can be assessed over time or across different companies in terms of relative financial position, performance and risk profiles (such as the amount of disclosure, the maturity profile of assets, measurement models and risk management policies).
  • 28
    • 79953895941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The amendment to IAS 1, adopted by Regulation 108/2006 of the European Parliament (concerning disclosure of information necessary to evaluate an entity's objectives, policies and processes for managing capital), was mandatory for periods beginning on or after 1 January 2007. Earlier application was encouraged
    • The amendment to IAS 1, adopted by Regulation 108/2006 of the European Parliament (concerning disclosure of information necessary to evaluate an entity's objectives, policies and processes for managing capital), was mandatory for periods beginning on or after 1 January 2007. Earlier application was encouraged.
  • 29
    • 79953870457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In 2006, IAS 32 included disclosure requirements about financial risks. IFRS 7 superseded IAS 30 and amended IAS 32 concerning disclosures of risk-related issues. IFRS 7 relates only to financial risks and requires a deeper level of disclosure than in the previous IAS 30 and IAS 32
    • In 2006, IAS 32 included disclosure requirements about financial risks. IFRS 7 superseded IAS 30 and amended IAS 32 concerning disclosures of risk-related issues. IFRS 7 relates only to financial risks and requires a deeper level of disclosure than in the previous IAS 30 and IAS 32.
  • 30
    • 79953866840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IAS 39 was not considered because this study only explores international accounting requirements related to disclosure
    • IAS 39 was not considered because this study only explores international accounting requirements related to disclosure.
  • 31
    • 33646893620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disclosure, volatility, and transparency: An empirical investigation into the value of bank disclosure
    • Federal Reserve Bank of New York
    • Nier, E. and Baumann, U. (2004) Disclosure, volatility, and transparency: An empirical investigation into the value of bank disclosure. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Economic Policy Review 10(2): 31-45.
    • (2004) Economic Policy Review , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 31-45
    • Nier, E.1    Baumann, U.2
  • 32
    • 33646856863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Market discipline, disclosure and moral hazard in banking
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jfi.2006.03.001, PII S1042957306000179
    • Nier, E. and Baumann, U. (2006) Market discipline, disclosure and moral hazard in banking. Journal of Financial Intermediation 15(3): 332-361. (Pubitemid 43779163)
    • (2006) Journal of Financial Intermediation , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 332-361
    • Nier, E.1    Baumann, U.2
  • 33
    • 79953864152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are bank stocks sensitive to risk management?
    • Sensarma, R. and Jayadev, M. (2009) Are bank stocks sensitive to risk management? The Journal of Risk Finance 10(1): 7-22.
    • (2009) The Journal of Risk Finance , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-22
    • Sensarma, R.1    Jayadev, M.2
  • 34
    • 20444459381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Market discipline in the governance of U.S. Bank holding companies: Monitoring vs. influencing
    • DOI 10.1023/A:1022021430852
    • Bliss, R.R. and Flannery, M.J. (2002) Market discipline in the government of US bank holding companies: Monitoring versus influencing. European Finance Review 6(3): 361-395. (Pubitemid 36165797)
    • (2002) European Finance Review , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 361-395
    • Bliss, R.R.1    Flannery, M.J.2
  • 35
    • 79953900309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do we need mandated rules of public disclosure for banks?
    • Frolov, M. (2007) Why do we need mandated rules of public disclosure for banks? Journal of Banking Regulation 8(2): 177-191.
    • (2007) Journal of Banking Regulation , vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp. 177-191
    • Frolov, M.1
  • 36
    • 0001829001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Essays on disclosure
    • DOI 10.1016/S0165-4101(01)00025-8, PII S0165410101000258
    • Verrecchia, R.E. (2001) Essays on disclosure. Journal of Accounting and Economics 32: 97-180. (Pubitemid 33618898)
    • (2001) Journal of Accounting and Economics , vol.32 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 97-180
    • Verrecchia, R.E.1
  • 39
    • 84898006741 scopus 로고
    • Optimal release of information by firms
    • Diamond, D.W. (1985) Optimal release of information by firms. Journal of Finance 40(4): 1071-1094.
    • (1985) Journal of Finance , vol.40 , Issue.4 , pp. 1071-1094
    • Diamond, D.W.1
  • 40
    • 79953845990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Credit risk is of particular importance because it is 'regarded as the main contributor to a bank's overall risk profile'
    • Credit risk is of particular importance because it is 'regarded as the main contributor to a bank's overall risk profile'.
  • 41
    • 79953889715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Off-balance-sheet credit risk of the top 20 European commercial banks
    • Khambata, D. and Hirche, S. (2002) Off-balance-sheet credit risk of the top 20 European commercial banks. Journal of International Banking Regulation 4(2): 107-122.
    • (2002) Journal of International Banking Regulation , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 107-122
    • Khambata, D.1    Hirche, S.2
  • 42
    • 79953843309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Risks related to off-balance sheet instruments (where credit risk is important) are a good example of information that would improve transparency. Before the GFC, the complexity of these instruments, their off-balance sheet nature and poor regulation often meant that very little information was disclosed by banks.3
  • 43
    • 79953865742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bank for International Settlements. Basel, Switzerland: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, April
    • Bank for International Settlements. (2001) Public Disclosures by Banks: Results of the 1999 Disclosure Survey. Basel, Switzerland: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, April.
    • (2001) Public Disclosures by Banks: Results of the 1999 Disclosure Survey
  • 44
    • 0012236867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bank for International Settlements. Basel, Switzerland: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, May
    • Bank for International Settlements. (2002) Public Disclosures by Banks: Results of the 2000 Disclosure Survey. Basel, Switzerland: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, May.
    • (2002) Public Disclosures by Banks: Results of the 2000 Disclosure Survey
  • 45
    • 33846041101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bank for International Settlements. Basel, Switzerland: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, May
    • Bank for International Settlements. (2003) Public Disclosures by Banks: Results of the 2001 Disclosure Survey. Basel, Switzerland: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, May.
    • (2003) Public Disclosures by Banks: Results of the 2001 Disclosure Survey
  • 46
    • 79953899772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of operational risk reporting in the banking industry
    • Helbok, G. and Wagner, C. (2006) Determinants of operational risk reporting in the banking industry. Journal of Risk 9(1): 49-84.
    • (2006) Journal of Risk , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-84
    • Helbok, G.1    Wagner, C.2
  • 47
    • 32944462440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hidden dangers of historical simulation
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2005.04.013, PII S037842660500083X, Risk Management and Optimization in Finance
    • Pritsker, M. (2006) The hidden dangers of historical simulation. Journal of Banking and Finance 30(2): 561-582. (Pubitemid 43257150)
    • (2006) Journal of Banking and Finance , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 561-582
    • Pritsker, M.1
  • 49
    • 85015366220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Credit risk management: A survey of practices
    • DOI 10.1108/03074350610646735
    • Fatemi, A. and Fooladi, I. (2006) Credit risk management: A survey of practices. Managerial Finance 32(3): 227-233. (Pubitemid 43347757)
    • (2006) Managerial Finance , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 227-233
    • Fatemi, A.1    Fooladi, I.2
  • 50
    • 79953881224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical study of the liquidity management practices of Nigerian banks
    • Toby, A. (2006) Empirical study of the liquidity management practices of Nigerian banks. Journal of Financial Management and Analysis 19(1): 57-70.
    • (2006) Journal of Financial Management and Analysis , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-70
    • Toby, A.1
  • 53
    • 79953880714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bank's risk management: A comparison study of UAE national and foreign banks
    • Al-Tamini, H.A.H. and Al-Mazrooei, F.M. (2007) Bank's risk management: A comparison study of UAE national and foreign banks. Managerial Finance 32(3): 227-233.
    • (2007) Managerial Finance , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 227-233
    • Al-Tamini, H.A.H.1    Al-Mazrooei, F.M.2
  • 54
    • 85014756223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk management practices of Islamic banks of Brunei Darussalam
    • Hassan, A. (2009) Risk management practices of Islamic banks of Brunei Darussalam. Journal of Risk Finance 10(1): 23-37.
    • (2009) Journal of Risk Finance , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 23-37
    • Hassan, A.1
  • 55
    • 67650249483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk in Islamic banks: Evidence from empirical research
    • Ariffin, N.M., Archer, S. and Karim, R.A.A. (2009) Risk in Islamic banks: Evidence from empirical research. Journal of Banking Regulation 10(2): 153-163.
    • (2009) Journal of Banking Regulation , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 153-163
    • Ariffin, N.M.1    Archer, S.2    Karim, R.A.A.3
  • 57
    • 77049119453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Icelandic bank collapse: Challenges to governance and risk management
    • Sigurjonsson, T.O. (2010) The Icelandic bank collapse: Challenges to governance and risk management. Corporate Governance 10(1): 33-45.
    • (2010) Corporate Governance , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-45
    • Sigurjonsson, T.O.1
  • 59
    • 79953873097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • These were largely in terms of disclosure requirements for capital structure and adequacy, operational risk. The Basel II Accord became mandatory for PCIs after January 2007. However, PCIs have been preparing for its adoption since 2004
    • These were largely in terms of disclosure requirements for capital structure and adequacy, operational risk. The Basel II Accord became mandatory for PCIs after January 2007. However, PCIs have been preparing for its adoption since 2004.
  • 61
    • 84986065112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some determinants of social and environmental disclosures in New Zealand companies
    • Hackston, D. and Milne, M. (1996) Some determinants of social and environmental disclosures in New Zealand companies. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 9(1): 77-108.
    • (1996) Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 77-108
    • Hackston, D.1    Milne, M.2
  • 62
    • 79953851248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Widely used credit risk quality indicators were: past due ratio, coverage ratio, non-performing loans and loan-tovalue. Their disclosure levels across the different PCIs are very different
    • Widely used credit risk quality indicators were: past due ratio, coverage ratio, non-performing loans and loan-tovalue. Their disclosure levels across the different PCIs are very different.
  • 64
    • 47049083489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Financial intermediation, monitoring, and liquidity
    • Marini, F. (2008) Financial intermediation, monitoring, and liquidity. Oxford Economic Papers 60(3): 440-461.
    • (2008) Oxford Economic Papers , vol.60 , Issue.3 , pp. 440-461
    • Marini, F.1
  • 65
    • 79953874159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The Basel II Accord proposed the following approaches to assess capital adequacy: standard approach (SA), internal ratings approach 'IRB - foundation' or internal ratings approach 'IRB - advanced' for credit risk; standard approach (SA) or internal models approach for market risk; and basic indicator approach (BIA), standard approach (SA) or advanced measurement approach (AMA) for operational risk.
  • 66
    • 79551664880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Commission. The high-level group on financial supervision in the EU, Brussels
    • European Commission. (2009) The De Larosière Report. The high-level group on financial supervision in the EU, Brussels.
    • (2009) The de Larosière Report
  • 68
    • 79953844906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Finance Professional's Post. 14 April, accessed 15 August 2010
    • The Finance Professional's Post. (2010) The G20 agenda for regulatory reform. 14 April, http://post.nyssa.org/nyssa-news/2010/04/the-g20-agenda-for- regulatory-reform.html, accessed 15 August 2010.
    • (2010) The G20 Agenda for Regulatory Reform
  • 69
    • 79953886713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Basel Committee is responsible for this task. Target dates range from December 2010 to December 2012
    • The Basel Committee is responsible for this task. Target dates range from December 2010 to December 2012.
  • 70
    • 79953839209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The FSB is responsible for this task. Target dates range from March 2010 to December 2012
    • The FSB is responsible for this task. Target dates range from March 2010 to December 2012.
  • 71
    • 79953889178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The IASB is responsible for this task. The target date is June 2011
    • The IASB is responsible for this task. The target date is June 2011.
  • 72
    • 79953862176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • After G20 endorsement of 20 recommendations to address information gaps (described in a report The Financial Crisis and Information Gaps), International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) published a report (Asset Backed Securities (ABS) Disclosure Principles) to guide securities regulators who are developing or reviewing their regulatory disclosure regimes with respect to public offerings and listings of ABS. IOSCO is considering further work on collateralized debt obligation. (Financial Stability Board (2010) The financial crisis and information gaps: progress report, action plans and timetables. Switzerland).
  • 73
    • 79953843835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent changes in the IASC Foundation Constitution are intended to improve the involvement of stakeholders (including prudential regulators and emerging markets). A new monitoring board of market regulators was created and more investors and analysts were included in the Standards Advisory Committee
    • Recent changes in the IASC Foundation Constitution are intended to improve the involvement of stakeholders (including prudential regulators and emerging markets). A new monitoring board of market regulators was created and more investors and analysts were included in the Standards Advisory Committee.
  • 74
    • 84993094806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resisting compliance with IFRS goodwill accounting and reporting disclosures: Evidence from Australia
    • Carlin, T.M. and Finch, N. (2010) Resisting compliance with IFRS goodwill accounting and reporting disclosures: Evidence from Australia. Journal of Accounting and Organizational Change 6(2): 260-280.
    • (2010) Journal of Accounting and Organizational Change , vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp. 260-280
    • Carlin, T.M.1    Finch, N.2
  • 75
    • 77957556578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goodwill accounting in Malaysia and the transition to IFRS: A compliance assessment of large first year adopter
    • Carlin, T.M., Finch, N. and Laili, N.H. (2009) Goodwill accounting in Malaysia and the transition to IFRS: A compliance assessment of large first year adopter. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 7(1): 75-104.
    • (2009) Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 75-104
    • Carlin, T.M.1    Finch, N.2    Laili, N.H.3
  • 76
    • 0041790655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incentives versus standards: Properties of accounting income in four East Asian countries
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jacceco.2003.10.003, PII S016541010300065X
    • Ball, R., Robin, A. and Wu, J.S. (2003) Incentives versus standards: Properties of accounting income in four East Asian countries. Journal of Accounting and Economics 36(1/3): 235-270. (Pubitemid 38161320)
    • (2003) Journal of Accounting and Economics , vol.36 , Issue.1-3 SPEC. ISS. , pp. 235-270
    • Ball, R.1    Robin, A.2    Wu, J.S.3
  • 77
    • 43849111532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Will harmonizing accounting standards really harmonize accounting? Evidence from non-US firms adopting US GAAP
    • Bradshaw, M.T. and Miller, G.S. (2008) Will harmonizing accounting standards really harmonize accounting? Evidence from non-US firms adopting US GAAP. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance 23(2): 233-263.
    • (2008) Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 233-263
    • Bradshaw, M.T.1    Miller, G.S.2
  • 78
    • 79953860126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formal harmonization 'refers to the way accounting standards are written: that is, to their legal or quasi-legal specification'. Material harmonization 'refers to the level of concordance exhibited by the actual practices of companies in implementing accounting standards'
    • Formal harmonization 'refers to the way accounting standards are written: that is, to their legal or quasi-legal specification'. Material harmonization 'refers to the level of concordance exhibited by the actual practices of companies in implementing accounting standards'.
  • 79
    • 79953848162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of need for harmonization between national accounting standards and International Financial Reporting Standards
    • Mustata, R. and Matis, D. (2007) Measurement of need for harmonization between national accounting standards and International Financial Reporting Standards. Journal of International Business and Economics 7(3): 23-46.
    • (2007) Journal of International Business and Economics , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 23-46
    • Mustata, R.1    Matis, D.2
  • 80
    • 0042012826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Earnings management and investor protection: An international comparison
    • DOI 10.1016/S0304-405X(03)00121-1, PII S0304405X03001211
    • Leuz, C., Nanda, D. and Wysocky, P. (2003) Earnings management and investor protection: An international comparison. Journal of Financial Economics 69(3): 505-527. (Pubitemid 37007092)
    • (2003) Journal of Financial Economics , vol.69 , Issue.3 , pp. 505-527
    • Leuz, C.1    Nanda, D.2    Wysocki, P.D.3
  • 82
    • 79953836654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In May 2010, Commissaire Barnier announced that agreement on the proposal on supervising reform is needed in order to create the European Systemic Risk Board and the European Supervisory Authorities. He also announced the adoption of a Green Paper on Corporate Governance in financial institutions to help address questions about how to manage risk effectively in financial institutions, and how to empower shareholders.
  • 83
    • 79953879324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective financial market regulation after Pittsburg: Achievements and challenges. Keynote Speech: Delivering on the EU's G20 commitments
    • Federal Ministry of Finance, Berlin
    • Barnier, M. (2010) Effective financial market regulation after Pittsburg: Achievements and challenges. Keynote Speech: Delivering on the EU's G20 commitments. International Conference, Federal Ministry of Finance, Berlin.
    • (2010) International Conference
    • Barnier, M.1
  • 84
    • 0034369869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A conceptual framework for risk disclosure emerging from the agenda for corporate governance reform
    • Solomon, J.F., Solomon, A. and Norton, S.D. (2000) A conceptual framework for risk disclosure emerging from the agenda for corporate governance reform. The British Accounting Review 32(4): 447-478.
    • (2000) The British Accounting Review , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 447-478
    • Solomon, J.F.1    Solomon, A.2    Norton, S.D.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.