메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 523-564

Embryology and bony malformations of the craniovertebral junction

Author keywords

Congenital malformations; Cord compression; Craniovertebral junction; Embryology; Genetic control; Malformation; Occipital cervical fusion; Occipital cervical instability; Primary somitogenesis; Sclerotomal resegmentation; Surgery

Indexed keywords

APLASIA; ARNOLD CHIARI MALFORMATION; ATLANTOOCCIPITAL JOINT; AUDITORY OSSICLE; BASILAR IMPRESSION; BONE DYSPLASIA; BONE MALFORMATION; CLIVUS; CRANIOVERTEBRAL JUNCTION; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; EMBRYO SEGMENTATION; EMBRYOLOGY; GASTRULATION; GENETIC REGULATION; HOX GENE; HUMAN; MESENCHYME; NONHUMAN; ODONTOID PROCESS; ONTOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCLEROTOME; VERTEBRA BODY; VERTEBRA MALFORMATION;

EID: 79953825137     PISSN: 02567040     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00381-010-1358-9     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (181)

References (100)
  • 1
    • 0023735073 scopus 로고
    • Determination of somite cells: Independence of cell differentiation and morphogenesis
    • Aoyoma H, Asamoto K (1988) Determination of somite cells: independence of cell differentiation and morphogenesis. Development 104:15-28
    • (1988) Development , vol.104 , pp. 15-28
    • Aoyoma, H.1    Asamoto, K.2
  • 2
    • 0026522163 scopus 로고
    • The migration and distribution of somite cells after labelling with the carbocyanine dye, DiI: The relationship of this distribution to segmentation in the vertebrate body
    • Berl
    • Bagnall KM (1992) The migration and distribution of somite cells after labelling with the carbocyanine dye, DiI: the relationship of this distribution to segmentation in the vertebrate body. Anat Embryol (Berl) 185:317-324
    • (1992) Anat Embryol , vol.185 , pp. 317-324
    • Bagnall, K.M.1
  • 3
    • 0024343008 scopus 로고
    • The binding pattern of peanut lectin associated with sclerotome migration and the formation of the vertebral axis in the chick embryo
    • Bagnall KM, Sander EJ (1989) The binding pattern of peanut lectin associated with sclerotome migration and the formation of the verteral axis in the chick embryo. Anat Embryol (Berl) 180:505-513 (Pubitemid 19255283)
    • (1989) Anatomy and Embryology , vol.180 , Issue.5 , pp. 505-513
    • Bagnall, K.M.1    Sanders, E.J.2
  • 4
    • 0005133722 scopus 로고
    • The segmentation of somites in the chick embryo
    • Bellairs R (1980) The segmentation of somites in the chick embryo. Bolletino di zoologia 47:245-252
    • (1980) Bolletino di Zoologia , vol.47 , pp. 245-252
    • Bellairs, R.1
  • 5
    • 77955125823 scopus 로고
    • The cranio-cervical junction
    • Thesis. University of Bristol
    • Burwood RJ (1970) The cranio-cervical junction. Anatomy. Thesis. University of Bristol
    • (1970) Anatomy
    • Burwood, R.J.1
  • 6
    • 0013807680 scopus 로고
    • Pseudosubluxation and other normal variations in the cervical spine in children
    • Cattell JS, Filtzer DL (1965) Pseudosubluxation and other normal variations in the cervical spine in children. J Bone Jt Surg Am 47A:1295-1309
    • (1965) J Bone Jt Surg Am , vol.47 A , pp. 1295-1309
    • Cattell, J.S.1    Filtzer, D.L.2
  • 7
    • 0141853477 scopus 로고
    • The morphological constitution of the odontoid process
    • Cave AJE (1938) The morphological constitution of the odontoid process. J Anat 72:621
    • (1938) J Anat , vol.72 , pp. 621
    • Cave, A.J.E.1
  • 8
    • 0013783274 scopus 로고
    • Occipitalization of the atlas
    • Chevrel JP (1965) Occipitalization of the atlas. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 13:104-108
    • (1965) Arch Orthop Trauma Surg , vol.13 , pp. 104-108
    • Chevrel, J.P.1
  • 9
    • 0028218774 scopus 로고
    • Congenital hypoplasia of the arch of the atlas with abnormal segmentation of the cervical spine
    • Chigira M, Kaneko K, Mashio D, Watanabe H (1994) Congenital hypoplasia of the arch of the atlas with abnormal segmentation of the cervical spine. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 113:110-112 (Pubitemid 24094207)
    • (1994) Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery , vol.113 , Issue.2 , pp. 110-112
    • Chigira, M.1    Kaneko, K.2    Mashio, K.3    Watanabe, H.4
  • 10
    • 0017840049 scopus 로고
    • On the formation of the myotomes in avian embryos. An experimental and scanning electron microscope study
    • Christ B, Jacob HJ, Jacob M (1978) On the formation of the myotomes in avian embryos. An experimental and scanning electron microscope study. Experentia 34:514-516
    • (1978) Experentia , vol.34 , pp. 514-516
    • Christ, B.1    Jacob, H.J.2    Jacob, M.3
  • 11
    • 0141853472 scopus 로고
    • Über die Entwicklung der Zervikookzipitalen Übergangsregion
    • Hohmann D, Kügelgen B, Liebig K (eds) Springer, Berlin
    • Christ B, Jacob HJ, Siefert R (1988) Über die Entwicklung der Zervikookzipitalen Übergangsregion. In: Hohmann D, Kügelgen B, Liebig K (eds) Neuroorthopädie. Springer, Berlin, pp 13-22
    • (1988) Neuroorthopädie , pp. 13-22
    • Christ, B.1    Jacob, H.J.2    Siefert, R.3
  • 12
    • 0026580730 scopus 로고
    • From somites to vertebral column
    • Christ B, Wilting J (1992) From somites to vertebral column. Ann Anat 174:23-32
    • (1992) Ann Anat , vol.174 , pp. 23-32
    • Christ, B.1    Wilting, J.2
  • 13
    • 0027375604 scopus 로고
    • Mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of Hoxd-3 (Hox-4.1) exhibit anterior transformations of the first and second cervical vertebrae, the atlas and the axis
    • Condie B, Capecchi MR (1993) Mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of Hox d-3 (Hox-4.1) exhibit anterior transformations of the first and second cervical vertebrae, the atlas and axis. Development 119:579-595 (Pubitemid 23337405)
    • (1993) Development , vol.119 , Issue.3 , pp. 579-595
    • Condie, B.G.1    Capecchi, M.R.2
  • 14
    • 0027415509 scopus 로고
    • The triple origin of skull in higher vertebrates: A study in quail-chick chimeras
    • Couly GF, Coltey PM, Le Douarin NM (1993) The triple origin of skull in higher vertebrates: a study in quail-chick chimeras. Development 117:409-429 (Pubitemid 23103153)
    • (1993) Development , vol.117 , Issue.2 , pp. 409-429
    • Couly, G.F.1    Coltey, P.M.2    Le, D.N.M.3
  • 15
    • 0029074814 scopus 로고
    • Craniovertebral junction anomalies in inherited disorder: Part of the syndrome or caused by the disorder?
    • Crockard H, Stevens M (1995) Craniovertebral junction anomalies in inherited disorder: part of the syndrome or caused by the disorder? Eur J Pediatr 154:504-512
    • (1995) Eur J Pediatr , vol.154 , pp. 504-512
    • Crockard, H.1    Stevens, M.2
  • 16
    • 0021998915 scopus 로고
    • A study of the development of thoracic vertebrae in the mouse assisted by autoradiography
    • Basel
    • Dalgleish AE (1985) A study of the development of thoracic vertebrae in the mouse assisted by autoradiography. Acta Anat (Basel) 122:91-98
    • (1985) Acta Anat , vol.122 , pp. 91-98
    • Dalgleish, A.E.1
  • 17
    • 38349000923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Congenital malformations of the base of the skull, atlas and dens
    • Benzel EC (ed) Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia
    • David KM, Crockard A (2005) Congenital malformations of the base of the skull, atlas and dens. In: Benzel EC (ed) The cervical spine. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 415-426
    • (2005) The Cervical Spine , pp. 415-426
    • David, K.M.1    Crockard, A.2
  • 18
    • 0030844980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The one bone spine: A failure of notochord/sclerotome signaling?
    • David KM, Thorogood P, Stevens JM, Crockard HA (1997) The one bone spine: a failure of notochord/sclerotome signaling? Clin Dysmorphol 6(4):303-314
    • (1997) Clin Dysmorphol , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 303-314
    • David, K.M.1    Thorogood, P.2    Stevens, J.M.3    Crockard, H.A.4
  • 19
    • 0007912793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dysmorphic cervical spine in Klippel-Feil syndrome: Interpretations from developmental biology
    • David KM, Thorogood PV, Stevens JM, Crockard A (1999) The dysmorphic cervical spine in Klippel-Feil syndrome: interpretations from developmental biology. Neurosurg Focus 6(6):e1
    • (1999) Neurosurg Focus , vol.6 , Issue.6
    • David, K.M.1    Thorogood, P.V.2    Stevens, J.M.3    Crockard, A.4
  • 20
    • 0034793678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pax group III genes and the evolution of insect pair-rule patterning
    • Davis GK, Jaramillo CA, Patel NH (2001) Pax group III genes and the evolution of insect pair-rule patterning. Development 128:3445-3458 (Pubitemid 32962714)
    • (2001) Development , vol.128 , Issue.18 , pp. 3445-3458
    • Davis, G.K.1    Jaramillo, C.A.2    Patel, N.H.3
  • 21
    • 0033452177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origin and evolution of segmentation
    • Davis GK, Patel NH (1999) The origin and evolution of segmentation. Trends Cell Biol 24(12):M68-72
    • (1999) Trends Cell Biol , vol.24 , Issue.12
    • Davis, G.K.1    Patel, N.H.2
  • 23
    • 0028962137 scopus 로고
    • Undulated Phenotypes suggest a role of Pax-1 for the development of vertebral and extravertebral structures
    • Dietrich S, Gruss P (1995) Undulated Phenotypes suggest a role of Pax-1 for the development of vertebral and extravertebral structures. Dev Biol 167:529-548
    • (1995) Dev Biol , vol.167 , pp. 529-548
    • Dietrich, S.1    Gruss, P.2
  • 24
    • 0141885554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The vertebral column
    • Thorogood P (ed) Wiley, Chichester
    • Dietrich S, Kessel M (1997) The vertebral column. In: Thorogood P (ed) Embryos, genes and birth defects. Wiley, Chichester, pp 281-302
    • (1997) Embryos, Genes and Birth Defects , pp. 281-302
    • Dietrich, S.1    Kessel, M.2
  • 25
    • 0027772782 scopus 로고
    • Altered Pax gene expression in murine notochord mutants: The notochord is required to initiate and maintain ventral identity in the somite
    • Dietrich S, Schubert FR, Gruss P (1993) Altered Pax gene expression in notochord mutants of the mouse: the notochord is required for the dorsoventral patterning of the somite. Mech Dev 44:189-207 (Pubitemid 24028881)
    • (1993) Mechanisms of Development , vol.44 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 189-207
    • Dietrich, S.1    Schubert, F.R.2    Gruss, P.3
  • 26
    • 0035958586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FGF signaling controls somite boundary position and regulates segmentation clock control of spatiotemporal Hox gene activation
    • DOI 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00437-8
    • Dubrulle J, McGrew MJ, Pourquié O (2001) FGF signaling controls somite boundary position and regulates segmentation clock control of spatiotemporal Hox gene activation. Cell 106:219-232 (Pubitemid 32772632)
    • (2001) Cell , vol.106 , Issue.2 , pp. 219-232
    • Dubrulle, J.1    McGrew, M.J.2    Pourquie, O.3
  • 27
    • 0032504991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Waves of mouse Lunatic fringe expression, in four-hour cycles at two-hour intervals, precede somite boundary formation
    • Forsberg H, Crozet F, Brown NA (1998) Waves of mouse lunatic fringe expression, in four-hour cycles at two-hour intervals, preced somite boundary formation. Curr Biol 8:1027-1030 (Pubitemid 28448076)
    • (1998) Current Biology , vol.8 , Issue.18 , pp. 1027-1030
    • Forsberg, H.1    Crozet, F.2    Brown, N.A.3
  • 28
    • 0002021790 scopus 로고
    • Zur Kenntnis der Spaltbildungen des Atlas und Epistropheus
    • Geipel P (1955) Zur Kenntnis der Spaltbildungen des Atlas und Epistropheus. Teil IV Zbl Path 94:19
    • (1955) Teil IV Zbl Path , vol.94 , pp. 19
    • Geipel, P.1
  • 29
    • 7044225146 scopus 로고
    • A method for more accurate study of injuries to the atlas and axis
    • George AW (1919) A method for more accurate study of injuries to the atlas and axis. N Engl J Med Surg 181:395-398
    • (1919) N Engl J Med Surg , vol.181 , pp. 395-398
    • George, A.W.1
  • 31
    • 0003039776 scopus 로고
    • Sull' esistenza dell' "osodontoideum: Nell" uomo
    • Giacomini C (1886) Sull' esistenza dell' "osodontoideum: nell" uomo. Gior dr Accaddi med Torino 49:24-28
    • (1886) Gior Dr Accaddi Med Torino , vol.49 , pp. 24-28
    • Giacomini, C.1
  • 32
    • 0032980737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventral brain stem compression in pediatric and young adult patients with Chiari I malformations
    • Grabb PA, Mapstone TB, Oakes WJ (1999) Ventral brainstem compression in pediatric and young adult patients with Chiari I malformations. Neurosurgery 44:520-528 (Pubitemid 29098326)
    • (1999) Neurosurgery , vol.44 , Issue.3 , pp. 520-528
    • Grabb, P.A.1    Mapstone, T.B.2    Oakes, W.J.3
  • 33
    • 0040544819 scopus 로고
    • Homeobox genes and skeletal patterning
    • Hall BK (ed) CRC, Boca Raton
    • Haack H, Kessel M (1994) Homeobox genes and skeletal patterning. In: Hall BK (ed) Bone. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 119-144
    • (1994) Bone , pp. 119-144
    • Haack, H.1    Kessel, M.2
  • 35
    • 0022448803 scopus 로고
    • Osseous anomalies of the craniovertebral junction
    • Hensinger RN (1986) Osseous anomalies of the craniovertebral junction. Spine 11:323-333
    • (1986) Spine , vol.11 , pp. 323-333
    • Hensinger, R.N.1
  • 37
    • 0030940213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fate of the first avian somite
    • DOI 10.1007/s004290050063
    • Huang R, Zhi Q, Ordahl CP, Christ B (1997) The fate of the first avian somite. Anat Embryol (Berlin) 195:435-449 (Pubitemid 27219895)
    • (1997) Anatomy and Embryology , vol.195 , Issue.5 , pp. 435-449
    • Huang, R.1    Zhi, Q.2    Ordahl, C.P.3    Christ, B.4
  • 38
    • 0016790450 scopus 로고
    • Über die regionale Determination des paraxialen Mesoderms junger Hühnerembryonen
    • Germany
    • Jacob M, Christ B, Jacob HJ (1975) Über die regionale Determination des paraxialen Mesoderms junger Hühnerembryonen. Verhandlungen der Anatomischen Gesellschaft (Germany) 69:263-269
    • (1975) Verhandlungen der Anatomischen Gesellschaft , vol.69 , pp. 263-269
    • Jacob, M.1    Christ, B.2    Jacob, H.J.3
  • 39
    • 0014533230 scopus 로고
    • The evolution and development of the dens of the mammalian axis
    • Jenkins JFA (1969) The evolution and development of the dens of the mammalian axis. Anat Rec 164:173-184
    • (1969) Anat Rec , vol.164 , pp. 173-184
    • Jenkins, J.F.A.1
  • 40
    • 0026561016 scopus 로고
    • Activation of the cytotactin promoter by the homeobox-containing gene Evx-1
    • Jones FS, Georges C, Guss P, Edelman GM (1991) Activation of the cytotactin promoter by the homeobox-containing gene Evx-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:2091
    • (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.89 , pp. 2091
    • Jones, F.S.1    Georges, C.2    Guss, P.3    Edelman, G.M.4
  • 41
    • 0026510655 scopus 로고
    • Cell adhesion molecules as targets for Hox genes: Neural cell adhesion molecule promoter activity is modulated by cotransfection with Hox 2.5 and 2.4
    • Jones FS, Prediger EA, Dennis BA, DeRobertis EM, Edelman GM (1991) Cell adhesion molecules as targets for Hox genes: neural cell adhesion molecule promoter activity is modulated by cotransfection with Hox 2.5 and 2.4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:2091
    • (1991) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.89 , pp. 2091
    • Jones, F.S.1    Prediger, E.A.2    Dennis, B.A.3    DeRobertis, E.M.4    Edelman, G.M.5
  • 42
    • 0026772226 scopus 로고
    • Respecification of vertebral identities by retinoic acid
    • Kessel M (1992) Respecification of vertebral identities by retinoic acid. Development 115:487-501
    • (1992) Development , vol.115 , pp. 487-501
    • Kessel, M.1
  • 43
    • 0025941823 scopus 로고
    • Homeotic transformation of murine bertebrae and concimitant alteration of Hox codes induced by retinoic acid
    • Kessel M, Gruss P (1991) Homeotic transformation of murine bertebrae and concimitant alteration of Hox codes induced by retinoic acid. Cell 67:1-20
    • (1991) Cell , vol.67 , pp. 1-20
    • Kessel, M.1    Gruss, P.2
  • 44
    • 0023762877 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of vertebrate segmentation
    • Keynes RJ, Stern CD (1988) Mechanisms of vertebrate segmentation. Development 103:413-429
    • (1988) Development , vol.103 , pp. 413-429
    • Keynes, R.J.1    Stern, C.D.2
  • 45
    • 0015345875 scopus 로고
    • Early regionalization of the somitic mesoderm as studied by the development of the axial skeleton of the chick embryo
    • Kieny M, Mauger A, Sengel P (1972) Early regionalization of the somitic mesoderm as studied by the development of the axial skeleton of the chick embryo. Dev Biol 28:42-161
    • (1972) Dev Biol , vol.28 , pp. 42-161
    • Kieny, M.1    Mauger, A.2    Sengel, P.3
  • 46
    • 0027431652 scopus 로고
    • Os odontoideum in identical twins: Perspectives on etiology
    • Kirlew KA, Hathout GM, Reiter SD, Gold RH (1993) Os odontoideum in identical twins: perspective on etiology. Skeletal Radiol 22:525-527 (Pubitemid 23297220)
    • (1993) Skeletal Radiology , vol.22 , Issue.7 , pp. 525-527
    • Kirlew, K.A.1    Hathout, G.M.2    Reiter, S.D.3    Gold, R.H.4
  • 48
    • 32944476748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventral cervicomedullary junction compression secondary to condylus occipitalis (median occipital condyle), a rare entity
    • Kotil D, Kalayci M (2005) Ventral cervicomedullary junction compression secondary to condylus occipitalis (median occipital condyle), a rare entity. J Spinal Disord Tech 18(4):382-385
    • (2005) J Spinal Disord Tech , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 382-385
    • Kotil, D.1    Kalayci, M.2
  • 50
    • 0015794888 scopus 로고
    • Absence of posterior arch of the atlas
    • Logan WW, Stuard ID (1973) Absence of posterior arch of the atlas. Am J Roentgenol 118:431-434
    • (1973) Am J Roentgenol , vol.118 , pp. 431-434
    • Logan, W.W.1    Stuard, I.D.2
  • 51
    • 0026497470 scopus 로고
    • Homeotic transformation of the occipital bones of the skull by ectopic expression of a homeobox gene
    • Lufkin T, Mark M, Hart CP, Dollé P, LeMeur M, Chambon P (1992) Homeotic transformation of the occipital bones of the skull by ectopic expression of a homeobox gene. Nature 359:835-841
    • (1992) Nature , vol.359 , pp. 835-841
    • Lufkin, T.1    Mark, M.2    Hart, C.P.3    Dollé, P.4    LeMeur, M.5    Chambon, P.6
  • 52
    • 0344302470 scopus 로고
    • Notes on the development and variations of the atlas
    • Macalister A (1893) Notes on the development and variations of the atlas. J Anat Physiol 27:519-542
    • (1893) J Anat Physiol , vol.27 , pp. 519-542
    • Macalister, A.1
  • 54
    • 13144297173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lunatic fringe gene is a target of the molecular clock linked to somite segmentation in avian embryos
    • McGrew MJ, Dale JK, Fraboulet S, Pourquié O (1998) The lunatic fringe gene is a target of the molecular clock linked to somite segmentation in avian embryos. Curr Biol 8:979-982 (Pubitemid 28447950)
    • (1998) Current Biology , vol.8 , Issue.17 , pp. 979-982
    • McGrew, M.J.1    Dale, J.K.2    Fraboulet, S.3    Pourquie, O.4
  • 55
    • 0001685624 scopus 로고
    • Bony abnormalities in the region of the foramen magnum; correlation of the anatomic and neurologic findings
    • McRae DL (1953) Bony abnormalities in the region of the foramen magnum; correlation of the anatomic and neurologic findings. Acta Radiol 40:335-354
    • (1953) Acta Radiol , vol.40 , pp. 335-354
    • McRae, D.L.1
  • 56
    • 0002463111 scopus 로고
    • The significance of abnormalities of the cervical spine
    • McRae DL (1960) The significance of abnormalities of the cervical spine. Am J Roentgenol 84:3-25
    • (1960) Am J Roentgenol , vol.84 , pp. 3-25
    • McRae, D.L.1
  • 58
    • 0000664452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Congenital and acquired abnormalities of the craniovertebral junction
    • Youmans JR (ed) WB Saunders, Philadelphia
    • Menezes AH (1996) Congenital and acquired abnormalities of the craniovertebral junction. In: Youmans JR (ed) Neurological surgery. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1035-1089
    • (1996) Neurological Surgery , pp. 1035-1089
    • Menezes, A.H.1
  • 59
    • 0005227521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Embryology, development, and classification of disorders of the craniovertebral junction
    • Dickman CA, Sonntag VKH, Spetzler RF (eds) Thieme, New York
    • Menezes AH (1998) Embryology, development, and classification of disorders of the craniovertebral junction. In: Dickman CA, Sonntag VKH, Spetzler RF (eds) Surgery of the craniovertebral junction. Thieme, New York, pp 3-12
    • (1998) Surgery of the Craniovertebral Junction , pp. 3-12
    • Menezes, A.H.1
  • 60
    • 67650727373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remnants of occipital vertebrae: Proatlas segmentation abnormalities
    • Menezes AH, Fenoy KA (2009) Remnants of occipital vertebrae: proatlas segmentation abnormalities. Neurosurgery 64:945-953
    • (2009) Neurosurgery , vol.64 , pp. 945-953
    • Menezes, A.H.1    Fenoy, K.A.2
  • 61
    • 0026774869 scopus 로고
    • Craniovertebral abnormalities in Down's syndrome
    • Menezes AH, Ryken TC (1992) Craniovertebral abnormalities in Down's syndrome. Neurosurgery 18:24-33
    • (1992) Neurosurgery , vol.18 , pp. 24-33
    • Menezes, A.H.1    Ryken, T.C.2
  • 63
    • 0019142860 scopus 로고
    • The human chondrocranium at the end of the embryonic period, proper, with particular reference to the nervous system
    • DOI 10.1002/aja.1001590105
    • Müller F, O'Rahilly R (1980) The human chondrocranium at the end of the embryonic period, proper, with particular reference to the nervous system. Am J Anat 159:33-58 (Pubitemid 11205316)
    • (1980) American Journal of Anatomy , vol.159 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-58
    • Muller, F.1    O'Rahilly, R.2
  • 64
    • 0028120516 scopus 로고
    • Occipitocervical segmentation in staged human embryos
    • Müller F, O'Rahilly R (1994) Occipitocervical segmentation in staged human embryos. J Anat 185:251-258 (Pubitemid 24302057)
    • (1994) Journal of Anatomy , vol.185 , Issue.2 , pp. 251-258
    • Muller, F.1    O'Rahilly, R.2
  • 65
    • 0141704221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Segmentation in staged human embryos: The occipitocervical region revisited
    • Müller F, O'Rahilly R (2003) Segmentation in staged human embryos: the occipitocervical region revisited. J Anat 203:251-258
    • (2003) J Anat , vol.203 , pp. 251-258
    • Müller, F.1    O'Rahilly, R.2
  • 66
    • 0025083620 scopus 로고
    • Gap junctional intercellular communication and the regulation of connexin expression and function
    • Musil L, Goodenough D (1990) Gap junctional intercellular communication and the regulation of connexin expression and function. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2:875
    • (1990) Curr Opin Cell Biol , vol.2 , pp. 875
    • Musil, L.1    Goodenough, D.2
  • 67
    • 0031024218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of Chiari malformation: A morphometric study of the posterior cranial fossa
    • Nishikawa M, Sakamoto H, Hakuba A, Nakanishi N, Inoue Y (1997) Pathogenesis of Chiari malformation: a morphometric study of the posterior cranial fossa. J Neurosurg 86:40-47 (Pubitemid 27009973)
    • (1997) Journal of Neurosurgery , vol.86 , Issue.1 , pp. 40-47
    • Nishikawa, M.1    Sakamoto, H.2    Hakuba, A.3    Nakanishi, N.4    Inoue, Y.5
  • 68
    • 0030840351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avian hairy gene expression identifies a molecular clock linked to vertebrate segmentation and somitogenesis
    • Palmeirim I, Henrique D, Ish-Horowicz D, Pourquié O (1997) Avian hairy gene expression identifies a molecular clock linked to vertebrate segmentation and somitogenesis. Cell 91:639-648 (Pubitemid 27513655)
    • (1997) Cell , vol.91 , Issue.5 , pp. 639-648
    • Palmeirim, I.1    Henrique, D.2    Ish-Horowicz, D.3    Pourquie, O.4
  • 70
    • 0026459038 scopus 로고
    • Outcome following hind brain decompression of symptomatic Chiari malformations in children previously shunted with myelomeningoceles
    • Pollack I, Pang D, Albright LA, Krieger D (1992) Outcome following hind brain decompression of symptomatic Chiari malformations in children previously shunted with myelomeningoceles. J Neurosurg 77:881-888
    • (1992) J Neurosurg , vol.77 , pp. 881-888
    • Pollack, I.1    Pang, D.2    Albright, L.A.3    Krieger, D.4
  • 71
    • 0026673193 scopus 로고
    • Neurogenic dysphagia resulting from Chiari malformations
    • Pollack I, Pang D, Kocoshis S, Putnam P (1992) Neurogenic dysphagia resulting from Chiari malformations. Neurosurgery 30:709-719
    • (1992) Neurosurgery , vol.30 , pp. 709-719
    • Pollack, I.1    Pang, D.2    Kocoshis, S.3    Putnam, P.4
  • 72
    • 0038115065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The segmentation clock: Converting embryonic time into spatial pattern
    • Pourquié O (2003) The segmentation clock: converting embryonic time into spatial pattern. Science 301:328-330
    • (2003) Science , vol.301 , pp. 328-330
    • Pourquié, O.1
  • 73
    • 1642553340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertebrate somitogenesis: A novel paradigm for animal segmentation?
    • Pourquié O (2003) Vertebrate somitogenesis: a novel paradigm for animal segmentation? Int J Dev Biol 47:597-603
    • (2003) Int J Dev Biol , vol.47 , pp. 597-603
    • Pourquié, O.1
  • 74
    • 0025159528 scopus 로고
    • The differential diagnosis of isolated ossicles in the region of the dens axis
    • Prescher A (1990) The differential diagnosis of isolated ossicles in the region of the dens axis. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 136:139-154
    • (1990) Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb , vol.136 , pp. 139-154
    • Prescher, A.1
  • 75
    • 0031039523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The craniocervical junction in man, the osseous variations, their significance and differential diagnosis
    • Prescher A (1997) The craniocervical junction in man, the osseous variations, their significance and differential diagnosis. Ann Anat 179:1-19
    • (1997) Ann Anat , vol.179 , pp. 1-19
    • Prescher, A.1
  • 76
    • 0029964278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anatomic and radiologic appearance of several variants of the craniocervical junction
    • Prescher A, Brors D, Adam G (1996) Anatomic and radiologic appearance of several variants of the craniocervical junction. Skull Base Surg 6:83-94
    • (1996) Skull Base Surg , vol.6 , pp. 83-94
    • Prescher, A.1    Brors, D.2    Adam, G.3
  • 77
    • 0036186099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Median (third) occipital condyle
    • Rao P (2002) Median (third) occipital condyle. Clin Anat 15:148-151
    • (2002) Clin Anat , vol.15 , pp. 148-151
    • Rao, P.1
  • 78
    • 0012592074 scopus 로고
    • Die Frühentwicklung der menschlichen Wirbelsäule. II. Mitteilung: Die Entwicklung der occipitalsegmente und der Halswirbelsäule
    • Reiter A (1944) Die Frühentwicklung der menschlichen Wirbelsäule. II. Mitteilung: Die Entwicklung der occipitalsegmente und der Halswirbelsäule. Z Anat Entwickl 113:66-104
    • (1944) Z Anat Entwickl , vol.113 , pp. 66-104
    • Reiter, A.1
  • 80
    • 0035214904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fgf/MAPK signalling is a crucial positional cue in somite boundary formation
    • Sawada A, Shinya M, Jiang YJ, Kawakami A, Kuroiwa A, Takeda H (2001) Fgf/MAPK signaling is a crucial positional cue in somite boundary formation. Development 128:4873-4880 (Pubitemid 33138596)
    • (2001) Development , vol.128 , Issue.23 , pp. 4873-4880
    • Sawada, A.1    Shinya, M.2    Jiang, Y.-J.3    Kawakami, A.4    Kuroiwa, A.5    Takeda, H.6
  • 82
    • 0003250753 scopus 로고
    • The development of the occipital and cervical segments and their associated structures in human embryos
    • Sensenig EC (1957) The development of the occipital and cervical segments and their associated structures in human embryos. Contrib Embryol 36:152-161
    • (1957) Contrib Embryol , vol.36 , pp. 152-161
    • Sensenig, E.C.1
  • 84
    • 0027533927 scopus 로고
    • Chromosomal localization of seven PAX genes and cloning of a novel family member, PAX-9
    • Stapleton P, Weith A, Urbanek P, Kozmik Z, Busslinger M (1993) Chromosomal localization of seven PAX genes and cloning of a novel family member, PAX-9. Nat Genet 3:292
    • (1993) Nat Genet , vol.3 , pp. 292
    • Stapleton, P.1    Weith, A.2    Urbanek, P.3    Kozmik, Z.4    Busslinger, M.5
  • 85
    • 0009684998 scopus 로고
    • Das Skelettsystem
    • Starck D (ed) Springer, Berlin
    • Starck D (1979) Das Skelettsystem. In: Starck D (ed) Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere. Springer, Berlin, pp 44-95
    • (1979) Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere , pp. 44-95
    • Starck, D.1
  • 86
    • 0023110163 scopus 로고
    • Interactions between somite cells: The formation and maintenance of segment boundaries in the chick embryo
    • Stern CD, Keynes RJ (1987) Interactions between somite cells; the formation and maintenance of segment boundaries in the chick embryo. Development 99:261-272 (Pubitemid 17047607)
    • (1987) Development , vol.99 , Issue.2 , pp. 261-272
    • Stern, C.D.1    Keynes, R.J.2
  • 87
    • 0027452891 scopus 로고
    • Posterior cranial fossa dimensions in the Chiari I malformation: Relation to pathogenesis and clinical presentation
    • Stover LJ, Bergan U, Nilsen G, Sjaastad O (1993) Posterior cranial fossa dimensions in the Chiari I malformation: relation to pathogenesis and clinical presentation. Neuroradiology 35:113-118 (Pubitemid 23075474)
    • (1993) Neuroradiology , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 113-118
    • Stovner, L.J.1    Bergan, U.2    Nilsen, G.3    Sjaastad, O.4
  • 88
    • 8044233035 scopus 로고
    • Die atlanto-occipital union
    • Tramontano-Guerritore G (1927) Die atlanto-occipital union. Anat Anz 64:173-184
    • (1927) Anat Anz , vol.64 , pp. 173-184
    • Tramontano-Guerritore, G.1
  • 90
    • 0025053197 scopus 로고
    • Basichondrocranium anomalies in adult Chiari type I malformation: A morphometric study
    • Vega A, Quintana F, Berciano J (1990) Basichondrocranium anomalies in adult Chiari type I malformation: a morphometric study. J Neurol Sci 99:137-145 (Pubitemid 20387372)
    • (1990) Journal of the Neurological Sciences , vol.99 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 137-145
    • Vega, A.1    Quintana, F.2    Berciano, J.3
  • 91
    • 0000729623 scopus 로고
    • Urwirbel und Neugliederung der Wirbelsäule
    • von Ebner E (1888) Urwirbel und Neugliederung der Wirbelsäule. Sitzungsber Akad Wiss Wein III 97:194-206
    • (1888) Sitzungsber Akad Wiss Wein III , vol.97 , pp. 194-206
    • Von Ebner, E.1
  • 92
    • 0036018857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The third occipital condyle, a constituent part of a median occipito-atlanto-odontoid joint: A case report
    • DOI 10.1007/s00276-002-0018-5
    • von Ludinghausen M, Schindler G, Kageyama I, Pomaroli A (2002) The third occipital condyle, a constituent part of a median occipito-atlanto-odontoid joint: a case report. Surg Radiol Anat 24:71-76 (Pubitemid 34704890)
    • (2002) Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 71-76
    • V, L.M.1    Schindler, G.2    Kageyama, I.3    Pomaroli, A.4
  • 93
    • 57049167831 scopus 로고
    • Neue Perspektiven der Entwicklungsstörungen der oberen Halswirlbelsäule
    • von Torklus D, Gehle W (1969) Neue Perspektiven der Entwicklungsstö rungen der oberen Halswirlbelsäule. Z Orthop 105:178
    • (1969) Z Orthop , vol.105 , pp. 178
    • Von Torklus, D.1    Gehle, W.2
  • 94
    • 2642602073 scopus 로고
    • Anomalies and malformations
    • von Torklus D, Gehle W (eds) Thieme, Stuttgart
    • von Torklus D, Gehle W (1972) Anomalies and malformations. In: von Torklus D, Gehle W (eds) The upper cervical spine. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 14-53
    • (1972) The Upper Cervical Spine , pp. 14-53
    • Von Torklus, D.1    Gehle, W.2
  • 96
    • 0014096618 scopus 로고
    • Myelopathy complicating congenital atlantoaxial dislocation (a study of 28 cases)
    • Wadia NH (1967) Myelopathy complicating congenital atlantoaxial dislocation (a study of 28 cases). Brain 90:449-472
    • (1967) Brain , vol.90 , pp. 449-472
    • Wadia, N.H.1
  • 100
    • 0000659345 scopus 로고
    • The os odontoideum: Separate odontoid process
    • Wollin DG (1963) The os odontoideum: separate odontoid process. J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol 45:1459-1484
    • (1963) J Bone Jt Surg Am , vol.45 , pp. 1459-1484
    • Wollin, D.G.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.