Fault formation in porous sedimentary rocks at high strain rates: First results from the Upheaval Dome impact structure, Utah, USA

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 123, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 1161-1170

  Key, Wendy R O ^a   Schultz, Richard A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^b AMEC FOSTER WHEELER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AVERAGE VALUES; DAMAGE ZONES; DEFORMATION BAND; FAULT PLANES; GRAIN SIZE; HIGH STRAIN RATES; HIGH-STRAIN-RATE; IMPACT STRUCTURES; NATIONAL PARKS; POROUS ROCKS; PULVERIZED MATERIALS; QUARTZ GRAINS; RATE DEPENDENCE; SAN ANDREAS FAULT; SEISMIC SLIPS; SIMILAR MATERIAL; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; UTAH , USA;

CRYSTALLINE ROCKS; DEFORMATION; DOMES; METAMORPHIC ROCKS; PARKS; QUARTZ; ROCKS; SANDSTONE; SEDIMENTOLOGY; TECTONICS;

STRAIN RATE;

DEFORMATION; FAULTING; GRAIN SIZE; POROSITY; SAN ANDREAS FAULT; SEDIMENTARY ROCK; STRAIN RATE;

CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK; UNITED STATES; UTAH;

EID: 79953801392     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: 00167606     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/B30087.1     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Alvarez, W., Staley, E., O'Connor, D., and Chan, M., 1998, Synsedimentary deformation in the Jurassic of southern Utah-A case of impact shaking: Geology, v. 26, p. 579-582, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026 <0579:SDITJO>2.3.CO;2.
2. An, L.J., and Sammis, C.G., 1994, Particle size distribution of cataclastic fault materials from southern California: A 3-D study, in Marone, C.J., and Blanpied, M.L., eds., Faulting, Friction, and Earthquake Mechanics, Part II: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 143, p. 203-227.
3. Antonellini, M.A., Aydin, A., and Pollard, D.P., 1994, Microstructure of deformation bands in porous sandstones at Arches National Park, Utah: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 16, p. 941-959, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141 (94)90077-9.
4. Ashworth, J.R., and Schneider, H., 1985, Deformation and transformation in experimentally shock-loaded quartz: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, v. 11, p. 241-249, doi: 10.1007/BF00307401.
5. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 2004, (2006), Standard, D7012: Standard test method for compressive strength and elastic moduli of intact rock and core specimens under varying states of stress and temperatures: West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, American Society for Testing and Materials International, www.astm.org, doi: 10.1520/D7012-04.
6. Aydin, A., 1978, Small faults formed as deformation bands in sandstone: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 116, p. 913-930, doi: 10.1007/BF00876546.
7. Aydin, A., and Johnson, A.M., 1978, Development of faults as zones of deformation bands and as slip surfaces in sandstone: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 116, p. 931-942, doi: 10.1007/BF00876547.
8. Aydin, A., and Johnson, A.M., 1983, Analysis of faulting in porous sandstones: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 5, p. 19-31, doi: 10.1016/0191-8141(83)90004-4.
9. Aydin, A., Borja, R.I., and Eichhubl, P., 2006, Geological and mathematical framework for failure modes in granular rock: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 28, p. 83-98, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2005.07.008.
10. Brune, J.N., 2001, Fault normal dynamic loading and unloading: An explanation for "nongouge" rock powder and lack of fault parallel shear bands along the San Andreas fault: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 82, abstract S22B-0655.
11. Buchner, E., and Kenkmann, T., 2008, Upheaval Dome, Utah, USA: Impact origin confirmed: Geology, v. 36, p. 227-230, doi: 10.1130/G24287A.1.
12. Croft, S.K., 1981a, The excavation stage of basin formation: A qualitative model, in Proceedings of the Conference on Multi-Ring Basins: Formation and Evolution: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute, p. 207-225.
13. Croft, S.K., 1981b, The modification stage of basin formation: Conditions of ring formation, in Proceedings of the Conference on Multi-Ring Basins: Formation and Evolution: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute, p. 227-257.
14. Davis, G.H., 1999, Structural geology of the Colorado Plateau region of southern Utah with special emphasis on deformation bands: Geological Society of America Special Paper 342, 157 p.
15. Davis, G.H., Bump, A.P., Garciá, P.E., and Ahlgren, S.G., 1999, Conjugate Riedel deformation band shear zones: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 22, p. 169-190, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00140-6.
16. Doan, M., and Gary, G., 2008, Rocks pulverized near San Andreas fault: Insight from high strain rate testing experiments: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 89, abstract S34B-06.
17. Dor, O., 2007, Symmetry properties, pulverized rocks and damage architecture in fault zones as signatures of earthquake ruptures [Ph.D. thesis]: Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 293 p.
18. Dor, O., Ben-Zion, Y., Rockwell, T.K., and Brune, J., 2006, Pulverized rocks in the Mojave section of the San Andreas Fault Zone: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 245, p. 642-654, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.034.
19. Dor, O., Chester, J.S., Ben-Zion, Y., Brune, J.N., and Rockwell, T.K., 2009, Characterization of damage in sandstones along the Mojave section of the San Andreas fault: Implications for the shallow extent of rock pulverization: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 166, no. 10-11, p. 1747-1773, doi: 10.1007/s00024-009-0516-z.
20. Engelder, J.T., 1974, Cataclasis and the formation of fault gouge: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 85, p. 1515-1522, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85 <1515:CATGOF>2.0.CO;2.
21. Fiero, W.G., Jr., 1958, Geology of Upheaval Dome, San Juan County, Utah [M.S. thesis]: Laramie, University of Wyoming, 85 p.
22. Fossen, H., and Hesthammer, J., 1997, Geometric scaling relations of deformation bands in porous sandstone: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 19, p. 1479-1493, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(97)00075-8.
23. Fossen, H., Schultz, R.A., Shipton, Z.K., and Mair, K., 2007, Deformation bands in sandstone: A review: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 164, p. 755-769, doi: 10.1144/0016-76492006-036.
24. Fossum, A.F., and Brannon, R.M., 2006, On a viscoplastic model for rocks with mechanism-dependent characteristic times: Acta Geotechnica, v. 1, p. 89-106, doi: 10.1007/s11440-006-0010-z.
25. French, B.M., 1998, Traces of catastrophe: A handbook of shock-metamorphic effects in terrestrial meteorite impact structures: Houston, Texas, Lunar and Planetary Institute Contribution no. 954,120 p.
26. Gordon, R.G., 1998, The plate tectonic approximation: Plate nonrigidity, diffuse plate boundaries, and global plate reconstructions: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 26, p. 615-642, doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.615.
27. Grady, D.E., and Kipp, M.E., 1987, Dynamic rock fragmentation, in Atkinson, B.K., ed., Fracture Mechanics of Rock: Academic Press, p. 429-475.
28. Gratz, A.J., Tyburezy, J., Christie, J., Ahrens, T., and Pon-gratz, P., 1988, Shock metamorphism of deformed quartz: Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, v. 16, p. 221-233, doi: 10.1007/BF00220689.
29. Grieve, R.A.F., 1991, Terrestrial impact: The record in the rocks: Meteoritics, v. 26, p. 175-194.
30. Grieve, R.A.F., and Therriault, A.M., 2004, Observations at terrestrial impact structures: Their utility in constraining crater formation: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 39, p. 199-216, doi: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.2004.tb00336.x.
31. Gu, Y., and Wong, T.F., 1994, Development of shear localization in simulated quartz gouge: Effect of cumulative slip and gouge particle size, in Marone, C.J., and Blanpied, M.L., eds., Faulting, Friction, and Earthquake Mechanics, Part II: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 143, p. 387-423.
32. Harrison, T.S., 1927, Colorado-Utah salt domes: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 11, p. 111-133.
33. Holcomb, D., Rudnicki, J.W., Issen, K.A., and Sternlof, K., 2007, Compaction localization in the Earth and laboratory: State of the research and the research directions: Acta Geotechnica, v. 2, p. 1-15, doi: 10.1007/s11440-007-0027-y.
34. Huntoon, P.W., 2000, Upheaval Dome, Canyonlands, Utah: Strain indicators that reveal an impact origin, in Sprinkel, D.A., Chidsey, T.C., Jr., and Anderson, B.P., eds., Geology of Utah's Parks and Monuments: Utah Geological Association Publication 28.
35. Jackson, M.P.A., Schultz-Ela, D.D., Hudec, M.R., Watson, I.A., and Porter, M.L., 1998, Structure and evolution of Upheaval Dome: A pinched-off salt diapir: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, p. 1547-1573, doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<1547:SAEOUD> 2.3.CO;2.
36. Johnson, A.M., 1995, Orientations of faults determined by premonitory shear zones: Tectonophysics, v. 247, p. 161-238, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(95)00002-5.
37. Kanbur, Z., Louie, J.N., Chavez-Perez, S., Plank, G., and Morey, D., 2000, Seismic reflection study of Upheaval Dome, Canyonlands National Park, Utah: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 9489-9505, doi: 10.1029/1999JE001131.
38. Kenkmann, T., 2003, Dike formation, cataclastic flow, and rock fluidization during impact cratering: An example from the Upheaval Dome structure, Utah: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 214, p. 43-58, doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00359-5.
39. Kenkmann, T., Jahn, A., Scherler, D., and Ivanov, B.A., 2005, Structure and formation of a central uplift: A case study at Upheaval Dome impact crater, Utah, in Kenkmann, T., Horz, F., and Deutsch, A., eds., Large Meteorite Impacts III: Geological Society of America Special Paper 384, p. 85-115.
40. Key, W.R.O., 2009, Fault formation in porous sedimentary rocks at high strain rates [M.S. thesis]: Reno, University of Nevada, 44 p.
41. Kriens, B.J., Shoemaker, E.M., and Herkenhoff, K.E., 1997, Structure and kinematics of a complex impact crater, Upheaval Dome, southeast Utah, in Link, P.K., and Kowallis, B.J., eds., Geological Society of America Field Trip Guidebook, v. 42, p. 19-31.
42. Kriens, B.J., Shoemaker, E.M., and Herkenhoff, K.E., 1999, Geology of the Upheaval Dome impact structure, southeast Utah: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, p. 18,867-18,887, doi: 10.1029/1998JE000587.
43. Laney, R.T., and Van Schmus, W.R., 1978, A structural study of the Kentland, Indiana impact site: Proceedings of the 9th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, p. 2609-2632.
44. Lockner, D.A., 1995, Rock failure, in Ahrens, T.J., ed., Rock Physics and Phase Relations-A Handbook of Physical Constants: American Geophysical Union Reference Shelf 3, p. 127-147.
45. Lockner, D.A., Byerlee, J.D., Kuksenko, V., Ponomarev, A., and Sidorin, A., 1991, Quasistatic fault growth and shear fracture energy in granite: Nature, v. 350, p. 39-42, doi: 10.1038/350039a0.
46. Martel, S.J., and Pollard, D.D., 1989, Mechanics of slip and fracture along small faults and simple strike-slip fault zones in granitic rock: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, no. B7, p. 9417-9428.
47. Mattox, R.B., 1968, Upheaval Dome: A possible salt dome in the Paradox Basin, Utah, in Mattox, R.B., ed., Saline Deposits: Geological Society of America Special Paper 88, p. 331-347.
48. Mattox, R.B., 1975, Upheaval Dome-A possible salt dome in the Paradox Basin, Utah, in Fassett, J.E., and Wengerd, S.A., eds., Canyonlands Country: A Guide-book of the Four Corners Geological Society, Eighth Field Conference, p. 225-234.
49. McKnight, E.T., 1940, Geology of area between Green and Colorado Rivers, Grand and San Juan Counties, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 908, 147 p.
50. Melosh, H.J., 1989, Impact Cratering: A Geologic Process: New York, Oxford University Press, 245 p.
51. Melosh, H.J., and Gaffney, E.S., 1983, Acoustic fluidization and the scale dependence of impact crater morphology: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 88, p. A830-A834, doi: 10.1029/JB088iS02p0A830.
52. Molenaar, C.M., 1975, Lexicon of stratigraphic names used in the Paradox Basin-San Rafael-Henry Mountains area, Utah, in Fassett, J.E., and Wengerd, S.A., eds., Canyon-lands Country: A Guidebook of the Four Corners Geological Society, Eighth Field Conference, p. 5-11.
53. Morgan, J., and Warner, M., 1999, Morphology of Chicxulub impact: Peak-ring crater or multi-ring basin?, in Dressler, B.O., and Sharpton, V.L., eds., Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution, II: Geological Society of America Special Paper 339, p. 281-290.
54. Okubo, C., and Schultz, R.A., 2005, Evolution of damage zone geometry and intensity in porous sandstone: Insight gained from strain energy density: Journal of the Geological Society of London, v. 162, p. 939-949, doi: 10.1144/0016-764904-148.
55. Okubo, C.H., and Schultz, R.A., 2007, Compactional deformation bands in Wingate Sandstone: Additional evidence of an impact origin for Upheaval Dome, Utah: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 256, p. 169-181, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01.024.
56. Osinski, G.R. and Spray, J.G., 2005, Tectonics of complex crater formation as revealed by the Haughton impact structure, Devon Island, Canadian High Arctic: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 40, p. 1813-1834.
57. Osinski, G.R., Lee, P., Spray, J.G., Parnell, J., Lim, D.S.S., Bunch, T.E., Cockell, C.S., and Glass, B., 2005, Geological overview and cratering model for the Haughton impact structure, Devon Island, Canadian High Arctic: Meteoritics and Planetary Science, v. 40, p. 1759-1776.
58. Paterson, M.S., and Wong, T.F., 2005, Experimental Rock Deformation-The Brittle Field, 2nd edition: Berlin, Springer, 348 p.
59. Pati, J.K., and Reimold, W.U., 2007, Impact cratering-Fundamental process in geoscience and planetary science: Journal of Earth System Science, v. 116, p. 81-98, doi: 10.1007/s12040-007-0009-3.
60. Prakash, V., Yuan, F., Dor, O., Tullis, T., and Goldsby, D., 2008, Laboratory investigations of the origin of pulverized rocks: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 89, abstract T53F-03.
61. Reches, Z., and Dewers, T.A., 2005, Gouge formation by dynamic pulverization during earthquake rupture: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 235, p. 361-374, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.009.
62. Sagy, A., Fineberg, J., and Reches, Z., 2004, Shatter cones: Branched, rapid fractures formed by shock impact: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 109, p. B10209, doi: 10.1029/2004JB003016.
63. Sammis, C.G., and King, G.C.P., 2007, Mechanical origin of power law scaling in fault zone rock: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 34, p. L04312, doi: 10.1029/2006GL028548.
64. Sammis, C.G., and Steacy, S.J., 1995, Fractal fragmentation in crustal shear zones, in Barton, C.C., and La Pointe, P.R., eds., Fractals in the Earth Sciences: New York, Plenum Press, p. 179-204.
65. Sammis, C.G., King, G.C.P., and Biegel, R., 1987, The kinematics of gouge deformation: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 125, p. 777-812, doi: 10.1007/BF00878033.
66. Scherler, D., Kenkmann, T., and Jahn, A., 2006, Structural record of an oblique impact: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 248, p. 43-53, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.05.002.
67. Schultz, R.A., and Balasko, C.M., 2003, Growth of deformation bands into echelon and ladder geometries: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, p. 2033-2037, doi: 10.1029/2003GL018449.
68. Schultz, R.A., and Fossen, H., 2008, Terminology for structural discontinuities: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 92, p. 853-867.
69. Schultz, R.A., and Siddharthan, R., 2005, A general framework for the occurrence and faulting of deformation bands in porous granular rocks: Tectonophysics, v. 411, p. 1-18, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2005.07.008.
70. Segall, P., and Pollard, D.D., 1983, Nucleation and growth of strike-slip faults in granite: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 88, p. 555-568, doi: 10.1029/JB088iB01p00555.
71. Shipton, Z.K., and Cowie, P., 2001, Damage zone and slip surface evolution of μm to km scales in high-porosity Navajo Sandstone: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 23, p. 1825-1844, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00035-9.
72. Shipton, Z.K., and Cowie, P., 2003, A conceptual model for the origin of fault damage zone structures in high-porosity sandstones: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 25, p. 333-344, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00037-8.
73. Shoemaker, E.M., 1960, Penetration mechanics of high velocity meteorites, illustrated by Meteor Crater, Arizona: Norden, 21st International Geological Congress, Representative Session, part 18, p. 418-434.
74. Shoemaker, E.M., and Herkenhoff, K.E., 1983, Impact origin of Upheaval Dome, Utah: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 64, abstract 747.
75. Spray, J.G., 1997, Superfaults: Geology, v. 25, p. 579-582, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0579:S>2.3.CO;2.
76. Sternlof, K.R., Rudnicki, J.W., and Pollard, D.D., 2005, Anticrack inclusion model for compaction bands in sandstone: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 110, p. B11403, doi: 10.1029/2005JB003764.
77. Timoshenko, S.P., and Goodier, J.N., 1970, Theory of Elasticity: New York, McGraw-Hill, 567 p.
78. Torabi, A., Braathen, A., Cuisiat, F., and Fossen, H., 2007, Shear zones in porous sands: Insights from ring-shear experiments and naturally deformed sandstones: Tectonophysics, v. 437, p. 37-50, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.02.018.
79. Wawersik, W.R., and Brace, W.F., 1971, Post-failure behavior of a granite and diabase: Rock Mechanics, v. 3, p. 61-85, doi: 10.1007/BF01239627.
80. Wawersik, W.R., and Fairhurst, C., 1970, A study of brittle rock fracture in laboratory compression experiments: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, v. 7, p. 561-575, doi: 10.1016/0148-9062 (70)90007-0.
81. Wilson, B., Dewers, T., Reches, Z., and Brune, J., 2005, Particle size and energetics of gouge from earthquake rupture zones: Nature, v. 434, p. 749-752, doi: 10.1038/nature03433.
82. Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1983, Overview of the regional geology of the Paradox basin study region: Columbus, Ohio, Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation Technical Report ONWI-92, 433 p.
83. Zhou, F., Molinari, J.F., and Ramesh, K.T., 2005, A cohesive model based fragmentation analysis: Effects of strain rate and initial defects distribution: International Journal of Solids and Structures, v. 42, p. 5181-5207.