Incorporation of a left ventricle finite element model defining infarction into the XCAT imaging phantom

IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 915-927

  Veress, Alexander I ^a   Segars, W Paul ^b   Tsui, Benjamin M W ^c   Gullberg, Grant T ^d  

^a University of Washington   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiac imaging research; extended cardiac torso (XCAT); finite element; ischemia; left ventricle; mechanical model; myocardial infarction; NURBS based cardiac torso (NCAT); single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) phantom

Indexed keywords

CARDIAC IMAGING RESEARCH; EXTENDED CARDIAC-TORSO (XCAT); FINITE ELEMENT; ISCHEMIA; LEFT VENTRICLES; MECHANICAL MODEL; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; NURBS-BASED CARDIAC-TORSO (NCAT); SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (SPECT) PHANTOM;

COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY; DISEASES; FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; HEART; IMAGING SYSTEMS; MEDICAL IMAGING; NUCLEAR MEDICINE; PARTICLE BEAMS; PHOTONS; RESEARCH; SPLINES;

SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY;

ABDOMEN; ALGORITHM; ARTICLE; AUDIOVISUAL EQUIPMENT; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS; HEART INFARCTION; HEART VENTRICLE; HEART VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; IMAGE QUALITY; INSTRUMENTATION; MALE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; THORAX;

ABDOMEN; ALGORITHMS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS; HEART VENTRICLES; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, ANATOMIC; MODELS, CARDIOVASCULAR; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PHANTOMS, IMAGING; THORAX; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED; VENTRICULAR FUNCTION;

EID: 79953755953     PISSN: 02780062     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TMI.2010.2089801     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. W. P. Segars, D. S. Lalush, and B. M. W. Tsui, "Development of an interactive software application to model patient populations in the 4D NURBS-based cardiac-torso phantom," IEEE Med. Imag. Nucl. Sci. Symp. Conf. Rec., 2000.
2. W. P. Segars, D. S. Lalush, and B. M. W. Tsui, "A realistic spline-based dynamic heart phantom," IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 503-506, Jun. 1999. (Pubitemid 30504993)
3. W. P. Segars, B. M. Tsui, D. S. Lalush, E. C. Frey, M. A. King, and D. Manocha, "Development and application of the new dynamic NURBSBased Cardiac-Torso (NCAT) phantom," J. Nucl. Med., vol. 42, p. 7, May 2001.
4. W. P. Segars, "Development of a new dynamic NURBS-based cardiac- torso (NCAT) phantom," Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 2001.
5. A. I. Veress, W. P. Segars, J. A. Weiss, B. M. Tsui, and G. T. Gullberg, "Normal and pathological NCAT image and phantom data based on physiologically realistic left ventricle finite-element models," IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 1604-1616, Dec. 2006. (Pubitemid 44936709)
6. J. W. Holmes, T. K. Borg, and J. W. Covell, "Structure and mechanics of healing myocardial infarcts," Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng., vol. 7, pp. 223-253, 2005. (Pubitemid 41170188)
7. L. D. Gillam, T. D. Franklin, R. A. Foale, P. S. Wiske, D. E. Guyer, R. D. Hogan, and A. E.Weyman, "The natural history of regional wall motion in the acutely infarcted canine ventricle," J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., vol. 7, pp. 1325-1334, Jun. 1986. (Pubitemid 16100357)
8. P. S. Vokonas, F. A. Pirzada, S. L. Robbins, and W. B. Hood, Jr., "Experimental myocardial infarction. XV. Segmental mechanical behavior and morphology of ischemic myocardium during hypothermia," Am. J. Physiol., vol. 235, pp. H736-744, Dec. 1978. (Pubitemid 9165836)
9. F. A. Pirzada, E. A. Ekong, P. S. Vokonas, C. S. Apstein, and W. B. Hood, Jr., "Experimental myocardial infarction. XIII. Sequential changes in left ventricular pressure-length relationships in the acute phase," Circulation, vol. 53, pp. 970-975, Jun. 1976.
10. P. S. Vokonas, F. Pirzada, and W. B. Hood, Jr., "Experimental myocardial infarction: XII. Dynamic changes in segmental mechanical behavior of infarcted and non-infarcted myocardium," Am. J. Cardiol., vol. 37, pp. 853-859, May 1976.
11. M. C. Fishbein, D. Maclean, and P. R. Maroko, "The histopathologic evolution of myocardial infarction," Chest, vol. 73, pp. 843-849, Jun. 1978. (Pubitemid 8374473)
12. B. M. Jackson, J. H. Gorman, I. S. Salgo, S. L. Moainie, T. Plappert, M. St John-Sutton, L. H. Edmunds, Jr., and R. C. Gorman, "Border zone geometry increases wall stress after myocardial infarction: Contrast echocardiographic assessment," Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., vol. 284, pp. H475-479, Feb. 2003. (Pubitemid 36142873)
13. J. A. Lima, L. C. Becker, J. A. Melin, S. Lima, C. A. Kallman, M. L. Weisfeldt, and J. L. Weiss, "Impaired thickening of nonischemic myocardium during acute regional ischemia in the dog," Circulation, vol. 71, pp. 1048-1059, May 1985. (Pubitemid 15035257)
14. F. H. Epstein, Z. Yang, W. D. Gilson, S. S. Berr, C. M. Kramer, and B. A. French, "MR tagging early after myocardial infarction in mice demonstrates contractile dysfunction in adjacent and remote regions," Magn. Reson. Med., vol. 48, pp. 399-403, Aug. 2002. (Pubitemid 34809431)
15. J. Garot, J. A. Lima, B. L. Gerber, S. Sampath, K. C. Wu, D. A. Bluemke, J. L. Prince, and N. F. Osman, "Spatially resolved imaging of myocardial function with strain-encoded MR: Comparison with delayed contrast-enhanced MR imaging after myocardial infarction," Radiology, vol. 233, pp. 596-602, Nov. 2004. (Pubitemid 39423824)
16. W. D. Gilson, Z. Yang, B. A. French, and F. H. Epstein, "Measurement of myocardial mechanics in mice before and after infarction using multislice displacement-encoded MRI with 3D motion encoding," Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., vol. 288, pp. H1491-1497, Mar. 2005. (Pubitemid 40270061)
17. W. Kramer, V. Wizemann, J. Thormann, A. Bechthold, G. Schutterle, and H. G. Lasch, "Mechanisms of altered myocardial contractility during hemodialysis: Importance of changes in the ionized calcium to plasma potassium ratio," Klin Wochenschr, vol. 63, pp. 272-278, Mar. 1985. (Pubitemid 15143586)
18. K. P. Gallagher, R. A. Gerren, M. Choy, M. C. Stirling, and R. C. Dysko, "Subendocardial segment length shortening at lateral margins of ischemic myocardium in dogs," Am. J. Physiol., vol. 253, pp. H826-837, Oct. 1987.
19. K. P. Gallagher, R. A. Gerren, M. C. Stirling, M. Choy, R. C. Dysko, S. P. McManimon, and W. R. Dunham, "The distribution of functional impairment across the lateral border of acutely ischemic myocardium," Circ. Res., vol. 58, pp. 570-583, Apr. 1986. (Pubitemid 16102213)
20. R. Mazhari, J. H. Omens, J. W. Covell, and A. D. McCulloch, "Structural basis of regional dysfunction in acutely ischemic myocardium," Cardiovasc. Res., vol. 47, pp. 284-293, Aug. 2000. (Pubitemid 30625291)
21. K. Sakai, K. Watanabe, and R. W. Millard, "Defining the mechanical border zone: A study in the pig heart," Am. J. Physiol., vol. 249, pp. H88-94, Jul. 1985. (Pubitemid 15248925)
22. S. L. Van Leuven, L. K. Waldman, A. D. McCulloch, and J. W. Covell, "Gradients of epicardial strain across the perfusion boundary during acute myocardial ischemia," Am. J. Physiol., vol. 267, pp. H2348-2362, Dec. 1994.
23. R. C. Kerckhoffs, M. L. Neal, Q. Gu, J. B. Bassingthwaighte, J. H. Omens, and A. D. McCulloch, "Coupling of a 3D finite element model of cardiac ventricular mechanics to lumped systems models of the systemic and pulmonic circulation," Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 35, pp. 1-18, Jan. 2007. (Pubitemid 44916312)
24. SURFdriver [Online]. Available: http://www.surfdriver.com
25. TrueGrid XYZ Scientific Appl. [Online]. Available: http://www.truegrid. com.
26. J. A. Weiss, B. N. Maker, and S. Govindjee, "Finite element implementation of incompressible, transversely isotropic hyperelasticity," Comput. Methods Appl. Mechan. Eng., vol. 135, pp. 107-128, 1996. (Pubitemid 126382925)
27. A. Spencer, Continuum Mechanics. New York: Longman, 1980.
28. J. D. Humphrey, Cardiovascular Solid Mechanics Cells, Tissues and Organs. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002.
29. J. M. Guccione, L. K. Waldman, and A. D. McCulloch, "Mechanics of active contraction in cardiac muscle: Part II-Cylindrical models of the systolic left ventricle," J. Biomech. Eng., vol. 115, pp. 82-90, Feb. 1993. (Pubitemid 23073023)
30. J. M. Guccione and A. D. McCulloch, "Mechanics of active contraction in cardiac muscle: Part I-Constitutive relations for fiber stress that describe deactivation," J. Biomech. Eng., vol. 115, pp. 72-81, Feb. 1993. (Pubitemid 23073022)
31. R. M. Berne and M. N. Levy, Physiology. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 1998.
32. T. G. Reese, R. M. Weisskoff, R. N. Smith, B. R. Rosen, R. E. Dinsmore, and V. J.Wedeen, "Imaging myocardial fiber architecture in vivo with magnetic resonance," Magn. Reson. Med., vol. 34, pp. 786-791, 1995.
33. B. N. Maker, R. M. Ferencz, and J. O. Hallquist, "NIKE3D: A nonlinear, implicit, three-dimensional finite element code for solid and structural mechanics," Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab., Tech. Rep. UCRL-MA, #105268, 1990.
34. B. E. Engelmann, "NIKE2D: A nonlinear, implicit, two-dimensional finite element code for solid mechanics-User manual," Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab.
35. J. W. Holmes, J. A. Nunez, and J. W. Covell, "Functional implications of myocardial scar structure," Am. J. Physiol., vol. 272, pp. H2123-2130, May 1997.
36. J. C. Walker, J. M. Guccione, Y. Jiang, P. Zhang, A. W. Wallace, E. W. Hsu, and M. B. Ratcliffe, "Helical myofiber orientation after myocardial infarction and left ventricular surgical restoration in sheep," J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., vol. 129, pp. 382-390, Feb. 2005. (Pubitemid 40169563)
37. J. Chen, S. K. Song, W. Liu, M. McLean, J. S. Allen, J. Tan, S. A. Wickline, and X. Yu, "Remodeling of cardiac fiber structure after infarction in rats quantified with diffusion tensor MRI," Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., vol. 285, pp. H946-954, Sep. 2003. (Pubitemid 37048147)
38. R. Mazhari, J. H. Omens, L. K. Waldman, and A. D. McCulloch, "Regional myocardial perfusion and mechanics: A model-based method of analysis," Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 26, pp. 743-755, Sep./Oct. 1998. (Pubitemid 128608591)
39. A. B. Dang, J. M. Guccione, J. M. Mishell, P. Zhang, A. W. Wallace, R. C. Gorman, J. H. Gorman, and M. B. Ratcliffe, "Akinetic myocardial infarcts must contain contracting myocytes: Finite-element model study," Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., vol. 288, pp. H1844-850, Apr. 2005. (Pubitemid 40418012)
40. J. M. Guccione, S. M. Moonly, A. W. Wallace, and M. B. Ratcliffe, "Residual stress produced by ventricular volume reduction surgery has little effect on ventricular function and mechanics: A finite element model study," J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., vol. 122, pp. 592-599, Sep. 2001. (Pubitemid 32843964)
41. R. C. Kerckhoffs, A. D. McCulloch, J. H. Omens, and L. J. Mulligan, "Effects of biventricular pacing and scar size in a computational model of the failing heart with left bundle branch block," Med. Image Anal., vol. 13, pp. 362-369, Apr. 2009.
42. W. D. Leslie, S. A. Tully, M. S. Yogendran, L. M. Ward, K. A. Nour, and C. J. Metge, "Prognostic value of automated quantification of Tc-sestamibi myocardial perfusion imaging," J. Nucl. Med., vol. 46, pp. 204-211, Feb. 2005. (Pubitemid 43073425)
43. H. M. Hudson and R. S. Larkin, "Accelerated image reconstruction using ordered subsets of projection data," IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 601-609, Dec. 1994.
44. L. K.Waldman, Y.-C. Fung, and J. W. Covell, "Transmural myocardial deformation in the canine left ventricle: Normal in vivo three-dimensional finite strains," Circ. Res., vol. 57, pp. 152-163, 1985. (Pubitemid 15238851)
45. J. C. Walker, M. B. Ratcliffe, P. Zhang, A. W. Wallace, B. Fata, E. W. Hsu, D. Saloner, and J. M. Guccione, "MRI-based finite-element analysis of left ventricular aneurysm," Am. J. Physiol Heart Circ. Physiol., vol. 289, pp. H692-700, Aug. 2005. (Pubitemid 41129385)
46. M. Carlsson, N. F. Osman, P. C. Ursell, A. J. Martin, and M. Saeed, "Quantitative MR measurements of regional and global left ventricular function and strain after intramyocardial transfer of VM202 into infarcted swine myocardium," Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., Jun. 2008.
47. C. Pislaru, C. J. Bruce, P. C. Anagnostopoulos, J. L. Allen, J. B. Seward, P. A. Pellikka, E. L. Ritman, and J. F. Greenleaf, "Ultrasound strain imaging of altered myocardial stiffness: Stunned versus infarcted reperfused myocardium," Circulation, vol. 109, pp. 2905-10, Jun. 2004. (Pubitemid 38780306)
48. S. D. Zimmerman, W. J. Karlon, J. W. Holmes, J. H. Omens, and J. W. Covell, "Structural and mechanical factors influencing infarct scar collagen organization," Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., vol. 278, pp. H194-200, Jan. 2000. (Pubitemid 30101871)
49. J. M. Guccione, A. D. McCulloch, and L. K. Waldman, "Passive material properties of intact ventricular myocardium determined from a cylindrical model," J. Biomechan. Eng., vol. 113, pp. 42-55, 1991.
50. K. D. Costa, J. W. Holmes, and A. D. McCulloch, "Modeling cardiac mechanical properties in three dimensions," Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London Series A, vol. 359, pp. 1233-1250, 2001. (Pubitemid 33282160)
51. R. C. Kerckhoffs, S. G. Campbell, S. N. Flaim, E. J. Howard, J. Sierra-Aguado, L. J. Mulligan, and A. D. McCulloch, "Multi-scale modeling of excitation-contraction coupling in the normal and failing heart," in Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med.Biol. Soc., 2009, vol. 2009, pp. 4281-4282.
52. R. C. Kerckhoffs, J. Lumens, K. Vernooy, J. H. Omens, L. J. Mulligan, T. Delhaas, T. Arts, A. D. McCulloch, and F. W. Prinzen, "Cardiac resynchronization: Insight from experimental and computational models," Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., vol. 97, pp. 543-561, Jun./Jul. 2008.
53. W. Kroon, T. Delhaas, T. Arts, and P. Bovendeerd, "Computational modeling of volumetric soft tissue growth: Application to the cardiac left ventricle," Biomech. Model Mechanobiol., vol. 8, pp. 301-309, Aug. 2009.
54. W. Kroon, T. Delhaas, P. Bovendeerd, and T. Arts, "Structure and torsion in the normal and situs inversus totalis cardiac left ventricle. II. Modeling cardiac adaptation to mechanical load," Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., vol. 295, pp. H202-210, Jul. 2008.
55. W. Kroon, T. Delhaas, P. Bovendeerd, and T. Arts, "Computational analysis of the myocardial structure: Adaptation of cardiac myofiber orientations through deformation," Med Image Anal., vol. 13, pp. 346-353, Apr. 2009.
56. P. H. Bovendeerd, T. Arts, T. Delhaas, J. M. Huyghe, D. H. Van Campen, and R. S. Reneman, "Regional wall mechanics in the ischemic left ventricle: Numerical modeling and dog experiments," Am. J. Physiol., vol. 270, pp. H398-410, Jan. 1996.
57. K. D. Costa, P. J. Hunter, J. S.Wayne, L. K.Waldman, J. M. Guccione, and A. D. McCulloch, "A three-dimensional finite element method for large elastic deformations of ventricular myocardium: II-Prolate spheroidal coordinates," J. Biomechan. Eng., vol. 118, pp. 464-472, 1996. (Pubitemid 26397081)
58. F. J. Vetter and A. D. McCulloch, "Three-dimensional stress and strain in passive rabbit left ventricle: A model study," Ann. Biomed. Eng., vol. 28, pp. 781-792, Jul. 2000.
59. L. K. Waldman, D. Nosan, F. Villarreal, and J. W. Covell, "Relation between transmural deformation and local myofiber direction in canine left ventricle," Circ. Res., vol. 63, pp. 550-562, 1988.
60. J. H. Omens, K. D. May, and A. D. McCulloch, "Transmural distribution of three-dimensional strain in the isolated arrested canine left ventricle," Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circulation Physiol., vol. 261, pp. H918-928, 1991.
61. T. Arts, K. D. Costa, J. W. Covell, and A. D. McCulloch, "Relating myocardial laminar architecture to shear strain and muscle fiber orientation," Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circulatory Physiol., vol. 280, pp. H2222-2229, May 2001.
62. K. D. Costa, Y. Takayama, A. D. McCulloch, and J. W. Covell, "Laminar fiber architecture and three-dimensional systolic mechanics in canine ventricular myocardium," Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ., vol. 276, pp. H595-H607, 1999. (Pubitemid 29100628)
63. Y. Takayama, K. D. Costa, and J. W. Covell, "Contribution of laminar myofiber architecture to load-dependent changes in mechanics of LV myocardium," Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circulation Physiol., vol. 282, pp. H1510-1520, 2002. (Pubitemid 34654906)
64. I. J. Le Grice, Y. Takayama, and J. W. Covell, "Transverse shear along myocardial cleavage planes provides a mechanism for normal systolic wall thickening," Circulat. Res., vol. 77, pp. 182-193, 1995.
65. P. J. Hunter, A. J. Pullan, and B. H. Smaill, "Modeling total heart function," Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng., vol. 5, pp. 147-177, 2003. (Pubitemid 40125310)
66. M. P. Nash and P. J. Hunter, "Computational mechanics of the heart," J. Elasticity, vol. 61, 2000.
67. A. B. Dang, J. M. Guccione, P. Zhang, A. W.Wallace, R. C. Gorman, J. H. Gorman, and M. B. Ratcliffe, "Effect of ventricular size and patch stiffness in surgical anterior ventricular restoration: A finite element model study," Ann. Thorac. Surg., vol. 79, pp. 185-193, Jan. 2005. (Pubitemid 40037470)
68. J. M. Guccione, A. Salahieh, S. M. Moonly, J. Kortsmit, A. W. Wallace, and M. B. Ratcliffe, "Myosplint decreases wall stress without depressing function in the failing heart: A finite element model study," Ann. Thorac. Surg., vol. 76, pp. 1171-1180, Oct. 2003. (Pubitemid 37204728)
69. J. M. Guccione and A. D. McCulloch, "Mechanics of active contraction in cardiac muscle: Part I-Constitutive relations for fiber stress that describe deactivation," J. Biomechan. Eng., vol. 115, pp. 72-81, 1993. (Pubitemid 23073022)
70. J. M. Guccione and A. D. McCulloch, "Mechanics of active contraction in cardiac muscle: Part II-Constitutive relations for fiber stress that describe deactivation," J. Biomechan. Eng., vol. 115, pp. 82-90, 1993.
71. M. Sermesant, H. Delingette, and N. Ayache, "An electromechanical model of the heart for image analysis and simulation," IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 612-625, May 2006.
72. M. Sermesant, P. Moireau, O. Camara, J. Sainte-Marie, R. Andriantsimiavona, R. Cimrman, D. L. Hill, D. Chapelle, and R. Razavi, "Cardiac function estimation from MRI using a heart model and data assimilation: Advances and difficulties," Med. Image Anal., vol. 10, pp. 642-656, Aug. 2006. (Pubitemid 44177294)
73. J. C. Walker, M. B. Ratcliffe, P. Zhang, A. W. Wallace, E. W. Hsu, D. A. Saloner, and J. M. Guccione, "Magnetic resonance imagingbased finite element stress analysis after linear repair of left ventricular aneurysm," J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., vol. 135, pp. 1094-1102, May 2008.
74. E. R. McVeigh, F. W. Prinzen, B. T. Wyman, J. E. Tsitlik, H. R. Halperin, and W. C. Hunter, "Imaging asynchronous mechanical activation of the paced heart with tagged MRI," Magn. Reson. Med., vol. 39, pp. 507-513, Apr. 1998. (Pubitemid 28150983)
75. B. T.Wyman, W. C. Hunter, F.W. Prinzen, and E. R. McVeigh, "Mapping propagation of mechanical activation in the paced heart with MRI tagging," Am. J. Physiol., vol. 276, pp. H881-891, Mar. 1999. (Pubitemid 29157460)
76. H. Sugihara, N. Tamaki, M. Nozawa, T. Ohmura, Y. Inamoto, Y. Taniguchi, E. Aoki, K. Mitsunami, and M. Kinoshita, "Septal perfusion and wall thickening in patients with left bundle branch block assessed by technetium-99m-sestamibi gated tomography," J. Nucl. Med., vol. 38, pp. 545-547, Apr. 1997. (Pubitemid 27163645)
77. H. Mahrholdt, A. Zhydkov, S. Hager, G. Meinhardt, H. Vogelsberg, A. Wagner, and U. Sechtem, "Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities as well as reduced wall thickness can cause false positive results of routine SPECT perfusion imaging for detection of myocardial infarction," Eur. Heart J., vol. 26, pp. 2127-2135, Oct. 2005. (Pubitemid 41407995)
78. T. Kasai, E. G. Depuey, and A. A. Shah, "Decreased septal wall thickening in patients with left bundle branch block," J. Nucl. Cardiol., vol. 11, pp. 32-37, Jan./Feb. 2004. (Pubitemid 38219567)
79. A. I. Veress, G. M. Raymond, G. T. Gullberg, and J. B. Bassingthwaighte, "Coupled modeling of the left ventricle and the systemic circulatory system," SIAM News, vol. 42, Jun. 2009.
80. J. P. Cleutjens, W. M. Blankesteijn, M. J. Daemen, and J. F. Smits, "The infarcted myocardium: Simply dead tissue, or a lively target for therapeutic interventions," Cardiovasc. Res., vol. 44, pp. 232-341, Nov. 1999.
81. Y. Sun and K. T.Weber, "Infarct scar: A dynamic tissue," Cardiovasc. Res., vol. 46, pp. 250-256, May 2000. (Pubitemid 30204596)
82. I. E. Willems, M. G. Havenith, J. G. De Mey, and M. J. Daemen, "The alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells in healing human myocardial scars," Am. J. Pathol., vol. 145, pp. 868-875, Oct. 1994.
83. Y. Wu, H. F. Tse, and E. X. Wu, "Diffusion tensor MRI study of myocardium structural remodeling after infarction in porcine model," in Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 2006, vol. 1, pp. 1069-1072. (Pubitemid 46520052)
84. J. Dou, T. G. Reese, W. Y. Tseng, and V. J. Wedeen, "Cardiac diffusion MRI without motion effects," Magn. Reson. Med., vol. 48, pp. 105-114, 2002. (Pubitemid 34721593)
85. S. D. Zimmerman, J. Criscione, and J. W. Covell, "Remodeling in myocardium adjacent to an infarction in the pig left ventricle," Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., vol. 287, pp. H2697-2704, Dec. 2004. (Pubitemid 39557142)
86. E. X. Wu, Y. Wu, J. M. Nicholls, J. Wang, S. Liao, S. Zhu, C. P. Lau, and H. F. Tse, "MR diffusion tensor imaging study of postinfarct myocardium structural remodeling in a porcine model," Magn. Reson. Med., vol. 58, pp. 687-695, Oct. 2007. (Pubitemid 47556873)
87. Y. Wu, C. W. Chan, J. M. Nicholls, S. Liao, H. F. Tse, and E. X. Wu, "MR study of the effect of infarct size and location on left ventricular functional and microstructural alterations in porcine models," J. Magn. Reson. Imag., vol. 29, pp. 305-312, Feb. 2009.
88. A. J. Sinusas, X. Papdemetris, R. T. Constable, D. P. Dione, M. D. Slade, P. Shi, and J. S. Duncan, "Quantification of 3-D regional myocardial deformation: Shape-based analysis of magnetic resonance images," Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol., vol. 281, pp. H698-714, 2001.
89. H. Ashikaga, S. R. Mickelsen, D. B. Ennis, I. Rodriguez, P. Kellman, H. Wen, and E. R. McVeigh, "Electromechanical analysis of infarct border zone in chronic myocardial infarction," Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., vol. 289, pp. H1099-1105, Sep. 2005. (Pubitemid 41208952)