Significance of phenolic compounds in plant-soil-microbial systems

Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1991, Pages 63-121

  Siqueira, Jose O ^a   Hammerschmidt, Raymond ^a   Nair, Muraleedharan G ^b  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Departamento de Zootecnia   (Brazil)

Author keywords

allelochemicals; allelopathy; natural products; plant microbe relationship; plant phenolics; plant symbionts; secondary metabolites; signal molecules; soil microorganisms; symbiosis

Indexed keywords

EID: 79953753010     PISSN: 07352689     EISSN: 15497836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07352689109382307     Document Type: Article

References (518)

1. Stumpf, P. K. and Conn, E. E., The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. 7, Secondary Plant Products, Academic Press, New York, 1981.
2. Bell, E. A. and Charlwood, B. V., Secondary Plant Products, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1980.
3. Geissman, T. A. and Crout, D. H. G., Organic Chemistry of Secondary Plant Metabolism, Freeman, Cooper, San Francisco, 1969, 592.
4. Waterman, P. G. and Mole, S., Extrinsic factors influencing production of metabolites in plants, in Insect-Plant Interactions, Bemays, E. A., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989, chap. 4.
5. von Wettstein, D. and Chua, N. H., Plant Molecular Biology, Plenum Press, New York, 1987.
6. Swain, T., Harborne, J. B., and Van Sumere, C. F., Biochemistry of Plant Phenolics, Plenum Press, New York, 1979.
7. Harborne, J. B., Plant phenolics, in Secondary Plant Products, Bell, E. A. and Charlwood, B. V., Eds., Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1980, chap. 6.
8. Vidhyasekaran, P., Physiology of Disease Resistance in plants, VoL 1, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1988.
9. Waller, G. R., Allelochemicals Role in Agriculture and Forestry, ACS Symp. 330, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1987.
10. Rice, E. L., Allelopathy, Academic Press, Orlando FL, 1984.
11. Putnam, A. R. and Tang, C. S., The Science of Allelopathy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986.
12. Lynn, D. G. and Chang, M. Phenolic signals in cohabitation: Implications for plant development, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 41, 497, 1990.
13. Cody, V., Middleton, E., Jr., Harborne, J. B., and Beretz, A., Plant Flavanoids in Biology and Medicine, Vol. 2, Biochemical, Cellular, and Medicinal Properties, Alan R. Liss, New York, 1987.
14. Adams, N. R., Phytoestrogens, in Toxicants of Plant Origin, Vol. 4, Phenolics, Cheeke, P. R., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989, chap. 2.
15. Beier, R. C., Natural pesticides and bioactive compounds in foods, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 113, 47, 1990.
16. Haider, K., Martin, J. P., and Flip Z. Humus biochemistry, in Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 4, Paul, E. A., Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1975, chap. 6.
17. Martin, and Focht, Biological properties of soils, in Soils for Management of Organic Wastes and Waste Water, Elliott, L. F. and Stevenson, F. J., Eds., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, 1977, chap. 20.
18. Peters, N. K. and Verma, D. P. S., Phenolic compounds as regulators of gene expression in plant-microbe interactions, Mol. Plant-Microbe Int., 3, 4, 1990.
19. Gross, G. G., Phenolic acids, in The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. 7, Secondary Plant Products, Conn, E., Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1981, 301.
20. Hahlbrock, K. and Scheel, Physiology and molecular biology of phenylpropanoid metabolism, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 40, 347, 1989.
21. Gershenzon, J., Changes in the level of plant secondary metabolites under water and nutrient stress, Recent Adv. Phytochem., 18, 273, 1984.
22. Cramer, C. L. and Radin, D. N., Molecular biology of plants, in Biotechnology of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Nakas, J. P. and Hagedorn C., Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990, chap. 1.
23. Markham, K. R., Techniques of Flavonoid Identification, Academic Press, New York, 1982.
24. Barz, W. and Koster, J., Turnover and degradation of secondary natural products, in The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol, 7, Secondary Plant Products, Academic Press, New York, 1981, chap. 3.
25. Margna, U., Control at the level of substrate supply: An alternative in the regulation of phenylpropanoid accumulation in plant cells, Phytochemistry, 16, 419, 1977.
26. Hartley, R. D. and Harris, P. J., Phenolic constituents of the cell walls of dicotyledons, Biochem. Systematics Ecol. 9, 189, 1981.
27. Smith, M. M. and Hartley, R. D., Occurrence and nature of ferulic acid substitution of cell-wall poly-saccharides in grarninaceous plants, Carbohydr. Res., 118, 65, 1983.
28. Ford, C. W. and Hartley, R. D., Cyclodimers of p-coumaric and ferulic acids in the cell walls of tropical grasses, J. Sci. Food Agric., 50, 29, 1990.
29. Reimer, J. and Whittaker, J. B., Air pollution and insect herbivores: Observed interactions and possible mechanisms, in Insect-Plant Interactions, Vol. 1, Bernays E. A. Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989, chap. 3.
30. Osman, S. F. and Fett, E. F., Isoflavone glucoside stress metabolites of soybean leaves, Phytochemistry, 22, 1921, 1983.
31. Tang, C. S. and Young, C. C., Collection and identification of allelopathic compounds from the undisturbed root system of Bigalta Limpograss (Her-marthria altissima), Plant Physiol., 69, 155, 1982.
32. Kovacs, M. F., Jr., Identification of aliphatic and aromatic acids in root and seed exudates of peas, cotton, and barley, Plant Soil, 34, 441, 1971.
33. D&Arcy A. L., Etude des exsudats recinaires de soja et de lentille, Plant Soil, 68, 399, 1982.
34. Rao, A. S., Root flavonoids, Bat. Rev., 56, 1, 1990.
35. Koster, J., Strack, D., and Barz, W., High performance liquid chromatographic separation of isoflavone and structural elucidation of isoflavone-7-O-glucoside 6”-nalonates from Cicer arietinum Planta Med., 48, 131, 1983.
36. Hartley, R. D. and Whitehead, D. C., Phenolic acids in soils and their influence on plant growth and soil microbial processes, in Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity, Vaughan, D. and Malcolm, R. E., Eds., Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht 1985, chap. 3.
37. Wang, T. S. C., Yang, T. K., and Chuang, T. T., Soil phenolics acids as plant growth inhibitors, Soil Sci., 103, 239, 1967.
38. Whitehead, D. C., Buchan, H., and Hartley, R. D., Composition and decomposition of roots of ryegrass and red clover, Soil Biochem., 11, 619, 1979.
39. Whitehead, D. C., Dibb, H., and Hartley, R. D., Bound phenolic compounds in water extracts of soils plant roots and leaf litter, Soil Biol. Biochem., 15, 133, 1983.
40. Carballeira, A. and Cuervo, A., Seasonal variation in allelopathic potential of soils from Erica australis L. heathland, Acta Oecol., 1, 345, 1980.
41. Whitehead, D. C., Dibb, H., and Hartley, R. D., Phenolic compounds in soil as influenced by the growth of different plant species, J. Appl. Ecol, 19, 579, 1982.
42. Granato, T. C., Banwart, W. L., Porter, P. M., and Hassett, J. J., Effect of variety and stage of growth on potential allelochemic compounds in soybean roots, J. Chem. Ecol., 9, 1281, 1983.
43. Newby, V. K., Sablon, R. M., Synge, R. L. M., Vande Casteel, K., and Van Sumere, C. F., Free and bound phenolic acids of lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. Europe), Phytochemistry, 19, 651, 1980.
44. Whitehead, D. C., Dibb, H., and Hartley, R. D., Extractant pH and the release of phenolic compounds from soils, plant roots and leaf litter, Soil Biol. Biochem., 13, 343, 1978.
45. Salornonsson A. C., Theander, O. and Aman, P. Quantitative determination by GLC of phenolic acids as ethyl derivatives in cereal straws, J. Agric. Food Chem. 26, 830, 1978.
46. Rossiter, R. C. and Beck, A. B., Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavonoids in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum). V. Ontogenic changes, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 18, 561, 1967.
47. Wender, S. H., Effects of some environmental stress factors on certain phenolic compounds in tobacco, Recent Adv. Phytochem., 3, 2, 1970.
48. Balsberg Pahlsson, A.-M., Mineral nutrients, carbohydrates and phenolic compounds in leaves of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in southern Sweden as related to environmental factors, Tree Physiol., 5, 485, 1989.
49. DiCosmo, F. and Towers, G. H. N., Stress and secondary metabolism in cultured plant cells, Recent Adv. Phytochem., 18, 97, 1984.
50. Patrick, Z. A., Phytotoxic substances associated with the decomposition in soil of plant residue, Soil Sci. 111, 13, 1971.
51. Dao, T. H., Sorption and mineralization of plant phenolic acids in soil, in Allelochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry, Waller, G. R., Ed., ACS Symp. Ser., American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 1987, chap. 33.
52. Elliott, L. F. and Cheng, H. H., Assessment of allelopathy among microbes and plants, in Allelo-pathy: Role in Agriculture and Forestry, Waller, G. R., Ed., ACS Symp. Ser., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1987, chap. 45.
53. Wang, T. S. C., Li, S. W. and Ferng, Y. L., Catalytic polymerization of phenolic compounds by clay minerals, Soil Sci., 126, 15, 1978.
54. Huang, P. M., Wang, T. S. C., Wang, M. K., Wu, M. H., and Hsu, N. W., Retention of phenolic acids by noncrystalline hydroxy-aluminum and iron compounds and clay minerals of soils, Soil Sci., 123, 213, 1977.
55. Dalton, B. R., Blum, U., and Weed, S. B., Differential sorption of exogenously applied ferulic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, and vanillic acids in soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 53, 757, 1989.
56. Garraway, J. J. and Ramirez, A. M. E. Phenolic acids in pig slurry subjected to various treatment processes, J. Sci. FoodAgr., 33, 697, 1982.
57. Kosinkiewicz, B., Occurrence of phenolic acids in soil fertilized with liquid manure, in Soil Biology and Conservation of the Biosphere, Szegi, J., Ed., Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 1984, 145.
58. Dagley, S., The microbial metabolism of phenolics, in Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 1, McLaren, A. D. and Peterson, G. H., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1967, 287.
59. Flaig, W., Organic compounds in soil, Soil Sci., 111, 19, 1971.
60. Oleszek, W. and Jurzysta, M., The allelopathic potential of alfalfa root medicagenic acidilycosides and their fate in soil environments, Plant Soil 98, 67, 1987.
61. Lodhi, M. A. K., Soil-plant phytotoxicity and its possible significance in patterning of herbaceous vegetation in a bottomland forest, Am. J. Bot., 62, 618, 1975.
62. Chou, C. H. and Lin, H. J., Auto-intoxication mechanism of Oryza sativa. I. Phytotoxic effects of decomposing rice residues in soil, J. Chem. Ecol. 2, 353, 1976.
63. Hartley, R. D., Jones, E. C., and Wood, T. M., Carbohydrates and carbohydrates esters of ferulic acid released from cell walls of Lolium multiflorum by treatment with cellulolytic enzymes, Phytochemistry, 15, 305, 1976.
64. Healy, J. B., Jr., Young, L. Y., and Reinhard, M., Methanogenic decomposition of ferulic acid, a model lignin derivative, Appl. Environ. Microbial. 39, 436.
65. Chesson, A. Stewert, C. S., and Wallace, R. J., Influence of plant phenolic acids on growth and cellulolytic activity of rumen bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 44, 597, 1982.
66. Hartley, R. D., Carbohydrate esters of ferulic acid as components of cell walls of Lolium multiflorum, Phytochemistry, 12, 661, 1973.
67. Dalton, B. R., Physiochemical and biological processes affecting the recovery of exogenously applied ferulic acid from tropical forest soils, Plant Soil, 115, 13, 1989.
68. Haider, K., and Martin, J. P., Decomposition of specifically carbon-14 labelled benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives in soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 31, 776, 1967.
69. Martin, J. P., Haider, K., and Wolf, D., Synthesis of phenols and phenolic polymers by Hendersonula toruloidea in relation to humic acid formation, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 36, 311, 1972.
70. Martin, J. P. and Haider, K., Decomposition of specifically carbon-14-IabeIled ferulic acid: Free and linked into model humic acidtype polymers, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 40, 377, 1976.
71. Turner, J. A. and Rice, E. L., Microbial decomposition of ferulic acid in soil, J. Chem. Ecol., 1, 41, 1975.
72. Guenzi, W. D. and McCalla, T. M., Phytotoxic substances, extracted from soil, Soil Sci. Am. Proc., 30, 214, 1966.
73. Tamura, S., Chang, C. F., Suzuki, A., and Kumai, S., Chemical studies on “clover sickness”, Agric. Biol. Chem., 33, 391 1969.
74. Katase, T., The different forms in which p-coumaric acid exists in a peat soil, Soil Sci., 131, 271, 1981.
75. Katase, T., Distribution of different forms of p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids in forest soil, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 27, 365, 1981.
76. Shindo, H., Marumoto, T., and Higashi, T., Behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of plants. X. Distribution of phenolic acids in soils of greenhouses and fields, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 25, 591, 1979.
77. Hartley, R. D. and Buchan, H., High-performance liquid chromatography of phenolic acids and aldehydes derived from plants or from the decomposition of organic matter in soil, J. Chrornatogr. 180, 139, 1979.
78. Hunts, H. W., Coleman, D. C., Ingham, E. R., Elliot, E. T., Moore, J. C., Rose, S. K., Reid, C. P. P., and Morley, C. R., The dentrital food web in shortgrass prairie, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 3, 57, 1987.
79. Woodmansee, R. G., Dodd, J. L., Bowman, R. A., Clarke, F. E., and Dickinson, C. E., Nitrogen budget of a shortgrass prairie ecosystem, Oecologia, 34, 363, 1978.
80. Guenzi, W. D. and McCalla, T. M., Phenolic acids in oats, wheat, sorghum and com residues and their phytotoxicity, Agron. J., 58, 303, 1966. 81.
81. Haider, K. and Martin, J. P., Synthesis and transformations of phenolic compounds by Epicoccum nigrum in relation to humic acid formation, Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 31, 657, 1975.
82. Kassim, G., Stott, D. E., Martin, J. P., and Haider, K., Stabilization and incorporation into biomass of phenolic and benzenoid carbons during biodegration in soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 46, 305, 1982.
83. Shindo, H. and Kuwatsuka, S., Behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of plants. III. Degradation pathway of phenolic acids, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 21, 227, 1975.
84. Crowden, R. K., Biosynthesis of the polyphenic acid metabolites of Polyporous tumulosus Cooke., Can. J. Microbiol., 13, 181, 1967.
85. Power, D. M., Towers, G. H. N., and Neish, A. C., Biosynthesis of phenolic acids by certain wood-destroying basidiomycetes, Can. J. Biochem., 43, 1397, 1965.
86. Boyer, R. F., Clark, H., and Sanchez, S., Solubilization of ferrihydrite iron by plant phenolics: A model for rhizosphere processes, J. Plant Nutr., 12, 1989.
87. Romheld, V. and Marschner, H., Mechanism of iron uptake by peanut plants. I. Fe3 reduction, chelate splitting and release of phenolics, Plant Physiol., 71, 949, 1983.
88. Shindo, H. and Kuwatsuka, S., Behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of plants. V. Elution of heavy metals with phenolic acids from soil, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 23, 185, 1977.
89. Dalton, B. R., Weed, S. B., and Blum, U., Plant phenolic acids in soils: A comparison of extraction procedures, Soil Sci. Soc. Am J., 51, 1515, 1987.
90. Morita, H., Changes in phenolic composition of a peat soil due to cultivation, Soil Sci., 131; 30, 1981.
91. Blum, U., Weed, S. B., and Dalton, B. R., Influence of various soil factors on the effects of ferulic acid on leaf expansion on cucumber seedlings, Plant Soil, 98, 111, 1987.
92. Dalton, B. R., Blum, U., and Weed, S. B., Allelopathic substances in ecosystems: Effectiveness of sterile soil components in altering recovery of ferulic acid, J. Chem. Ecol., 9, 1185, 1983.
93. Shindo, H. and Kuwatsuka, S., Behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of plants. IV. Adsorption and movement of phenolic acids in soils, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 22, 23, 1976.
94. Chou, C. H. and Young, C. C., Phytotoxic substances in twelve subtropical grasses, J. Chem. Ecol., 1, 183, 1975.
95. Read, J. J. and Jensen, E. H., Phytotoxicity of water-soluble substances from alfalfa and barely soil extracts on four crop species, J. Chem. Ecol., 15, 619, 1989.
96. Chang, C.-F., Suzuki, A., Kumai, S. and Tamura, S., Chemical studies on “clover sickness”. II. Biological functions of isoflavonoids and their related compounds, Agric. Biol. Chem., 33, 398, 1969.
97. Kaminsky, R. and Muller, W. H., The extraction of soil phytotoxins using a neutral EDTA solution, Soil Sci., 124, 205, 1977.
98. Walker, D. W., Hubbell, T. J., and Sedberry, J. E., Influence of decaying sweet potato crop residues on nutrient uptake of sweet potato plants, Agric. Ecosyst., Environ 26, 45, 1989.
99. Sparling, G. P., Ord, B. G., and Vaughan, D., Changes in microbial biomass and activity in soils amended with phenolic acids, Soil Biol. Biochem., 13, 455, 1981.
100. Sparling, G. P. and Vaughan, D., Soil phenolic acids and microbes in relation to plant growth, J. Sci. Food Agric., 32, 625, 1981.
101. Vancura, V. and Kunc F., Soil Microbial Associations Control of Structure and Functions, Elsevier Amsterdam, 1988.
102. Vaughan, D., Sparling, G. P., and Ord, B. G., Amelioration of the phytotoxicity of phenolic acids by some soil microbes, Soil Biol. Biochem., 15, 613, 1983.
103. Wat, C. K. and Towers, G. H. N., Metabolism of the aromatic acids by fungi, in Biochemistry of Plant Phenolics, Swain, T., Harbome, J. B., and Van Su-mere, C. F., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, 1979, 371.
104. Blum, U. and Shafer, S. R., Microbial populations and phenolic acids in soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 20, 793, 1988.
105. Rahouti, M., Seigle-Murandi, F., Steiman, R., and Eriksson, K. E., Metabolism of ferulic acid by Paecilomyces variotii and Pestalotia palmarum, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 55, 2391, 1989.
106. Willeke, U. and Barz, W., Catabolism of 5-hydroxyisoflavones by fungi of the genus, Fusarium, Arch. Microbial. 132, 266, 1982.
107. Schlieper, D. and Barz W., NADPH: Biochanin A oxidoreductase from the fungus, Fusarium javanicurn Phytochemistm 26, 2495, 1987.
108. Barz, W., Isolation of rhizosphere bacterium capable of degrading flavonoids, Phytochemistry, 9, 1745, 1970.
109. Barnes, J. P. and Putnam, A. R., Rye residues contribute weed suppression in no-tillage cropping systems, J. Chem. Ecol., 9, 1045, 1983.
110. Barnes, J. P. and Putnam, A. R., Evidence for allelopathy by residues and aqueous extracts of rye (Secale cereale L.), Weed Sci. 34, 384, 1986.
111. Barnes, J. P. and Putnam, A. R., Role of benzoxazinones in allelopathy by rye (Secale cereale L.), J. Chem. Ecol., 13, 889, 1987.
112. Barnes, J. P. Putnam, A. R., Burke, B. A., and Aasen, A. J., Isolation and characterization of allelochemicals in rye herbage, Phytochemistry, 26, 1385, 1987.
113. Chou, C. H. and Patrick, Z. A., Identification and phytotoxic activity of compounds produced during decomposition of rye and com residues in soil, J. Chem. Ecol., 2, 369, 1976.
114. Nair, M. G., Whitenack, C. J., and Putnam, A. R., 2,2'Oxo-l,l'azobenzene: A microbially transformed allelochemical from 2,3-benzoxazolinone. I, J. Chem. Ecol., 16, 353, 1990.
115. Chase, W., Nair, M. G., Putnam, A. R., and Mishra, S., Microbial transformation of rye (Secale cereale L.) allelochemical in field soils by Acineto-bacter calcoacetius, J. Chem. Ecol., submitted.
116. Beauchamp, E. G., Trevors, J. T., and Paul, J. W., Carbon sources for bacterial denitrification, Adv. Soil Scii 10, 113, 1989.
117. Boyle, M., The environmental microbiology of chlorinated aromatic decomposition, J. Environ. Quell. 18, 1395, 1989.
118. Wallnofer, P. R. and Engelhardt, G., Microbial degradation of pesticides, in Chemistry of Plant Protection, Vol. 2, Haug, G. and Hoffman, H., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1989, 1.
119. Allegrio, L. V., Braz-Filho, R., and Gottlieb, O. R., Diarrylheptanoids and isoflavonoids from Centrolobium species, Phytochernistry 28, 2359, 1989.
120. Naim, M., Cestetner, B., Zilkah, S., Birk, Y., and Bondi, A., Soybean isoflavones: Characterization determination and anti-fungal activity, J. Agric. Food Chem., 22, 806, 1974.
121. Manikumar, G. Gaetano, K. Wani, M. C. Taylor, H., Hughes, T. J., Warner, J., McGinley, R. and Wall, M. E., Plant antirnutagenic agents. V. Isolation and structure of two new isoflavones, fremontin and fremontone from Psorothamnus fremontii, J. Nat. Prod., 52, 769, 1989.
122. Barz, W., Adamek, C. H., and Berlin, J., The degradation of formononetin and daidzein in Cicer arietinum and Phaseolus aureus L., Natutforschung 24, 1735, 1969.
123. Nair, M. G., Epp, M. D., and Burke, B. A., Ferulate esters of higher fatty alcohols and allelopathy in Kalanchoe daigremontiana, J. Chem. Ecol., 14, 589, 1988.
124. Stahl, E., Thin-Layer Chromatography. A Laboratory Handbook, 2nd ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1969.
125. Julkunen-Titto, R., Phenolic constitutents in the leaves of Northern Willows: Methods for the analysis of certain phenolics, J. Agric. Food Chem., 33, 213, 1985.
126. Mole, S. and Waterman, P. G., A critical analysis of techniques for measuring tannins in ecological studies, Oecologia (Berlin), 72, 137, 1987.
127. Maxson, E. D. and Rooney, L. W., Evaluation of methods for tannins analysis in sorghum grains, Cereal Chem., 49, 719, 1972.
128. Hagerman, A. E. and Butler, L. G., Protein precipitation method for the quantitative determination of tannins, J. Agric. Food Chem., 26, 809, 1978. 129.
129. Burke, B. and Nair, M., Phenylpropene, benzoic acid and flavonoid derivatives from fruits of Jamaican Piper species, Phytochemistry, 25, 1427, 1986
130. Nair, M. G., Sommerville, J., and Burke, B. A., Phenyl propenoids from roots of Piper auritium, Phytochemistry, 28, 654, 1989.
131. Nair, M. G. and Burke, B. A., A new fatty acid methylester and other biologically active compounds from Aspergillus niger, Phytochemistry, 27, 3169, 1988.
132. Guggolz, J., Livingston, A., and Bickoff, E. M., Detection of daidzein, formononetin, genistein and biochanin A in forages, J. Agric. Food Chem., 9, 330, 1961.
133. Porter, P. M., Banwart, W. L., and Hassett, J. J., HPLC isolation and GC-MS identification of genistein, daidzein and coumesterol from unhydrolysed soybean root extracts, Environ Exp. Bot., 25, 229, 1985.
134. Scaringetti, F. P., Schultz, T. P., and Goldstein, I. S., Gas chromatographic analysis of phenolic compounds from lignin, Anal. Lett., 13, 261, 1980.
135. Zlatkis, A., Beatsh, W., Lichtenstein, H. A., Fisbee, A., Shunbo, F., Liebich, H. M., Coscia, A. M., and Fleischer, N., Profile of metabolites in urine by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 45, 763, 1973.
136. Hartung, A. C., Nair, M. G., and Putnam, A. R., Isolation and characterization of phytotoxic compounds from Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) roots, J. Chem. Ecol., 16, 1707, 1990.
137. Weston, L. A., Burke, B. A., and Putnam, A. R., Isolation, characterization, and activity of phytotoxic compounds from quackgrass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.), J. Chem. Ecol., 13, 403, 1987.
138. Dyer, J., Application of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, Rinehart, K. L., Jr., Ed., Prentice-Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965, chap. 3.
139. Cooper, J. W., Spectroscopic Techniques for Organic Chemists, John Wiley'Sons, New York, 1980, chap. 2.
140. Rinehart, K. L., Application of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965.
141. Voirin, B., UV spectral differentiation of 5-hydroxy-and 5-hydroxy-3-methoxyflavones with mono-(4), di-(3',4') or tri-(3&,4&,5&)-substituted B rings, Phytochemistry, 22, 2107, 1983.
142. Mabry, T. J., Markham, K. R., and Thomas, M. B., The Systematic Identification of Flavonoids, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1970, 227.
143. Tahara, S., Orihara, S., Ingham, J. L., and Mizutani, J., Seventeen isoflavonoids from Lupinus albus roots, Phytochemistry, 28, 901, 1989.
144. Lasswell, W. L., Jr. and Hufford C. D., Cytotoxic C-benzylated flavonoids from Uvaria chamae, J. Org. Chem., 42, 1295, 1977.
145. Pelter, A., Wardand, R. S., and Gray, T. I., The carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of flavonoids and related compounds, Perkin Trans. I, 2475, 1976.
146. El-Sohly, H. A., Lasswell, W. L., Jr., and Hufford, C. D., Two new C-benzylated flavonones from Uvaria chamae and.,C NMR analysis of flavonone methyl ethers, J. Nat. Prod., 264, 1979.
147. Kingsbury, C. A. and Looker, J. H., Carbon-13 spectra of methoxyflavones,J. Org. Chem., 40, 1120, 1975.
148. Mabry, T. J. and Ulubelen, A., Biochemical Applications of Mass Spectrometry, Waller, G. R. and Dermer, O., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980, 1131.
149. Madhusudhanan, K. P., Sachdev, K., Harrison, D. A. and Kulshreshtha, D. K., Negative ion mass spectra of flavonoids, J. Nat. Prod., 48, 319, 1985.
150. Einhellig, F. A., Mechanisms and modes of action of allelochemicals, in The Science of Allelopathy, Putnam, A. R. and Tang, C.-S., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, chap. 10.
151. Leather, G. R. and Einhellig, F. A., Bioassays in the study of allelopathy, in The Science of Allelopathy, Putnam, A. R. and Tang, C.-S., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, chap. 8.
152. Jacobs, M. and Rubery, P. H., Naturally occurring auxin transport regulators, Science, 241, 346, 1988.
153. Smith, C. E., Orr, D., and Lynn, D. G., Chemical communication and the control of development, in Natural Product Isolation: Separation Methods for Anti-Microbials, Antivirals, and Enzyme Inhibitors, Wagman, G. H. and Cooper, R., Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989, 561
154. Putnam, A. R. Allelochemicals: Blessings or curses for agriculture?, Agric. Food Chem., 1, 183, 1988.
155. Brown, S. A., Coumarins, in The Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. 7, Secondary Plant Products, Stumpf, P. R. and Conn, E. E., Eds., Academic Press, NewYork, 1981, chap. 10.
156. Barnes, J. P., Putnam, A. R., and Burke, B. A., Allelopathic activity of rye (Secale cereale L.), in The Science of Allelopathy, Putnam, A. R. and Tang, C.-S., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, chap. 16.
157. Chou, C.-H., The role of allelopathy in subtropical agroecosystems in Taiwan, in The Science of Allelopathy, Putnam, A. R. and Tang, C.-S., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, chap. 4.
158. Young, C.-C., Autointoxication of Asparagus officinalis L., in The Science of Allelopathy, Putnam, A. R. and Tang, C.-S., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, chap. 6.
159. Waller, G. R., Kumari, D., Friedman, J., Friedman, N., and Chou, C.-H., Caffeine autotoxicity in Coffea arabica L., in The Science of Allelopathy, Putnam, A. R. and Tang, C.-S., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, chap. 15.
160. Van Sumere, C. F., Cottenie, J., De Greef, J., and Kint, J., Biochemical studies in relation to the possible germination regulatory role of naturally occurring coumarin and phenolics, Recent Adv. Phytochem., 4, 165, 1972.
161. Rice, E., Allelopathy: An overview, in Allelochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry, Waller, G. R., Ed., ACS Symp. Ser., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1987, chap. 2.
162. Schreiner, O. and Reed, H. S., The toxic action of certain organic plant constituents, Bot. Gaz., 45, 73, 1908.
163. Niemeyer, H. M., Hydroxamic acids (4-hydroxy-l,4-benzoxazin-3-ones), defence chemicals in the gramineae, Phytochemistry, 27, 3349, 1988.
164. Hennequin, J. R. and Juste, C., Presence d&acides phenols libres dans le sol. Etude de leur influence sur la germination et la croissance des vegetaux, Ann. Agron., 18, 545, 1967.
165. Chandramohan, D., Purushothaman, D., and Kothandaraman, R., Soil phenolics and plant growth inhibition, Plant Soil, 39, 303, 1973.
166. Toai, T. V. and Linscott, D. L., Phytotoxic effects of decaying quackgrass (Agropyron repens) residues, Weed Sci., 27,595, 1979.
167. Patterson, D. T., Effects of allelopathic chemicals on growth and physiological responses of soybean (Glycine max), Weed Sci., 29, 53, 1987.
168. Perez, F. J., Allelopathic effect of hydroxamic acids from cereals on Avena sativa and A. Fatua, Phytochemistry, 29, 773, 1990.
169. Fisher, R. F., Juglone inhibits pine growth under certain moisture regimes, Soil Sci., Soc. Am. J., 42, 801, 1978.
170. Wang, T. S. C., Yang, T.-K., and Chuang, T.-T., Soil phenolic acids as plant growth inhibitors, Soil Sci., 103, 239, 1967.
171. Fisher, R. F., Allelopathy: A potential cause of forest regeneration failure, in Allelochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry, Waller, G. R., Ed., ACS Symp. Ser. No. 330, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1987, chap. 16.
172. Krogmeier, M. J. and Bremner, J. M., Effects of phenolic acids on seed germination and seedling growth in Soil. Biol. Feral. Soils, 8, 116, 1989.
173. Elliott, L. F., McCalla, T. M., and Wais, A., Phytotoxicity associated with residue management, in Crop Residue Management Systems, Oschwald W. R., Ed., Publ. No. 31, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, 1978, 131.
174. Woodhead, S., Environmental and biotic factors affecting the phenolic content of different cultivars of Sorghum bicolor, J. Chem. Ecol., 7, 1035, 1981.
175. Stowe, L. G. and Osborn, A., The influence of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on the phytotoxicity of phenolic compounds, Can. J. Bot., 58,1149,1980.
176. Shaner, D. L., Sites of actions of herbicides in amino acid metabolism: Primary and secondary physiological effects, Recent Adv. Phytochem., 23, 227, 1989.
177. Hoagland, R. E., Interaction of indoleacetic acid and glyphosate on phenolic metabolism in soybeans, Pestic. Biochem. Physiol.,36, 68, 1990.
178. Schulz, A., Wengenmayer, F., and Goodman, H. M., Genetic engineering of herbicide resistance in higher plants, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 9, 1, 1990.
179. Whitehead, D. C., Identification of p-hydroxybenzoic vanillic, p-coumaric and ferulic acid in soils, Nature, 202, 417, 1964.
180. Winter, A. G., New physiological and biological aspects in the relationship between higher plants, Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol., 15, 229, 1961.
181. Avers, C. J. and Goodwin, R. H., Studies on roots. IV. Effects of coumarin and scopoletin on the standard root growth pattern of Phloeum pratense, Am. J. Bot., 43, 612, 1956.
182. Fay, P. K. and Duke, W. B., An assessment of allelopathic potential in avena germoplasm, Weed Sci., 25, 224, 1977.
183. Baskin, J. M., Ludlow, C. J., Harris, T. M., and Wolf, F. T., Psoralen, an inhibitor in the seed of Psoralea subacaulis (Lequnrinosa), Phytochemistry, 6, 1209, 1967.
184. Beier, R. C., Ivie, G. W., and Oertli, E. H., Psoralens as phytoalexins in food plants family umbel-liferae significance in relation to storage and processing, in Xenobiotics in Foods and Feeds, Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. Vol. 234, Finely, J. W. and Schwass, D. E., Eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1983, 295.
185. Beier, R. C. and Oertli, E. H., Psoralen and other linear furanocoumarins as phytoalexins in celery, Phytochemistry, 22, 2595, 1983.
186. Knogge, W., Kombrink, E., Schmelzer, E., and Hahlbrock, K., Occurrence of phytoalexins and other putative defense-related substances in uninfected parsley plants, Planta, 171,279, 1987.
187. Tietjen, K. G., Humkler, D., and Matern, U., Differential response of cultured parsley cells to elicitors from two non-pathogenic strains of fungi. I. Identification of induced products as coumarin derivatives, Eur. J. Biochem., 131, 401, 1983.
188. Johnson, C., Brannon, D. R., and Kuc, J., Xanthotoxin. A phytoalexin of Pastinaca sativa root, Phytochemistry, 12, 2961, 1973.
189. Zaynoun, S. T., Aftimos, B. G., Ali, L. A., Tenekjiankk, K. K., Khalidi, U., and Kurban, A. K., Ficus carica, isolation and quantification of the photoactive components, Contact Dermatitis, 11, 21, 1984.
190. Tang, T. S. and Zhang, B., Qualitative and quantitative determination of the allelochemical sphere of germinating mung bean, in The Science of Allelopathy, Putnam, A. R. and Tang, C. S., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, 229.
191. Einhellig, F. A., Interactions among allelochemicals and other stress factors of the plant environment, in Allelochemicals Role in Agriculture and Forestry, Waller, G. R., Ed., ACS Symp. Ser. No. 330, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1987, chap. 32.
192. Shilling, D. G. and Yoshikawa, F., A rapid seeding bioassay for the study of allelopathy, in Allelochemicals Role in Agriculture and Forestry, Waller, G. R., Ed., ACS Symp. Ser. No. 330, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1987, chap. 31.
193. Putnam, A. R., Allelopathy: Problems and opportunities in weed management, in Agroecosystems: Ecological Approach, Altieri, M. A. and Liebman, M., Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1988, chap. 6.
194. Moreland, D. E. and Novitsky, W. P., Effects of phenolic acids, coumarins, and flavonoids on isolated chloroplasts and mitochondria, in Allelochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry, Waller, G. R., Ed., ACS Symp. Ser. No. 330, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1987, chap. 23.
195. Moreland, D. E. and Novitsky, W. P., Interference by flavone and flavonoids with chloroplastmediated electron transport and phosphorylation, Phytochemistry, 27, 3359, 1988.
196. Moreland, D. E. and Novitsky, W. P. Interference by luteolin, quercetin, and taxifolin with chloroplast-mediated electron transport and phosphorylation, Plant Soil, 98, 145, 1987.
197. Demos, E. K., Woolwine, M., Wilson, R. H., and McMillan, C., The effects of ten phenolic compounds on hypocotyl growth and mitochondrial metabolism of mung bean, Am. J. Bot., 97, 1975.
198. Klein, K. and Blum, U., Inhibition of cucumber leaf expansion by ferulic acid in splitroot experiments, J. Chem. Ecol, 16, 455, 1990.
199. Stenlid, G., The effects of flavonoid compounds on oxidative phosphorylation and on the enzymatic destruction of indoleacetic acid, Physiol. Plant., 16, 110, 1963.
200. Einhellig, F. A. and Rasmusses, J. A., Effects of three phenolic acids on chlorophyll content and growth of soybean and grain sorghum seedlings, J. Chem. Ecol. 5, 815, 1979.
201. Curir, P., VanSumere, C. F. Termini, A. Barthe, P., Marchesini, A., and Dolci, M., Flavonoid accumulation is correlated with adventitious roots formation in Eucalyptus gunnii Hook micropropagated through axillary bud stimulation, Plant Physiol., 92, 1148, 1990.
202. Stenlid, G., On the physiological effects of phlorizin, phloretin and some related substances upon higher plants, Physiol. Plant., 21, 882, 1968.
203. Glass, A. D. M. and Dunlop, J., Influence of phenolic acids on ion uptake. IV. Depolarization of membrane potentials, Plant Physiol., 54, 855, 1974.
204. Jaques, U., Koster, J., and Barz, W., Differential turnover of isoflavone 7-0-malonates in Cicer arietinum Phytochemistry, 24, 949, 1985.
205. Ray, S. D., Guruprasad, K. N., and Laloraya, M. M., Antagonistic action of phenolic compounds on abscisic acid induced inhibition of hypocotyl growth, J. Exp. Bot., 31, 1651, 1980.
206. Kefeli, V. I. and Dashek, W. V., Non-hormonal stimulants and inhibitors of plant growth and development Biol. Rev., 59, 273, 1984.
207. Considine, P. J. and Patchling, J. W., Ethylene production by microorganisms grown on phenolic acids, Ann. Appl. Ecol. 81, 115, 1975.
208. Buchholtz, K. P. The influence of allelopathy on mineral nutrition, in Biochemical Interactions Among Plants, U.S. National Committee for IBP, Eds., National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1971, 86.
209. Glass, A. D. M., Inhibition of phosphate uptake in barley roots by hydroxy-benzoic acids, Phytochemistry, 14, 2127, 1975.
210. Glass, A. D. M., Influence of phenolic acids upon ion uptake. III. Inhibition of potassium absorption, J. Exp. Bot., 25, 1104, 1974.
211. Glass, A. D. M., The allelopathic potential of phenolic acids associated with the rhizosphere of Pteridium aquilinum, Can. J. Bot., 54, 2440, 1976.
212. Glass, A. D. M. and Bohm, B. A., The uptake of simple phenols by barley roots, Planta, 100,93,1971.
213. Danks, M. L., Fletcher, J. S., and Rice, E. L., Influence of ferulic acid on mineral depletion and uptake of Rb by Paul's scarlet rose cell-suspension cultures, Am. J. Bot., 62, 749, 1975.
214. McClure, P. R., Gross, H. D., and Jackson, W. A., Phosphate absorption by soybean varieties: The influence of ferulic acid, Can. J. Bot., 56, 764, 1978.
215. Kobza, J. and Einhellig, F. A., The effects of ferulic acid on the mineral nutrition of grain sorghum, Plant Soil, 98, 99, 1987.
216. Alsaadawi, I. S., Al-Hadithy S. M., and Arif, M. B., Effects of three phenolic acids on chlorophyll content and ions uptake in cowpea seedlings, J. Chem. Ecol. 21,221,1986.
217. Hall, A. B., Blum, U., and Fites, R. C., Stress modification of allelopathy of Helianthus annuus L. debris on seedling biomass production ofAmaranthus retroflexus L., J. Chem. Ecol. 9, 1213, 1983.
218. Stenlid, G. The effect of some synthetic antho-cyanidins on growth and ion absorption of roots, Physiol. Plant., 15, 599, 1962.
219. Stenlid, G., On the effects of some flavonoid pigments upon growth and ion absorption of wheat roots, Physiol. Plant., 14, 659, 1961.
220. 3+as it relates to Fe chlorosis, J. Plant Nutr., 5, 433, 1982.
221. DeKock, P. C. and Vaughan, D., Effects of some chelating and phenolic substances on the growth of excised pea root segments, Planta, 126, 187, 1975.
222. Olsen, R. A., Bennett, J. H. Blume, D., and Brown, J. C., Chemical aspects of the Fe stress response mechanism in tomatoes, J. Plant Nutr., 3, 905, 1981.
223. Ae, N., Arihara, J., Okada, K., Yoshihara, T., and Johansen, C., Phosphorus uptake by pigeon pea and its role in cropping systems of the Indian subcontinent, Science, 248, 447, 1990.
224. Newman, E. I. and Miller, M. H., Allelopathy among some British grassland species. II. Influence of root exudates on phosphorus uptake, J. Ecol. 65, 399, 1977.
225. Bleakwell, D. P. and Turco, R. F., Nutrient and phytotoxic contributions of residue to soil in notill continuous-corn ecosystems, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 8, 328, 1989.
226. Jobidon, R., Thibault, J. R., and Fortin, J. A., Effect of straw residues on black spruce seedling growth and mineral nutrition, under greenhouse conditions, Can. J. For. Res., 19, 1291, 1989.
227. Jobidon, R., Thibault, J. R., and Fortin, J. A., Phytotoxic effect of barley, oat, and wheat-straw mulches in eastern Quebec forest plantations. I. Effects on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), For. Ecol. Manag., 29, 277, 1989.
228. Rice, E. L. Allelopathic growth stimulation, in The Science of Allelopathy, Putnam, A. R. and Tang, C.-S., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986, chap. 2.
229. Ueda, J., Promotive effects of capillarol and related compounds on root growth, Physiol. Plant., 76, 42, 1989.
230. Adesanya, S. A., O&Neill M. J., and Roberts, M. F., Structure-related fungitoxicity of isoflavonoids, Physiol. Molec. Plant Pathol., 29, 95, 1986.
231. Skipp, R. A. and Bailey, J. A., The fungitoxicity of isoflavonoid phytoalexins measured using different types of bioassay, Physiol. Plant Pathol., 11, 101, 1977.
232. Debnam, J. R. and Smith, I. M., Changes in the isoflavones and pterocarpans of red clover on infection with Sckrotinia trifoliorum and Botrytis cinerea, Physiol. Plant Pathol., 9, 9, 1976.
233. Alfenas, A. C., Hubbes, M., and Couto, L., Effect of phenolic compounds from Eucalyptus on the mycelial growth and conidial germination of Cryphonectria cubensis, Can. J. Bot., 60, 2325, 1982.
234. Christie, T., The effects of some phenolic compounds upon growth of two species of Phytophthora, N. Z. J. Agric. Res., 8, 630, 1965.
235. Kasenberg, T. R. and Traquair, J. A., Effects of phenolics on growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicislycopersici in vitro, Can. J. Bot., 66, 1174, 1988.
236. Lingappa, B. T. and Lockwood, J. L., Fungitoxicity of lignin monomers, model substances, and decomposition products, Phytophatology, 52,295,1962.
237. Achenbach, H., Stocker, M., and Constenla, M. A., Flavonoid and other constituents of Bauhinia manca, Phytochemistry, 27, 1835, 1988.
238. Weidenborner, M., Hindorf, H., Jha, H. C., Tsotsonos, P., and Egge, H., Antifungal activity of isoflavonoids against storage fungi of the genus Aspergillus, Phytochemistry, 28, 3317, 1989.
239. Kramer, R. P., Hindorf, H., Jha, H. C. Kallage, J., and Zilliken, F., Antifungal activity of soybean and chickpea isoflavones and their reduced derivatives Phytochemistry, 23, 2203, 1984.
240. VanEtten, H. D., Antifungal activity of pterocarpans and other selected isoflavonoids, Phytochemistry, 15, 655, 1976. 241.
241. Stossel, P., Structure-activity relationship of some bean phytoalexins and related isoflavonoids, Physiol. Plant Pathol., 26, 269, 1985.
242. Wymann, J. G. and VanEtten, H. D., Antibacterial activity of selected isoflavonoids, Phytopathology, 68, 583, 1978.
243. Weidenborner, M., Hindorf, H., Jha, H. C., Tsotsonos, P., and Egge, H., Antifungal activity of isoflavonoids in different reduced stages on Rhizoctonia solani and Sckrotium rolfsii, Phytochemistry, 29, 801, 1990.
244. Li, C. Y., Lu, K. C., Trappe, J. M., and Bollen, W. B., Effect of phenolic and other related compounds on growth of Poria weirii in vitro, Microbios, 1, 305, 1969.
245. Ravn, H., Andary, C., Kovacs, G., and Molgaard, P., Caffeic acid esters as in vitro inhibitors of plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi, Biochem. Systematics Ecol. 17, 175, 1989.
246. Pan, S., Mukherjee, B., Ganguly, A., Mitra, S. R., and Bhaftacharya A., Antifungal activity of some naturally occurring flavonoids, Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflan-zensch., 92, 392, 1985.
247. Chowdhury, A., Mukherjee, N., and Adityachoudhury, N., Sensitivity of some plant pathogenic fungi towards plant metabolites: Antifungal activity of some chalcones, dihydrochalcones, and flavones, 30, 1022, 1974.
248. Biswas, P. Bhattacharya, A., Bose, P. C., Mukherjee, N., and Adityachoudhury, N., Further studies on the sensitivity of plant pathogenic microorganisms towards some naturally occurring chalcones and flavones, 37, 387, 1981.
249. Singh, U. P., Pandey, V. B., Singh, K. N., and Singh, R. D. N., Antifungal activity of some new flavones and flavone glucosides of Echinops echinatus, Can. J. Bot., 66, 1901, 1988.
250. Ismail, I. M. K., Salama, A.-A., Ali, M. I. A., and Ouf, S. A. -E., Effect of some phenolic compounds on spore germination and germ tube length of Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, Cryptogam. Mycol., 8, 51, 1987.
251. Patrick, Z. A., Allelopathic mechanisms and their exploitation for biological control, Can. J. Plant Pathol, 8, 225, 1986.
252. Kasenberh, T. R. and Traquair, J. A., Allelopathic biocontrol of fusarium crown and root rot in greenhouse tomatoes, Can. J. Plant Pathol. 9, 280, 1987.
253. Schaal, L. A. and Johnson, G., The inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds on the growth of Streptomyces scabies as related to the mechanism of scab resistance, Phytopathology, 45, 626, 1955.
254. Odunfa, V. S. A., Root exudation in cowpea and sorghum and the effect of spore germination and growth of some soil fusaria, New Phytol. 80, 607, 1978.
255. Hartung, A. C. and Stephens, C. T., Effects of allelopathic substances produced by asparagus decline due to Fusarium crown rot, J. Chem. Ecol., 9, 1163, 1983.
256. Fahraeus, G., Aromatic compounds as growth substances for Laccase-producing rot fungi, Physiol. Plant., 15, 573, 1962.
257. Cutler, H. G., Unusual plant-growth regulators from microorganisms, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 6, 323, 1988.
258. Black, R. L. B. and Dix, N. J., Utilization of ferulic acid by microfungi from litter and soil, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 66, 313, 1976.
259. Marchelli, R. and Vining L. C., The biosynthetic origin of chloroflavonin, a flavonoid antibiotic from Aspergillus Candidas, J. Biochem., 51, 1624, 1629.
260. Marchelli, R. and Vining, L. C., Biosynthesis of flavonoid and terphenyl metabolites by the fungus Aspergillus candidus, J. C. S. Chem. Comm., 55, 556, 1973.
261. Reddy, M.N., Rao, A. S., and Rao, K. N., Production of phenolic compounds by Rhizoctonia, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 64, 146, 1975.
262. Allen, P. J., Specificity of the cw-isomers of inhibitors of uredospore germination in the rust fungi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 69, 3497, 1972.
263. Van Sumrere, C. F., Van Sumere-de Preter C., Vining, L. C. and Ledingham, G. A. Coumarins and phenolic acids in the uredospores of wheat stem rust, Can. J. Microbiol., 3, 847, 1957.
264. Macko, V. and Staples, R. C., The Torrey Symposium on current aspects of fungal development. V. Regulation of uredospore germination and germ tube development, Bull; Tor. Bot. Club, 100, 223, 1973.
265. Faudin, A. S. and Macko, V., Identification of the self-inhibitor and some germination characteristics of peanut rust uredospores, Phytopathology, 64, 990, 1974.
266. Morris, H. R., Taylor, G. W., Jermyn, K. A., and Kay, R. R., Chemical structure of the morphogen differentiation inducing factor from Dictyostelium discoideum ideum, Nature, 328, 811, 1987.
267. French, R. C. Graham, C. L. Gale, A. W., and Long, R. K., Structural and exposure time requirement for chemical stimulation of germination of ure-dospores of Uromyces phaseoli, J. Agric. Food Chem., 25, 84, 1977.
268. Willetts, H. J., The morphogenesis and possible evolutionary origin of fungal sclerotia, Biol. Rev., 47, 515, 1972.
269. Rich, J. R., Keen, N. T., and Thomason, I. J., Association of coumestans with the hypersensitivity of lima bean roots to Pratylenchus scribneri, Physiol. Plant Pathol., 10, 105, 1977.
270. Uddin, A. and Khanna, P., Rotenoids in tissue culture of Crotalaria burhia, Planta Med., 36, 183, 1979.
271. Blevins, D. G., An overview of nitrogen metabolism in higher plants, Recent Adv. Phytochem., 23, 1, 1989.
272. Benoit, R. E. Starkey, R. L., and Basaraba, J., Effect of purified plant tannin on decomposition of some organic compounds and plant materials, Soil Sci. 105, 153, 1968.
273. Benoit, R. E. and Starkey, R. L., Inhibition of decomposition of cellulose and some other carbohydrates by tannin, Soil Sci., 105, 291, 1968.
274. Lewis, J. A. and Starkey, R. L., Vegetable tannins, their decomposition and effects on decomposition of some organic compounds, Soil Sci., 106, 241, 1968.
275. Gigon, A. and Rorison, I. H., The response of some ecologically distinct plant species to nitrate and to ammonia-nitrogen, J. Ecol., 60, 93, 1972.
276. Lodhi, M. A. K. and Killingbeck, K. T., Allelopathic inhibition of nitrification and nitrifying bacteria in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) community, Am. J. Bot., 67, 1423, 1980.
277. Moore, D. R. E. and Waid, J. S., The influence of washings of living roots on nitrification, Soil Biol. Biochem., 3, 69, 1971.
278. Neal, J. L., Jr., Inhibition of nitrifying bacteria by grass and for root extracts, Can. J. Microbial. 15, 633, 1969.
279. Munro, P. E., Inhibition of nitrifiers by grass roots extracts, J. Appl. Ecol., 3, 231, 1966.
280. Thibault, J. R., Fortin, J. A., and Smirnoff, W. A., In vitro allelopathic inhibition of nitrification by balsam poplar and balsam fir, Am. J. Bot., 69, 676, 1982.
281. Rice, E. L. and Pancholy, S. K., Inhibition of nitrification by climax ecosystems. II. Additional evidence and possible role of tannins, Am. J. Bot., 60, 691, 1973.
282. Lodhi, N. A. K., Accelerated soil mineralization, nitrification, and revegetation of abandoned fields due to the removal of crop-soil phytotoxicity, J. Chem. Ecol., 7, 685, 1981.
283. Rice, E. L. and Pancholy, S. K., Inhibition of nitrification by climax ecosystems. III. Inhibitors other than tannins, Am. J. Bot., 61, 1095, 1974.
284. Jobidon, R., Thibault, J. R., and Fortin, J. A., Phytotoxic effect of barley, oat, and wheat-straw mulches in Eastern Quebec forest plantations. II. Effects on nitrification and black spruce (Picea mariana) seedling growth, For. Ecol. Manag., 29, 295, 1989.
285. Bouwman, A. F., The role of soils and land use in the greenhouse effect, Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 37, 13, 1989.
286. Press, M. C., Graves, J. D., and Stewart, G. R., Physiology of the interaction of angiosperm parasites and their higher plant hosts, Plant Cell Environ., 13, 91, 1990.
287. Stewart, G. R. and Press, M. C., The physiology and biochemistry of parasitic angiosperms, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 41, 127, 1990.
288. Steffens, J. C., Lynn, D. G., Kamat, V. S., and Riopel, J. L., Molecular specificity of haustorial induction in Agalinis purpurea (L.) Raf., (Scrophu-lariaceae), Am. Bot., 50, 1, 1982.
289. Steffens, J. C., Lynn, D. G. and Riopel, J. L. An haustoria inducer for the root parasite Agalinis purpurea, Phytochemistry, 25, 2291, 1986.
290. Quispel, A., Svendsen, A. B., Schripsema, J., Baas, W. J., Erkelens, C., and Lugtenburg, J., Identification of dipterocarpol as isolation factor for the induction of primary isolation of Frankia from root nodules of Alnus glutinosa (L.) gaertner, Mol. Plant-Microbe. Interact., 2, 107, 1989.
291. Ponder, F., Jr., Alleiopathic interference of black walnut trees with nitrogen fixing plants in mixed plantings, in Allelochemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry, Waller, G. R., Ed., ACS Symp. Ser. No. 330, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1987, chap. 18.
292. Dawson, J. O. and Seymour, P. E. Effects of juglone concentration on growth in vitro of Frankia AR13 and RhiFbiwn japonicum stain 71, J. Chem. Ecol. 9, 1175, 1983.
293. Vogel, C. S. and Dawson, J. O., Effect of juglone on growth in vitro of Frankia isolates and nodulation of Alnus glutinosa in soil, Plant Soil, 87, 79, 1985.
294. Michiels, K., Vanderleyden, J., van Gool, A., Azospirillum-plant root association: A review, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 8, 356, 1989.
295. Long, S. R., Rhizobium-legume nodulation: Life together in the underground, Cell, 56, 203, 1989.
296. Appelbaum, E., The Rhizobiuml Bradyrhizobium rhizobium-legume symbiosis, in Molecular Biology of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, Gresshoff, P. M., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, chap. 6.
297. Torrey, J. G., Cellular interactions between host and endosymbiont in dinitrogen-fixing root nodules of woody plants, in Cell to Cell Signals in Plant, Animal and Microbial Symbiosis, Scannerini, S., Smith, D., Bonfante-Fasolo, P., and Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988, chap. I.
298. Rolfe, B. G. and Gresshoff, P. M., Genetic analysis of legum nodule initiation, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 39, 297, 1988.
299. Stevenson, F. J., Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils, No. 22, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, 1982.
300. Stacey, G. and Upchurch, R. G., Rhizobium inoculation of legumes, Biotechnology, 2, 65, 1984.
301. Tauer, L. W., Economic impact of future nitrogen fixation technologies on United States agriculture, Plant Soil, 119, 261, 1989.
302. Chen, W. X., Yan, G. H., and Li, J. L., Numerical taxonomic study of fast-growing soybean rhizobia and a proposal that Rhizobium fredii be assigned to Sinorhizobiumgen. nov., Int. J. Syst. Bacterial. 38, 392, 1988.
303. Jordan, D. C., Transfer of Rhizobium japonicum Buchanan 1980 to Bradyrhizobium gen nov., a genus of slow-growing, root nodule bacteria from leguminous plants, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 32, 136, 1982.
304. Lindstrom, K., Rhizobium galegae, a new series of legume root nodule bacteria, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39, 365, 1989.
305. Sprent, J. I., Which steps are essential for the formation of functional legume nodules?, New Phytol. 111, 129, 1989.
306. Downie, J. A. and Johnston, A. W. B., Nodulation of legumes by Rhizobium, Plant, Cell Environ., 11, 403, 1988.
307. Vance, C. P. Egli, M. A., Griffith, S. M., and Miller, S. S., Plant regulation aspects of nodulation and N2 fixation, Plant Cell Environ 11, 413, 1988.
308. Martinet E., Romero, D. and Palacios, R., The Rhizobium genome, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 9,59,1990.
309. Long, S. R., Rhizobium genetics, Annus Rev. Genet., 23, 483, 1989.
310. Rolfe, B. G., Flavones and isoflavones as inducing substances of legume nodulation, BioFactors, 1, 3, 1988.
311. Vincent, J. M., Factors controlling the legume Rhizobium symbiosis, in Nitrogen Fixation, Vol. 1, Newton, W. E. and Orme-Johnson, W. H., Eds., University Park Press, Baltimore, 1980.
312. Dazzo, F. B. and Hubbell, D. H., Cross-reactive antigens and lectins as determinants of symbiotic specificity in the Rhizobium-clover association, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.,30, 1017, 1975.
313. Diaz, C. L., Melcher, L. S., Hooykaas, P. J. J., Lugtenberg, B. J. J., and Kijne, J. W., Root lectin as a determinant of hostplant specificity in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, Nature, 338, 579, 1989.
314. Nap, J. P. and Bisseling, T., Nodulin function and nodulin gene regulation in root nodule development, in Molecular Biology of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, Gresshoff, P. M., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1990, chap. 8.
315. Van Brussell, A. A. N., Zaat, S. A. J. Canter Cremers, H. C. J., Wijffelman, C. A., Pees, E., Tak, T., and Lugtenberg, B. J. J., Role of plant root exudate and sym plasmid-localized nodulation genes in the synthesis by Rhizobium leguminosarum of Tsr factor, which causes thick and short roots on common vetch, J. Bacteriol. 165, 517, 1986.
316. Canter Cremers, H. C. J., Van Brussell, A. A. N., Piazinski J., and Rolfe, B. G., Sym plasmid and chromosomal gene products of Rhizobiurn trifolii elicit developmental responses on various legum roots, J. Plant Physiol., 122,25, 1986.
317. Sutherland, T. D., Bassam, B. J., Schuller, L. J., and Gresshoff, P. M., Early nodulation signals of the wild type and symbiotic mutants of soybean (Glycine max), Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 3, 122, 1990.
318. Gottfert, M., Grob, P., and Hennecke, H., Proposed regulatory pathway encoded by the nodV and nodW genes, determinants of host specificity in Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 87, 2680, 1990.
319. Fottrell, P. F., O'Conner, S., and Masterson, C. L., Identification of the flavonol myricetin in legume seeds and its toxicity to nodule bacteria, Ir. J. Agric. Res., 3, 246, 1964.
320. Murthy, M. S. and Nagodra, T., Allelopathic effects of Aristida adscensionis on Rhizobium, J. Appl. Ecol., 14, 279, 1977.
321. Rao, V. R., Rao, N. S. S., and Mukerji, K. G., Inhibition of Rhizobium in vitro by non-nodulating legume roots and root extracts, Plant Soil, 39, 449, 1973.
322. Thompson, J. A. Survival of root-nodule bacteria on inoculated seed, in Microbial in Action, Murrell, W. G. and Kennedy, I. R., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988, 5.
323. Kandasamy, D. and Prasad, N. N., Colonization by rhizobia of the seed and roots of legumes in relation to exudation of phenolics, Soil Biol. Biochem., 11,73, 1979.
324. Purushothaman, D. and Balaraman, K., Effect of soil phenolics on the growth of Rhizobium, Curr. Sci. 42, 507, 1973.
325. Pankhurst, C. E. and Biggs, D. R. Sensitivity of Rhizobium to selected isoflavonoids, Can. J. Microbiol., 26, 542, 1980.
326. Pankhurst, C. E. and Jones, W. T., Effectiveness of Lotus root nodules, J. Bot., 30, 1095, 1979.
327. Pankhurst, C. E., Craig, A. S., and Jones, W. T., Effectiveness of Lotus root nodules, J. Exp. Bot., 30, 1085, 1979.
328. Rao, J. R. and Cooper, J. E., Flavanoid-Rhizobium interactions in lotus species, in Physiological Limitations and the Genetic Improvement of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, O'Gara, F., Ed., Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam, 1988, 57.
329. Blum, V. and Rice, E. L., Inhibition of nitrogen-fixation by gallic and tannic acid, and possible role in old-field succession, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 96, 1969.
330. Rice, E. L., Lin, C. Y., and Huang, C. Y., Effects of decomposing rice straw on growth of and nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium, J. Chem. Ecol., 1,333,1981.
331. Weston, L. A. and Putnam, A. R., Inhibition of growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of legumes by quackgrass (Agropyron repens), Crop Sci., 25, 561, 1985.
332. Weston, L. A. and Putnam, A. R., Inhibition of legume seedling growth by residue and extracts of quackgrass (Agropyron repens), Weed Sci., 34, 366, 1986.
333. Werner, D., Mellor, R. B., Hahn, M. G., and Grisebach, H., Soybean root response to symbiotic infection glyceollin I accumulation in an ineffective type of soybean nodules with an early loss of the peribacteriod membrane, Z. Natwforsch. 40, 179, 1985.
334. Parniske, M., Ahlborn, B., and Werner, D., Glyceolin resistance of Bradyrhizobium japonicum is specifically induced by isoflavonoids from Glycine max, paper presented at 8th Int. Congr. Nitrogen Fixation, Knoxville, TN, May 1990, B-16.
335. Chakraborty, U. and Chakraborty, B. N., Interaction of Rhizobium leguminosarum and Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi on pea affecting disease development and phytoalexin production, Can. J. Bot., 67, 1698, 1989.
336. Vance, C. P., Comparative aspects of root and root nodule secondary metabolism in alfalfa, Phytochemistry, 17, 1889, 1978.
337. Scott, D. B., Wilson, R., Shaw, G. J., Petit, A., and Tempe, J., Biosynthesis and degradation of nodule-specific Rhizobium loti compounds in Lotus nodules, J. Bacteriol., 169, 278, 1987.
338. Harwood, C. S., Rivelli, M., and Ornston, L. N., Aromatic acids are chemoattractants for Pseudomonas putida, J. Bacterial. 160, 622, 1984.
339. Parke, D., Rivelli, M., and Ornston, L. N., Chemotaxis to aromatic and hydroaromatic acids: Comparison of Bradyrhizobium japonicurn and Rhizobium trifolii, J. Bacteriol., 163, 417, 1985.
340. Caetano-Anolles G., Crist-Estes, D. K., and Bauer, W. D., Chemotaxis of Rhizobium melitati to the plant flavone luteolin requires functional nodulation genes, J. Bacteriol., 170, 3164, 1988.
341. Kape, R. and Werner, D., Chemotaxis of Bradyrhizobium japonicum towards phenolic acids, paper presented at 8th Int. Congr. Nitrogen Fixation, Knoxville TN, May 1990, B-11.
342. Parke, D. and Ornston, L. N., Enzymes of the B-ketoadipate pathway are inducible in Rhizobium and Agrobacterium spp. and constitutive in Bradyrhizobium spp., J. Bacterial. 165, 288, 1986.
343. Hussein, Y. A., Tewfik, M. S., and Hamdi, Y. A., Degradation of certain aromatic compounds by rhizobia, Soil Biol. Biochem., 6, 377, 1974.
344. Parke, D. and Ornston, N., Nutritional diversity of Rhizobiaceae revealed by auxanography, J. Gen. Microbiol., 130, 1743, 1984.
345. Muthukumar, G., Arunakumari, A., and Mahadevan, A., Degradation of aromatic compounds by Rhizobium spp., Plant Soil, 69, 163,1982.
346. Peters, N. K. and Crist-Estes, D. K., Nodule formation is stimulated by the ethylene inhibitor aminoethoxy no ethoxy vinyl glycine, Plant Physiol., 91,690,1989.
347. Sturtevant, D. B. and Taller, B. J., Cytokinin production by Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Plant Physiol., 89, 1247, 1989.
348. Knight, T. J. and Langston-Unkefer, P. J., Enhancement of symbiotic dinitrogen fixation by a toxin-releasing plant pathogen, Science, 241, 951, 1988.
349. Murphy, P. J. Heycke, N., Banfalvi, Z., Tate, M. E., De Bruijn, G., Kondorosi, A., Tempe, J. and Schell, J., Genes for the catabolism and synthesis of an opine-like compound in Rhizobium meliloti are closely linked and on the Sym plasmid, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 84, 493, 1987.
350. Bhagwat, A. A. and Thomas, J., Legume-Rizobium interactions: Cowpea root exudate elicits faster nodulation response by Rhizobium species, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43, 799, 1982.
351. Kondorosi, E., Banfalvi, Z., and Kondorosi, A., Physical and genetic analysis of a symbiotic region of Rhizobium meliloti: Identification of nodule genes, Mol. Gen. Genet., 193, 445, 1984.
352. Rossen, L., Shearman, C. A., Johnson, A. W. B., and Downie, J. A., The nodD gene of Rhizobium leguminosarum is autoregulatory and in the presence of plant exudate induces the nodA,B,C genes, EMBO J., 4, 3369, 1985.
353. Innes, R. W., Kuempel, P. L., Plazinski, J., Canter-Cremers, H., Rolfe, B. G., and Djordjevic, M. A., Plant factors induce expression of nodulation and host-range genes in Rhizobium trifoli, Mol. Gen. Genet., 201, 426, 1985.
354. Mulligan, J. T. and Long, S. R., Induction of Rhizobium meliloti nodC expression by plant exudate requires nodD, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 82, 6609, 1985.
355. Redmond, J. W. Batley, M., Djordjevic, M. A., Innes, R. W., Kuempel, P. L., and Rolfe, B. G., Flavones induce expression of nodulation genes in Rhizobium, Nature, 323, 632, 1986.
356. Firmin, J. L., Wilson, K. E., Rossen, L., and Johnston, A. W. B., Flavanoid activation of nodulation genes in Rhizobium reversed by other compounds present in plants, Nature, 324, 90, 1986.
357. Peters, N. K., Frost, J. W., and Long, S. R., A plant flavone, luteolin, induces expression of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes, Science, 233, 977, 1986.
358. Maxwell, C. A., Hartwig, U. A., Joseph, C. M., and Phillips, D. A., A chalcone and two related flavanoids released from alfalfa roots induce nod genes of Rhizobium meliloti, Plant Physiol., 91,842,1989.
359. Hartwig, U. A., Maxwell, C. A., Joseph, C. M., and Phillips, D. A. Interactions among flavonoid nod gene inducers released from alfalfa seeds and roots, Plant Physiol., 91, 1138, 1989.
360. Gyorgypal, Z., Iyer, N., and Kondorosi, A., Three regulatory nodD alleles of diverged flavanoidspecificity are involved in hostdependent nodulation by Rhizobium meliloti, Mol. Gen, Genet., 212, 85, 1988.
361. Kapulnik, Y., Joseph, C. M., and Phillips, D. A., Flavone limitations to root nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in alfalfa, Plant Physiol., 84, 1193, 1987.
362. Spaink, H. P., Wijffelman C. A., Pees, E., Okker, R. J. H., and Lugtenberg, B. J. J., Rhizobium nodulation gene nodD as a determinant of host specificity Nature, 328, 337, 1987.
363. Peters, N. K. and Long, S. R., Alfalfa root exudates and compounds which promote or inhibit induction of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes, Plant Physiol. 88, 346, 1988.
364. Horvath, B., Bachem, C. W. B., Schell, J., and Kondorosi, A., Host-specific regulation of nodulation genes in Rhizobium is mediated by a plant-signal, interacting with the nodD gene product, EMBO J., 6, 841, 1987.
365. Hartwig, U. A., Maxwell, C. A., Joseph, C. M., and Phillips, D. A., Chrysoeriol and luteolin released from alfalfa seeds induce nod genes in Rhizobium meliloti, Plant Physiol., 92, 116, 1990.
366. Djordjevic, M. A., Redmond, J. W., Batley, M., and Rolfe, B. G., Clovers secrete specific phenolic compounds which either stimulate or repress nod gene expression in Rhizobium trifolii, EMBO J., 6, 1173, 1987.
367. Bassan, B. J., Djordjevic, M. A., Redmond, J. W., Batley, M., and Rolfe, B. G., Identification of a nodD-dependent locus in the Rhizobium, strain NGR234 activated by phenolic factor secreted by soybeans and other legumes, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 1, 161, 1988.
368. Zaat, S. A. J., Wijffelman, C. A., Spaink, H. P., Van Brussel, A. A. N., Okker, R. J. H., and Lugtenberg, B. J. J. Induction of the nodA promoter of Rhizobium leguminosarum Sym plasmid pRL1J1 by plant flavanones and flavones, J. Bacteriol., 169, 198, 1987.
369. Recourt, K. Van Brussel, A. A. N., Driessen, A. J. M., and Lugtenberg, B. J. J., Accumulation of a nod gene inducer, the flavanoid naringenin, in the cytoplasmic membrane of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae is caused by the pH-dependent hydrophobicity of naringenin, J. Bacteriol., 171, 4370, 1989.
370. Bender, G. L., Nayudu, M., Le Strange, K. K., and Rolfe, B. G., The nodD gene from Rhizobium strain NGR234 is a key determinant in the extension of host range to the nonlegume Parasponia, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 1, 259, 1988.
371. Zaat, S. A. J., Schripsema, J., Wijffelman, C. A., Van Brussel, A. A. N., and Lugtenberg, B. J. J., Analysis of the major inducers of the Rhizabium nodA promoter from Vicia sativa root exudate and their activity with different nodD genes, Plant Mal. Biol., 13, 175, 1989.
372. Burn J. E., Hamilton, W. D., Wootton, J. C., and Johnston, A. W. B., Single and multiple mutations affecting properties of the regulatory gene nodD of Rhizobium, Mol. Microbiol., 3, 1567, 1989.
373. Sanchez, F., Quinto, C., Vasquez, M., Spanik, H., Wijffelman, C. A., Cevallos, M. A., Penas, A., Campos, F., Padilla, J., and Lara, M., The symbiotic association of Phaseolus vulgaris and Rhizobium leguminosarum by phaseoli, in Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Palacios, R. and Verma, D. P. S., Eds., APS Press, St. Paul, MN, 1988.
374. Sadowsky, M. J., Olson, E. R., Foster, V. E., Kosslak, R. M., and Verma, D. P. S., Two host-inducible genes of Rhizobium fredii and characterization of the inducing compound, J. Bacterial. 170, 171, 1988.
375. Kosslak, R. M., Bookland, R., Barkei, J., Paaren, H. E., and Appelbaum, E., Induction of Brady-rhizobium japonicum common nod genes by isoflavones isolated from Glycine max, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 84; 7428, 1987.
376. Deshmane, N. and Stacey, G., Identification of Bradyrhizobium nod genes involved in host-specific nodulation, J. Bacterial. 171, 3324, 1989.
377. Richardson, A. E., Djordjevic, M. A., Rolfe, B. G., and Simpson, R. J., Effects of pH, Ca and Al on the exudation from clover seedlings of compounds that induce the expression of nodulation genes in Rhizobium trifolii, Plant Soil, 109, 37, 1988.
378. Van Brussell A. A. N., Recourt, K., Pees, E., Spanik, M. P., Tak, T., Wijffielman C. A., Kinje, J. W., and Lugtenberg, B. J. J., An extracellular, biovar-specific signal of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae induces increased nod gene-inducing activity in root exudate of Vicia sativa ssp. nigra paper presented at 8th Int. Congr. Nitrogen Fixation, Knoxville, TN, May 1990, B-07.
379. Dazzo, F. B., Hollingsworth, R. I., Phillip-Hollingsworth, S., Smith, K. B., Welsch, M. A., Djordjevic, M., and Rolfe, B. G., Early recognition signals in the Rhizobium trifolii white clover symbiosis, in Cell to Cell Signals in Plant, Animal and Microbial Symbiosis, Scaruierini S., Smith, D., Bonfante-Fasolo, P., and Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., Berlin, 1988, 189.
380. Hollingsworth, R. I., Phillip-Hollingsworth, S., and Dazzo, F. B., Isolation, characterization and structural elucidation of a “nod signal” excreted by Rhizobium trifolii AN1J843 which induces root hair branching and nodule like primordia in axenic white clover seedlings, paper presented at 8th Int. Congr. Nitrogen Fixation, Knoxville, TN, May 1990, L-16.
381. Djordjevic, M. A., Schofield, P. R., and Rolfe, B. G., Tn5 mutagenesis of Rhizobium trifolii host specific nodulation genes result in mutants with altered host range ability, Mol. Gen. Genet., 200, 463, 1985.
382. Zaat, S. A. J. Wijffelman, C. A., Mulders, I. H. M., Van Brussel, A. M., and Lugtenberg, B. J. J., Root exudates of various host plants of Rhizobium leguminosarum contain different sets of inducers of Rhizobium nodulation genes, Plant Physiol. 86, 1298, 1988.
383. Strange, K. K., Bender, G. L., Djordjevic, M. A., Rolfe, B. G., and Redmond, J. W., The rhizobium strain NGR234 nodD, gene product responds to activation by the simple phenolic compound vanillin and isovanillin present in wheat seedling extracts. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 3, 214, 1990.
384. Terouchi, N. and Syono, K., Hair curling in heterologous legumes and monocots by flavonoid-treated rhizobia, Plant Cell Physiol, 3, 113, 1990.
385. Cho, M. J. and Harper, J. E., Effect of various N sources on isoflavonoid concentrations in wild-type and nodulation mutant soybean roots, paper presented at 8th Int. Cong. Nitrogen Fixation, Knoxville, TN, May 1990, B-14.
386. Bhuvaneswari, T. V., Bhagwat, A. A., and Bauer, W. D., Transient susceptibility of root cells in four common legumes to nodulation by rhizobia Plant Physiol, 68, 1144, 1981.
387. Young, J. P. W. and Johnston, A. W. B., The evolution specificity in the legume-rhizobium symbiosis, Trends Ecol., Evol., 4, 341, 1989.
388. Nutman, P. S., Varietal differences in the nodulation of subterranean clover, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 18, 381, 1967.
389. Sengupta-Gopalan, C., Regulation of host gene expression during nodule development in soybeans, paper presented at 8th Int. Congr. Nitrogen Fixation, Knoxville, TN, May 1990, L-84.
390. Safir, G. R., Ecophysiology of VA Mycorrhizal Plants, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1987.
391. Harley, J. L. and Smith, S. E., Mycorrhizal symbiosis, Academic Press, New York, 1983.
392. Lewis, D. H., Evolutionary aspects of mutualistic associations between fungi and photosynthetic organisms, in Evolutionary Biology of the Fungi, Rayner, A. D. M., Braiser, C. M., and Moore, D., Cambridge University Press, London, 1987, chap. 11.
393. Trappe, J. M., Selection of fungi for ectomycorrhizal inoculation in nurseries, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol, 15, 203, 1977.
394. Wilcox, M. E., Mycorrhizal associations, in Biotechnology of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Nakas, J. P. and Hagedorn C., Eds., McGraw Hill, New York, 1990, chap. 7.
395. Siqueira, J. O. and Franco, A. A., Biotecnologia de Solo, MEC/ABEAS, Brasilia, 1988.
396. Smith, S. E. and Gianninazzi-Pearson, V., Physiological interactions between symbionts in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal plants, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. 39, 221, 1989.
397. Jeffries, P., Use of mycorrhizae in agriculture, Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 5, 319, 1987.
398. Marks, G. C. and Foster, R. C., Structure, morphogenesis and ultrastructure of ectomycorrhizae, in Ectomycorrhizae, Marks, G. C. and Kozlowski, T. T., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1973.
399. Morton, J. B. and Benny, G. L., Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (zygomy-cetes): A new order, glomales two new suborders, glomineae and gigasporineae, and two new families, acaulosporaceae and gigasporaceae, with an emendation of glomaceae, Mycotaxon, 37, 471, 1990.
400. Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. and Gianinazzi, S. Morphological integration and functional compatibility between symbionts in vesicular arbuscular endomy-corrhizal associations, in Cello Cell Signals in Plant, Animal and Microbial Symbiosis, Scannerini, S., Smith, D., Bonfante-Fasolo, P., and Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988, 73.
401. Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., Cellular modifications during host-fungus interactions in endomycorrhizae, in Biology and Molecular Biology of Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Bailey, J. A., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986, 29.
402. Bonfante-Fasolo, P., The role of the cell wall as a signal in mycorrhizal associations, in Cell to Cell Signals in Plant, Animal and Microbial Symbiosis, Scannerini, S., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988, 219.
403. Bonfante-Fasolo, P., Dexheimer, J. Gianinazzi, S., Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., and Scannerini, S., Cytochemical modifications in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae, Plant Sci. Lett. 22, 13, 1981.
404. Garriock, M. L., Peterson, R. L., and Ackerley, C. A., Early stages in colonization of Allium porrum (leek) roots by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus versiforrne New Phytol., 112, 85, 1989.
405. Siqueira, J. O., Sylvia, D. M., Gibson, J., and Hubbell, D. H., Spores, germination, and germ tubes of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Can. J. Microbiol., 31, 965, 1985.
406. Siqueira, J. O., Cultura axenica e monoxenica dos fungos micorrizicos vesiculo-arbusculares, in Il Reuniao Brasilias Micorrizas, Sec. Meio Ambiente, Sao Paulo, 1987, 44.
407. Anderson, A. J. Mycorrhizae-host specificity and recognition, Phytopathology, 78, 375, 1988.
408. Anderson, A., The problems of living with a plant root: Factors involved in root colonization, Proc. 6th N. Am. Conf. Mycorrhizae, 1985, 175.
409. Due, G., Trouvelot, A., Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., and Gianinazzi, S., First report of non-mycorrhizal plant mutants (Myc-) obtained in pea (Pisum sativum) and fababean (Vicia faba L.), Plant Sci., 60, 215, 1989.
410. Graham, J. H., Leonard, R. T., and Menge, J. A., Membrane-mediated decrease in root exudation responsible for phosphorus inhibition of vesicularar-buscular mycorrhizae formation, Plant Physiol., 63, 548, 1981.
411. Gemma, J. N. and Koske, R. E., Pre-infection interactions between roots and the mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora gigarttea: Chemotropism of germtubes and root growth response, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 91, 123, 1988.
412. Hepper, C. Germination and growth of Glomus caledonius spores: The effects of inhibitors and nutrients, Soil Biol. Biochem., 11, 269, 1979.
413. Schwab, S. M. and Leonard, R. T., Quantitative and qualitative comparison of root exudates of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plant species, Can. J. Bot., 62, 1227, 1984.
414. Elias, K. S. and Safir, G. R., Hyphal elongation of Glomus fasciculatus in response to root exudates, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53, 1928, 1987.
415. Stone, B. A., Cell walls in plant-microorganism associations, Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 16, 5, 1989.
416. Becard, G. and Piche, Y., Fungal growth stimulation by CO2 and root exudates in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, Appl. Environ. Microbial. 55, 2320, 1989.
417. Becard, G. and Piche, Y., New aspects on the acquisition of biotrophic status by a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Gigaspora margarita, New Phytol, 112, 77, 1989.
418. Templeton, M. D. and Lamb, C. J., Elicitors and defense gene activation, Plant Cell Environ., 11, 395, 1988.
419. Siqueira, J. O., Hubbell, D. H., and Schenck, N. C., Spore germination and germ tube growth of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in vitro, Mycologia, 74, 952, 1982.
420. Spanu, P., Boller, T., Ludwig, A., Wiemken, A., Faccio, A., and Bonfante-Fasolo, P., Chitinase in roots of mycorrhizal Allium porrum: Regulation and localization, Planta, 177, 447, 1989.
421. Spanu, P. and Bonfante-Fasolo, P., Cell wall-bound peroxidase activity in roots of mycorrhizal Allium porrum, New Phytol, 109, 119, 1988.
422. Pacovsky, R., personal communication, 1990.
423. Codignola, A., Verotta, L., Spanu, P., Maffei, M., Scannerini, S., and Bonfante-Fasolo, P., Cell wall bound-phenols in roots of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal plants, New Phytol. 112, 221, 1989.
424. Dunas, E., Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., and Gianinazzi, S., Production of new soluble proteins during VA endomycorrhiza formation, Agric. Ecosys. Environ., 29, 111, 1989.
425. Pacovsky, R. S., Carbohydrate, protein and amino acid status of Glycine-Giomus-Bradyrhizobium symbioses, Physiol. Plant., 75, 346, 1989.
426. Paula, M. A. and Siqueira, J. O., Stimulation of hyphal growth of the VA mycorrhizal fungus Gigas-pora margarita by suspension-cultured Pueraria phaseoloides cells and cell products, New Phytol, 115, 69, 1990.
427. Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., Branzanti, B., and Gianinazzi, S., In vitro enhancement of spore germination and early hyphal growth of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus by host root exudates and plant flavonoids, Symbiosis, 7, 243, 1989.
428. Siqueira, J. O., Safir, G. R. and Nair, M. G., Stimulation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal formation and growth of white clover by flavonoid compound, New Phytol. in press.
429. Paula, M. A., Siqueira, J. O., Pinto, J. E. B. P., and Pasqual, M., Beneficios de suspensao de selulas vegetais para es fungus micorrizicos vesiculo-arbusculares in vitro. I. Efeito da especie vegetal e da idade das celulas, Pesq. Agrop. Bras., 25, 1101, 1990.
430. Nair, M. G., Safir, G. R., and Siqueira, J. O., Isolation and identification of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza stimulatory compounds from clover (Tri-folium repens) roots, Appl. Environ. Microbial. in press.
431. Morandi, D., Effect of xenobiotics on endonmy-corrhizal infection and isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean roots, Plant Physiol. Biochem 27, 697, 1989.
432. Morandi, D. and Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., Influence of mycorrhizal infection and phosphate nutrition on secondary metabolite contents of soybean roots, in Physiological and Genetics Aspects of Mycorrhizae, Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. and Gianinazzi, S., Eds., INRA Press, Paris, 1986, 787.
433. Morandi, D. and Bailey, J. A., Isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean roots infected with vesicular-arbuscular myconhizal fungi, Physiol. Plant Pathol., 24, 357, 1984.
434. Wyss, P., Boller T., and Wiemken, A., Glyceollin production in soybean during the process of infection by Glomus mosseae and Rhizoctorzia solani, Agric. Ecosys. Environ., 29, 451, 1989.
435. Liebereii, R. and Faeldman, F., Physiological changes in roots colonized by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi—reactions in mutualistic and parasitic interactions, Agric. Ecosys. Environ., 29, 251, 1989.
436. Patterson, N. A., Wininger, S., and Kapulnik, Y., Rhizosphere interaction between Rhizobium and Glomus macrocarpum and a possible influence on modulation of alfalfa and Trifolium, paper presented at 8th Int. Congr. Nitrogen Fixation, Knoxville, TN, May 1990, B-18.
437. Simpson, D. and Daft, M. J., Interactions between water-stress and different mycon-hizal inocula on plant growth and mycorrhiza development in maize and sorghum, Plant Soil, 121, 179, 1990.
438. Rossiter, R. C. and Beck, A. B., Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterreanum L.). II. Effects of phosphate supply, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 17, 447, 1966.
439. Wacker, T. L., Saflr, G. R. and Stephens, C. T., Effects of ferulic acid on Glomus fasiculatum and associated effects on phosphorus uptake and growth of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.), J. Chem. Ecol. 16, 901, 1990.
440. Pedersen, C. T., Safir, G. R., Siqueira, J. O., and Parents, S., Effects of phenolic compounds on asparagus mycorrhiza, Soil Biol. Biochem., in press.
441. Wacker, T. L., The Role of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Asparagus (Asparagus of-ficinalis L.) Agroecosystem, M.S. thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 1988, 101.
442. Wacker, T. L. Safir, G. R. and Stephenson, S. N., Evidence for succession of mycorrhizal fungi in Michigan asparagus, Acta Horticult., 271, 273–279, 1990.
443. Schenck, N. C., Siqueira, J. O. and Oliveira, E. Changes in the incidence of VA mycorrhizal fungi with changes in ecosystems, in Interrelationships Between Microorganisms and Plants in Soil, Vancura, V. and Kunc F., Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987, 125.
444. Siqueira, J. O. Colozzi-Filho, A., and Oliveira, E., Ocorrencia de iniconizas vesicular-arbusculared em agro e ecossistemas de estado de Minas Gerais, Pesq. Agropec. Bras., 24, 1499, 1989.
445. Krishna, K. R. and Bagyaraj, D. J., Interaction between Glamus fasckulatum and Sclerotium rolfsii, in peanut, Can. J. Bot., 61, 2349, 1983.
446. Siqueira, J. O. and Hubbell, D. H., Efeito de lectinas e fitoalexina sobre fungos micorrizicos vesicular-arbusculares in vitro, in 11 Reuniao Brasilias Micorrizas, ESAL, Lavras, 1986, 188.
447. Barroso, J., Chaves-Neves, H., and Pais, M. S., Ultrastructural, cytochemical and biochemical aspects related to the formation of Orphrys lutea endomycorrhizae, in Physiological and Genetical Aspects of Mycorrhizae, Gianninazi-Pearson, V. and Gianninazi, S., Eds., INRA, Paris, 1986, 265.
448. Leake, J. R., Shaw, C., and Read, D. J., The role of ericoid mycorrhizas in the ecology of ericaceous plants, Agric. Ecosys. Environ.,29, 237, 1989.
449. Duclos, J. L. and Fortin, J. A., Effect of glucose and activated charcoal on in vitro synthetase of ericoid mycorrhiza with Vaccinium spp., New Phytol., 94, 95, 1983.
450. Read, D. J., Recent advances in the study of ericaceous mycorrhizas, in Mycorrhizae in the Next Decade Practical Applications and Research Priorities, Sylvia, D. M., Hung, L. L., and Grahan, J. H., Eds., IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, 1987, 328.
451. Leake, J. R. and Read, D. J., The effects of phenolic compounds on nitrogen mobilization by ericoid mycorrhizal systems, Agric. Ecosys. Environ., 29, 225, 1989.
452. Jalal, M. A. F. and Read, D. J., The organic acid composition of Calluna heathland soil with special tolerance to phyto- and fungitoxicity. I. Isolation and identification of organic acids, Plant Soil, 70, 257, 1983.
453. Fries, N., The influence of tree roots on spore germination of ectomycorrhizal fungi, Agric. Ecosys. Environ.,28, 139, 1989.
454. Theodorou, C. and Bowen, G. D., Effects of non-host plants on growth of mycorrhiza fungi of radiata pine, Aust. For., 35, 17, 1971.
455. Chu-Chou, M., Effects of root residues on growth of Pinus radiata seedlings and a mycorrhizal fungus, Ann. Appl. Biol., 90, 407, 1978.
456. Melin, E. Some effects of forest tree roots on mycorrhizal Basidiomycetes, in Symbiotic Association, Nutman, P. S. and Mosse, B., Eds., Cambridge University Press, London, 1963, 125.
457. Piche, Y., Peterson, R. L. and Massicotte, H. B., Host-fungus interactions in ectomycorrhizae, in Cell to Cell Signals in Plant, Animal and Microbial symbiosis, Scannerini, S., Smith, D., Bonfante-Fasolo, P., and Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988, 60.
458. Hilbert, J. L. and Martin, F., Protein changes and the presence of ectomycorrhiza-specific polypeptides in the Pisolithus-Eucalyptus symbiosis, Agric. Ecosys. Environ.,28, 181, 1989.
459. Marx, D. H. and Daniel, W. J. Maintaining cultures of ectomycorrhizal and plant pathogenic fungi in sterile water cold storage, Can. J. Microbial. 22, 338, 1976.
460. Ling-Lee, M., Chilvers, G. A., and Ashford, A. E., A histochemical study of phenolic materials in mycorrhizal and uninfected roots of Eucalyptus fastigata Deane and Maiden, New Phytol. 78, 313, 1977.
461. Hillis, W. E. and Ishikura, N., Flavanone glucoside poriolin from Douglas fir roots, Austr. J. Chem., 22, 483, 1969.
462. Hillis, W. E. and Ishikura, N., Extractives of the myconhizas and roots of Pinus radiata and Pseudotsuza menziesii, Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 22, 1425, 1969.
463. Sylvia, D. M. and Sinclair, W. A., Phenolic compounds and resistance to fungal pathogens induced in primary roots of Douglasfir seedlings by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata, Phytopathology, 733, 390, 1983.
464. Piche Y., Fortin, J. A., and Lafontaine, J. G., Cytoplasmic phenols and polysaccharides in ectomycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots of pine, New Phytol., 88, 695, 1981.
465. Ronald, P. and Soderhall, K., Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and peroxidase activity in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal short roots of scats pine, Pinus sylvestris L., New Phytol., 101, 487, 1985.
466. Marx, D. H., Ectomycorrhizae as deterrents to pathogenic root infections, Annu. Rev, Phytopathol., 10, 429, 1972.
467. Sauter, M. and Hager, A., The mycorrhizal fungus Amanita muscaria induces chitinase activity in roots and in suspension-cultured cells of its host Picea abies, Planta, 179, 61, 1989.
468. Persidsky, D. J., Loewenstein, H., and Wilde, S. A., Effects of extracts of prairie soils and prairie grass roots on the respiration of ectotrophic mycorrhizae, Agron. J. 57, 311, 1965.
469. Robinson, R. K. The production by roots of Callunas vulgaris of a factor inhibitory to growth of some mycorrhizal fungi, J. Ecol. 60, 219, 1972.
470. Kovacic, D. D., St. John, T. V., and Dyer, M. I., Lack of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum in a ponderosa pine forest, Ecology, 65, 1755, 1984.
471. Chu-Chou, M. N., Effects of root residues on growth of Pinus radiata seedlings and a mycorrhizal fungus, Ann. Appl. Biol., 90, 407, 1978.
472. Olsen, R. A., Odham, G., and Lingberg, G., Aromatic substances in leaves of Populus tremula as inhibitors of mycorrhizal fungi, Physiol. Plant., 25, 122, 1971.
473. Lindeberg, G., Lindeberg, M., Lundgren, L., Popoff, T., and Theander, O., Stimulation of litter-decomposing basidiomycetes by flavonoids, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc., 75, 455, 1980.
474. Perry, D. A. and Choquette, C. Allelopathic effects on mycorrhizae, Influence of structure and dynamics of forest ecosystems, in Alleicchemicals: Role in Agriculture and Forestry, Waller, G. R., Ed., ACS Symp. Ser. No. 330, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1987, chap. 17.
475. Rose, S. L., Perry, D. A., Pilz, D., and Schoeneberger, Allelopathic effects of litter on the growth and colonization of mycorrhizal fungi, J. Chem. Ecol. 9, 1153, 1983.
476. Hanson, P. J. and Dixon, R. K., Allelopathic effects of interrupted fern on northern red oak seedlings: Amelioration by Suillus luteus L.:Fr., Plant Soil, 98, 43, 1987.
477. Newman, E. I., Mycorrhizal links between plants: Their functioning and ecological significance, Adv. Ecol. Res., 18, 243, 1988.
478. Griffloen W. A. J. and Earnst, W. H. O., The role of VA-mycorrhiza in the heavy metal tolerance of Agrostis capillaris L., Agric. Ecosys. Environ., 29, 173, 1989.
479. Walters, D. T. and Gilmore, A. R., Allelopathic effects of fescue on the growth of sweetgum, J. Chem. Ecol. 2, 469, 1976.
480. Ponder, F., Jr., The effects of soil and foliar fertilization and of myconhizae on growth of potted black walnut, 5th NACOM Program and Abstracts Universite Laval, Quebec, 1981, 15.
481. Khan, M. S. Possible Mycorrhizal Associates of Black Walnut, Master&s thesis, Iowa State University; Ames, 1966, 90.
482. Friend, J. Plant phenolics, lignification and plant disease, Prog. Phytochem., 7, 197, 1981.
483. Vance, C. P., Sherwood, R. T., and Kirk, T. K., Lignification as a mechanism of disease resistance, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 18, 259, 1980.
484. Link, K. P. and Walker J. C., The isolation of catechol from pigmented onion scales and its significance in relation to disease resistance in onions, J. Biol. Chem. 100, 379, 1933.
485. Dixon, R. A., Deyond, P. M., and Lamb, C. J., Phytoalexins: Enzymology and molecular biology, Adv. Enzymol. 53, 1, 1983.
486. Schonbeck, F. and Schlosses, E., Preformed substances as potential protectants, in Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, Vol 4, 1976, 653.
487. Bailey, J. A. and Mansfield, J. W., Phytoalexins, Blackie & Son, Glasgow, 1982.
488. Keen, N. T. and Littlefield, L. J., The possible association of phytoalexins with resistance gene expression in flax Melampsora lini, Physiol. Plant 265, 1979.
489. Hammerschmidt, R. and Kue J., Lignification as a mechanism for induced systemic resistance in cucumber Physiol. Plant Pathol., 20, 61, 1982.
490. Stoessl, A. and Unwin, C. H., The antifungal factors of barley. V. Antifungal activity of the hordatines, Can. J. Bot., 48, 465, 1970.
491. Grambow, H. J. and Grambow, G. E., The involvement of epicuticular and cell wall phenols of the host plant in the in vitro development of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, Z. Pfanzenphysiol., 90, 1, 1978.
492. Mayama, S., Matsuura, Y., Iida, H., and Tani, T., The role of avenalumin in the resistance of oat to crown rust, Puccinia coronata f.sp. avenae, Physiol. Plant Pathol., 20, 189, 1982.
493. Nicholson, R. L. Kollipara, S. S., Vincent, J. R., Lyons, P. C., and Cadena-Gomez, G., Phytoalexin synthesis by sorghum mesocotyl in response to infection by pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 84, 5520, 1987.
494. Inhgam, J. L., Fungal modification of pterocarpan phytoalexins from Melilotus alba and Trifolium prate tense Phytochemistry, 15, 1791, 1976.
495. Gauman, E., Untersuchungen Ober die chemische infektabwer derorchideen, Phytopathol. Z., 38, 274, 1964.
496. Jaworski, J. and Kud, J., Effect of ethrel and Ceratocystis firnbriata on the synthesis of fatty acids and 6-methoxy mellein in carrot root, Plant Physiol., 53, 331, 1974.
497. Stipanovich, R. D., Greenblatt, G. A., Beier, R. C., and Bell, A. A., 2-Hydroxy-7-methoxyca-dalene. The precursor of lacinilene C7-methyl ether in Phytocheritistry 20, 729, 1981.
498. Hammerschmidt, R., Determination of natural and wound-induced potato tuber suberin phenolics by thioglycolic acid derivatization and cupric oxide oxidation Potato Res., 28, 123, 1985.
499. Ride, J. P., The role of cell wall alterations in resistance to fungi, Ann. Appl. Biol, 89, 302, 1978.
500. Keen, N. T., Evaluation of the role of phytoalexins, in Plant Disease Control, Staples, R. C. and Toen-niesser, G. H., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981, 155.
501. Yoshikawa, M., Matuma, M., and Masago, H., Glyceollin: Its role in restricting fungal growth in resistant soybean hypocotyls infected with Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae, Physiol. Plant Pathol, 12, 73, 1978.
502. Grisebach, H., Induction of glyceollin biosynthesis in soybeans, in Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plant Stress, Likey, J. and Kosuge, T., Eds., Alan R. Liss, New York, 1985, 275.
503. Moesta, P. and Grisebach, H., L-2-Aminooxy-3- phenylpropionic acid inhibits phytoalexin accumulation of soybean with concomitant loss of resistance against Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea Physiol. Plant Pathol. 21, 65, 1982.
504. Van Etten, H. D., Matthews, D. E., and Matthews, P. S., Phytoalexin detoxification: Importance for pathogenicity and practical implications, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 27, 143, 1989.
505. Van Etten, H. D., Matthews, P. S., Tegtmeier, K. H., Dietert, M. F., and Stein, J. I., The association of pisatin tolerance and demethylation with virulence on pea in Nectria heamatoccoa Physiol. Plant Pathol. 16, 257, 1980.
506. Van Etten, H. D. and Matthews, P. S., Naturally occurring variation in the inducibility of pisatin de-methylating activity of Nectria haematococca mating populating. VI, Physiol. Plant Pathol. 25, 149, 1984.
507. Tegtmeier, K. J. and Van Etten, H. D., The role of pisatin tolerance and degradation in the virulence of Nectria haematocca on peas: Genetic analysis, Phytopathology, 72, 608, 1982.
508. Weltring, K. M., Burgeon, B. G., Yoder, O. C., and Van Etten, H. D., Isolation of a phytoalexin-detoxifying gene from plant pathogenic fungus Nectria haematococca by detecting its expression in Aspergillus nidulans, Gene, 68, 335, 1988.
509. Ciuffetti L. M., Weltring, K. M., Turgeon, B. G., Yoder, O. C., and Van Etten, H. D., J. Cell Biochem. 12C, 278, 1988.
510. Schafer, W. Straney, D., Ciuffetti, L. Van Etten, H. D., and Yoder, O. C., One enzyme makes a fungal pathogen, but not a saprophyte, virulent on a new host plant, Science, 246, 247, 1989.
511. Cangelosi, G. A. and Nester, E. W., Initial interaction between plant cells and Agrobacterium tumefaciens in crown gall tumor formation, Recent Adv. Phytochem., 22, 99, 1988.
512. Lippincott, J. A., and Lippincott, B. B., Morphogenic determinants as exemplified by the crown gall disease, Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series Vol. 4, 1976, 356.
513. Stachel, S. E., Messens, E., van Montagu, N., and Zambryski, P., Identification of the signal molecules produced by wounded plant cells that activate T-DNA transfer in Agrobacterium tumefasciens, Nature, 318, 624, 1985.
514. Bolton, G. W., Nester, E. W., and Gordon, M. P., Plant phenolic compounds induce expression of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens, loci needed for virulence, Science, 232, 983, 1986.
515. Spencer, P. A. and Towers, G. H. N., Specificity of signal compounds detected by Agrobacterium tumefasciens, Phytochemistry, 27, 2781, 1988.
516. Melchers, L. S. Regensburg-Tuink, A. J. G., Schilperoort, R. A., and Hooykas, P. J. J., Specificity of signal molecule in the activation of Agrobacterium virulence gene expression, Mol. Microbiol. 3, 969, 1989.
517. Morris, R. O., Morris, J. W., and Castle, L. A., Native agrobacterium inducers in conifers and the potential role of a bacterial glucosidase in tumorogenesis, in Proc. of U.S.,Japan Seminar on Molecular Strategies of PlantPathogen Interactions, Patil, S. S., Ouchi, S., and Vance, C. P., Eds., in press.
518. Salir, S. V., Chilton, M. D., and Chilton, W. S., Com metabolites affect growth and virulence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 87, 3879, 1990.