Physical health problems after disasters

Mental Health and Disasters

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 67-93

  Yzermans, C Joris ^a   Dirkzwager, Anja J E ^a   Van den Berg, Bellis ^b  

^a NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

^b UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79953696368     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511730030.005     Document Type: Chapter

References (134)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4Thed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. Andreski, P., Chilcoat, H., & Breslau, N. (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder and somatisation symptoms: A prospective study. Psychiatry Research, 79, 131–138.
3. Barsky, A. J., & Borus, J. F. (1999). Functional somatic syndromes. Annals Internal Medicine, 130, 910–921.
4. Bartholomew, R. E., & Wessely, S. (2002). Protean nature of mass sociogenic illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 300–306.
5. Bartone, P. T., Ursano, R. J., Wright, K. M., & Ingraham, L. H. (1989). The impact of a military air disaster on the health of assistance workers. A prospective study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177 (6), 317–328.
6. Beckham, J. C., Moore, S. D., Feldman, M. E., Hertzberg, M. A., Kirby, A. C., & Fairbank, J. A. (1998). Health status, somatization, and severity of posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1565–1569.
7. Berrios-Torres, S. I., Greenko, J. A., Phillips, M., Miller, J. R., Treadwell, T. & Ikeda, R. M. (2003). World Trade Center rescue worker injury and illness surveillance, New York, 2001. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25 (2), 79–87.
8. Bertazzi, P. A., Bernucci, I., Brambilla, G., Consonni, D. & Pesatori, A. C. (1998). The Seveso studies on early and long-term eff ects of dioxin exposure: A review. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106, 625–633.
9. Bland, S. H., Valoroso, L., Stranges, S., Strazzullo, P., Farinaro, E. & Trevisan, M. (2005). Long-term follow-up of psychological distress following earthquake experiences among working Italian males: A cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193 (6), 420–423.
10. Boscarino, J. A. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder and physical illness. Results from clinical and epidemiology studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032, 141–153.
11. Boscarino, J. A., & Chang, M. P. H. (1999). Electrocardiogram abnormalities among men with stressrelated psychiatric disorders: Implications for coronary heart disease and clinical research. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 21 (3), 227–234.
12. Brackbill, R. M., Th orpe, L. E., DiGrande, L., Perrin, M., Sapp, J. H. 2nd, Wu, D., et al. (2006). Surveillance for World Trade Center disaster healTheff ects among survivors of collapsed and damaged buildings. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance, 55 (2), 1–18.
13. Bravo, M., Rubio-Stipec, M., Canino, G. J., Woodbury, M. A., & Ribera, J. C. (1990). The psychological sequelae of disaster stress prospectively and retrospectively evaluated. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18 (5), 661–680.
14. Bromet, E. J., Gluzman, S., Schwartz, J. E., & Goldgaber, D. (2002). Somatic symptoms in women 11 years aft er the Chornobyl accident: Prevalence and risk factors. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110 (Suppl. 4), 625–629.
15. Bromet, E. J., Havenaar, J. M., Gluzman, S. F., & Tintle, N. L. (2005). Psychological aft ermath of the Lviv air show disaster: A prospective controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112, 194–200.
16. Brooks, N., & McKinlay, W. (1992). Mental health consequences of the Lockerbie disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5 (4), 527–543.
17. Cardena, E., & Spiegel, D. (1993). Dissociative reactions to the San Francisco Bay area earthquake of 1989. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 474–478.
18. Chae, E. H., Tong Won, K., Rhee, S. J., & Henderson, T. D. (2005). The impact of fl ooding on the mental health of aff ected people in South Korea. Community Mental Health Journal, 41 (6), 633–645.
19. Chen, C. C., Yeh, T. L., Yang, Y. K., Chen, S. J., Lee, I. H., Fu, L. S., et al. (2001). Psychiatric morbidity and post-traumatic symptoms among survivors in the early stage following the 1999 earthquake in Taiwan. Psychiatry Research, 105 (1–2), 13–22.
20. Chen, C. H., Tan, H. K., Liao, L. R., Chen, H. H., Chan, C. C., Cheng, J. J., et al. (2007). Long-term psychological outcome of 1999 Taiwan earthquake survivors: A survey of a high-risk sample with property damage. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48 (3), 269–275.
21. Chen, L. C., & Th urston, G. (2002). World Trade Center cough. The Lancet, 360, s37– s38
22. Chung, M. C., Dennis, I., Easthope, Y., Farmer, S., & Werrett, J. (2005). Diff erentiating posttraumatic stress between elderly and younger residents. Psychiatry, 68 (2), 164–173.
23. Clauw, D. J., Engel C. C., Aronowitz, R., Jones, E., Kipen, H. M., Kroenke, K., et al. (2003). Unexplained symptoms aft er terrorism and war: An expert consensus statement. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45 (10), 1040–1048.
24. Clayer, J. R., Bookless-Pratz, C., & Harris, R. L. (1985). Some health consequences of a natural disaster. The Medical Journal of Australia, 143, 182–184.
25. Cwikel, J., Abdelgani, A., Goldsmith, J. R., Quastel, M., & Yevelson, I. I. (1997). Two-year follow-up study of stress-related disorders among immigrants to Israel from the Chernobyl area. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105 (Suppl. 6), 1545–1550.
26. Dhara, V. R., & Dhara, R. (2002). The Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal: A review of healTheff ects. Archives of Environmental Health, 57 (5), 391–404.
27. Dirkzwager, A. J., & Verhaak, P. F. (2007). Patients with persistent medically unexplained symptoms in general practice: Characteristics and quality of care. BMC Family Practice, 8, 33.
28. Dirkzwager A. J., Yzermans C. J., & Kessels F. J. (2004). Psychological, musculoskeletal, and respiratory problems and sickness absence before and aft er involvement in a disaster: A longitudinal study among rescue workers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61 (10), 870–872.
29. Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Grievink, L., van der Velden, P. G., & Yzermans, C. J. (2006). Risk factors for psychological and physical health problems aft er a man-made disaster. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 144–149.
30. Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Kerssens, J. J., & Yzermans, C. J. (2006). Health problems in children and adolescents before and aft er a man-made disaster. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45 (1), 94–103.
31. Dirkzwager, A. J. E., van der Velden, P. G., Grievink, L., & Yzermans, C. J. (2007). Disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder and physical health. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 435–440.
32. Dollinger, S. J. (1986). The measurement of children’s sleep disturbances and somatic complaints following a disaster. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 16, 148–153.
33. Donker, G. A., Yzermans, C. J., Spreeuwenberg, P., & van der Zee, J. (2002). Symptom attribution aft er a plane crash: comparison between self-reported symptoms and GP records. British Journal of General Practice, 52, 917–922.
34. Dorn, T., Yzermans, C. J., Guijt, H., & van der Zee, J. (2007). Disaster-related stress as a prospective risk factor for hypertension in parents of adolescent fi re victims. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165, 410–417.
35. Dorn, T., Yzermans, C. J., Kerssens, J. J., Spreeuwenberg, P. M., & vn der Zee, J. (2006). Disaster and subsequent health care utilization: A longitudinal study among victims, their family members and control subjects. Medical Care, 44 (6), 581–589.
36. Drogendijk, A. N., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Grievink, L., van der Velden, P. G., Marcelissen, F. G. H., et al. (2007). The correspondence between persistent self-reported post-traumatic problems and general practitioners’ reports aft er a major disaster. Psychological Medicine, 37, 193–202.
37. Engel, C. C. (2001). Outbreak of medically unexplained physical symptoms aft er military action, terrorist threat, or technological disaster. Military Medicine, 166, 47–48.
38. — (2003). Somatization and multiple idiopathic physical symptoms: Relationship to traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder. In P. P. Schnurr & B. L. Green (Eds.), Trauma and health. Physical consequences of exposure to extreme stress. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
39. Engel, C. C., Liu, X., McCarthy, B. D., Miller, R. F., & Ursano, R. (2000). Relationship of physical symptoms to posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans seeking care for Gulf War-related health concerns. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62, 739–745.
40. Escobar, J. I., Canino, G., Rubio-Stipec, M., & Bravo, M. (1992). Somatic symptoms aft er a natural disaster: A prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 965–967.
41. Falger, P. R. J., Op den Velde, W., Hovens, J. E., Schouten, E. G., de Groen, J. H., & van Duijn, H. (1992). Current posttraumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Dutch resistance veterans from World War II. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 57, 164–171.
42. Feder, A., Olfson, M., Gameroff, M., Fuentes, M., Shea, S., Lantigua, R. A., et al. (2001). Medically unexplained symptoms in an urban general medicine practice. Psychosomatics, 42, 261–268.
43. Foa, E. B., Stein, D. J., & McFarlane, A. C. (2006). Symptomatology and psychopathology of mental health problems aft er disaster. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67 (Suppl. 2), 15–25.
44. Ford, D. E. (2004). Depression, trauma, and cardiovascular health. In P. P. Schnurr, & B. L. Green (Eds.), Trauma and health: Physical health consequences of extreme stress. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
45. Galea, S. (2007). The long-term health consequences of disasters and mass traumas. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 176 (9), 1293–1294.
46. Gerin, W., Chaplin, W., Schwartz, J. E., Holland, J., Alter, R., Wheeler, R., et al. (2005). Sustained blood pressure increase aft er an acute stressor: The eff ects of the 11 September 2001 attack on the New York City World Trade Center. Journal of Hypertension, 23, 279–284.
47. Glassman, A. H. (2007). Depression and the cardiovascular comorbidity. Dialogues in Clinical Neurosciences, 9 (1), 9–17.
48. Glover, D. A. (2006). Allostatic load in women with and without PTSD symptoms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 442–447.
49. Green, L. A., Fryer, G. E., Yawn, B. P., Lanier, D., & Dovey, S. M. (2001). The ecology of medical care revisited. New England Journal of Medicine, 344 (26), 2021–2025.
50. Guill, C. K., & Shandera, W. X. (2001). The eff ects of hurricane Mitch on a community in northern Honduras. Prehospital Disaster Medicine, 16, 124–129.
51. Havenaar J., Rumyantzeva, G., Kasyanenko, A., Kaasjager, K., Westermann, A., Van den Brink, W., et al. (1997). HealTheff ects of the Chernobyl disaster: Illness or illness behavior? A comparative general health survey in two former Soviet regions. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105 (Suppl. 6), 1533–1537.
52. Henningsen, P., Zimmermann, T., & Sattel, H. (2003). Medically unexplained physical symptoms, anxiety, and depression: A meta-analytic review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65 (4), 528–533.
53. Hoge, C. W., Terhakopian, A., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., & Engel, C. C. (2007). Association of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with somatic symptoms, health care visits, and absenteeism among Iraq war veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164 (1), 150–153.
54. Hornbrook, M. C., Hurtado, R. V., & Johnson, R. E.(1985). Health care episodes: Defi nition, measurement and use. Medical Care Review, 42, 163–218.
55. Hotopf, M., Mayou, R., Wadsworth, M., & Wessely, S. (1998). Temporal relationships between physical symptoms and psychiatric disorder; results from a national birth cohort. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 255–261.
56. Huizink, A. C., Slottje, P., Witteveen, A. B., Bijlsma, J. A., Twisk, J. W., Smidt, N., et al. (2006). Long term health complaints following the Amsterdam Air Disaster in police offi cers and fi re-fi ghters. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63 (10), 657–662.
57. Hyams, K. C., Wignal, F. S., & Roswell, R. (1996). War syndromes and their evaluation: From the U.S. civil war to the Persian Gulf war. Annals of Internal Medicine, 125 (5), 398–405.
58. Kar, N., Mohapatra, K. P., Nayak, K. C., Pattanaik, P., Swain, S. P., & Kar, H. C. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents one year aft er a super-cyclone in Orissa, India: Exploring cross-cultural validity and vulnerability factors. BMC Psychiatry, 7, 8.
59. Karanci, A., & Rustemli, A. (1995). Psychological consequences of the 1992 Erzincan (Turkey) earthquake. Disasters, 19 (1), 8–18.
60. Katon, W., Sullivan, M., & Walker, E. (2001). Medical symptoms without identifi ed pathology: Relationship to psychiatric disorders, childhood and adult trauma, and personality traits. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134, 917–925.
61. Kawana, N., Ishimatsu, S., & Kanda, K. (2001). Psychophysiological eff ects of the terrorist sarin attack on the Tokyo subway system. Military Medicine, 166 (12), 23–26.
62. Kendell, R. E. (2001). The distinction between mental and physical illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 490–493.
63. Kimmerling, R., & Calhoun, K. (1994). Somatic symptoms, social support, and treatment seeking among sexual assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 333–340.
64. Kisely, S., & Simon, G. (2006). An international study comparing the eff ect of medically explained and unexplained somatic symptoms on psychosocial outcome. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 125–130.
65. Kitayama, S., Okada, Y., Takumi, T., Takada, S., Inagaki, Y., & Nakamura, H. (2000). Psychological and physical reactions on children aft er the Hanshin- Awaji earthquake disaster. Kobe Journal of Medical Science, 46, 189–200.
66. Kroenke, K. (2001). Studying symptoms: Sampling and measurement issues. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134, 844–853.
67. Kroenke, K., & Price, R. K. (1993). Symptoms in the community; prevalence, classifi cation and psychiatric comorbidity. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153, 2474–2480.
68. Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (1998). Gender diff erences in the reporting of physical and somatoform symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 150–155.
69. Lang, T., Schwoebel, V., Diene, E., Bauvin, E., Garrigue, E., Lapierre-Duval, K., et al. (2007). Assessing post-disaster consequences for health at the population level: Experience from the AZF factory explosion in Toulouse. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61, 103–107.
70. Lima, B. R., Chavez, H., Samaniego, N., Pompei, M. S., Pai, S., Santacruz, H., et al. (1989). Disaster severity and emotional disturbance: Implications for primary mental health care in developing countries. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 79, 74–82.
71. Lima, B. R., Pai, S., Toledo, V., Caris, L., Haro, J. M., Lozano, J., et al. (1993). Emotional distress in disaster victims: A follow-up study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 388–393.
72. Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Fisher, L., Marx, B., & Monaco, V. (1992). Physical health complaints in combat related post-traumatic stress disorder: A preliminary report. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5 (1), 131–141.
73. Maida, C. A., Gordon, N. S., Steinberg, A., Carl, A., & Gordon, G. (1989). Psychosocial impact of disasters: Victims of the Baldwin hills fi re. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 37–48.
74. Mayou, R., & Farmer, A. (2002). Functional somatic symptoms and syndromes. British Medical Journal, 325, 265–268.
75. McEwen, B. S. (1998). Protective and damaging eff ects of stress mediators. Seminars in Medicine of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 338 (3), 171–179.
76. McEwen, B. S., & Stellar, E. (1993). Stress and the individual; mechanisms leading to disease. Archives of Internal Medicine, 153, 2093–2101
77. McFarlane, A. C., Atchinson, M., Rafalowicz, E., & Papay, P. (1994). Physical symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38 (7), 715–726.
78. McFarlane, A. C., Clayer, J. R., & Bookless, C. L. (1997). Psychiatric morbidity following a natural disaster: An Australian bushfi re. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32, 261–268.
79. Morren, M., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Kessels, F. J. M., & Yzermans, C. J. (2007). The infl uence of a disaster on the health of rescue workers: A longitudinal study. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 176 (9), 1279–1283.
80. Morren, M., Yzermans, C. J., van Nispen, R. M., & Wevers, S. J. (2005). The health of volunteer fi refi ghters three years aft er a technological disaster. Journal of Occupational Health, 47 (6), 523–532.
81. Najarian, L. M., Goenjian, A. K., Pelcovitz, D., Mandel, F., & Najarian, B. (2001). The eff ect of relocation aft er a natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14 (3), 511–526.
82. Nimnuan, C., Hotopf, M., & Wessely, S. (2001). Medically unexplained symptoms; an epidemiological study in seven specialties. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51, 361–367.
83. Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part 1. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981–2001. Psychiatry, 65 (3), 207–239.
84. Norris, F. H., Slone, L. B., Baker, C. K., & Murphy, A. D. (2006). Early physical consequences of disaster exposure and acute disaster-related PTSD. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 19 (2), 95–110.
85. Norris, R. L., Maguen, S., Litz, B. T., Adler, A. B., & Britt, T. W. (2005). Physical health symptoms in peacekeepers: Has the role of deployment stress been overrated? Stress, Trauma, and Crisis, 8 (4), 251–265.
86. North, C. S., Kawasaki, A., Spitznagel, E. L., & Hong, B. A. (2004). The course of PTSD, major depression, substance abuse, and somatisation aft er a natural disaster. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192 (12), 823–829.
87. Nuyen, J., Schellevis, F. G., Satariano, W. A., Spreeuwenberg, P. M., Birkner, M. D., van den Bos, G. A. M., et al. (2006). Comorbidity was associated with neurologic and psychiatric diseases: A general practice-based controlled study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 59, 1274–1284.
88. Ouimette, P., Cronkite, R., Henson, B. R., Prins, A., Gima, K., & Moos, R. H. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder and health status among female and male medical patients. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17 (1), 1–9.
89. Okkes, I. M., Oskam, S. K., & Lamberts, H. (2002). The probability of specifi c diagnoses for patients presenting with common symptoms to Dutch family physicians. The Journal of Family Practice, 51 (1), 31–36.
90. Page, L. A., Petrie, K. J., & Wessely, S. (2006). Psychosocial responses to environmental incidents: A review and a proposed typology. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60, 413–422.
91. Phifer, J. F. (1990). Psychological distress and somatic symptoms aft er natural disaster: Diff erential vulnerability among older adults. Psychology and Aging, 5 (3), 412–420.
92. Pocan, S., Ozkan, S., Hulusi, M., & Cakir, O. (2002).Crush syndrome and acute renal failure in the Marmara earthquake. Military Medicine, 167 (6), 516–518.
93. Renck, B., Weisaeth, L., & Skarbö, S. (2002). Stress reactions in police offi cers aft er a disaster rescue operation. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 56 (1), 7–14.
94. Richardson, R. D., & Engel, C. C. (2004). Evaluation and management of medically unexplained physical symptoms. The Neurologist, 10 (1), 18–30.
95. Rogers, L. (April 16, 2000). Ailing troops sue over Balkan War syndrome. The Sunday Times of London News.
96. Schnurr, P. P., & Green, B. L. (2003). Understanding relationships among trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and health outcomes. In P. P. Schnurr & B. L. Green (Eds.), Trauma and health. Physical Consequences of Exposure to Extreme Stress. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
97. Schnurr, P. P., & Jankowski, M. K. (1999). Physical health and post-traumatic stress disorder: Review and synthesis. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 4 (4), 295–304.
98. Schnurr, P. P., & Spiro, A. (1999). Combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and health behaviors as predictors of self-reported physical health in older veterans. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187 (6), 353–359.
99. Schnurr, P. P., Spiro, A., & Paris, A. H. (2000). Physician-diagnosed medical disorders in relation to PTSD symptoms in older male military veterans. Health Psychology, 19 (1), 91–97.
100. Shalev, A., Bleich, A., & Ursano, R. J. (1990). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Somatic comorbidity and eff ort tolerance. Psychosomatics, 31 (2), 197–203.
101. Shariat, S., Mallonee, S., Kruger, E., Farmer, K., & North, C. (1999). A prospective study of longterm health outcomes among Oklahoma City bombing survivors. Journal of Oklahoma State Medical Association, 92, 178–186.
102. Siegert, R. J., & Abernethy, D. A. (2005). Depression in multiple sclerosis: A review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 76, 469–475.
103. Simon, G., Gater, R., Kisely, S., & Piccinelli, M. (1996). Somatic symptoms of distress: An international primary care study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 481–488.
104. Soeteman, R. J. H, Yzermans, C. J., Kerssens, J. J., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Donker, G. A., van den Bosch, W. J. H. M., et al. (2006). The course of post- disaster health problems of victims with predisaster psychological problems as presented in general practice. Family Practice, 23 (3), 378–384.
105. Suzuki, S., Sakamoto, S., Koide, M., Fujita, H., Sakuramoto, H., Kuroda, T., et al. (1997). Hanshin-Awaji earthquake as a trigger for acute myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal, 134, 974–977.
106. Tainaka, H., Oda, H., Nakamura, S., Tabuchi, T., Noda, T., & Mito, H. (1998). Workers’ stress aft er Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in 1995– symptoms related to stress aft er 18 months [In Japanese]. Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi, 40, 241–249.
107. Tak S., Driscoll, R., Bernard, B., & West C. (2007). Depressive symptoms among fi refi ghters and related factors aft er the response to hurricane Katrina. Journal of Urban Health, 84 (2), 153–161.
108. Th omas, H. V., Stimpson, N. J., Weightman, A., Dunstan, F., & Lewis, G. (2006). Pain in veterans of the Gulf War of 1991: A systematic review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 7, 74.
109. Trout, D., Nimgade, A., Mueller, C., Hall, R., & Scott Earnest, G. (2002). HealTheff ects and occupational exposures among offi ce workers near the World Trade Center disaster site. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 44 (7), 601–605.
110. Tyano, S., Iancu, I., Solomon, Z., Sever, J., Goldstein, I., Touviana, Y., & Bleich, A. (1996). Seven-year follow-up of child survivors of a bus-train collision. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35 (3), 365–373.
111. van den Berg, B., Grievink, L., Stellato, R. K., Yzermans, C. J., & Lebret, E. (2005). Symptoms and related functioning in a traumatized community. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165 (20), 2402–2407.
112. van den Berg, B., Grievink, L., van der Velden, P. G., Yzermans, C. J., Stellato, R. K., Lebret, E., et al. (2008) Risk factors for physical symptoms aft er a disaster: a longitudinal study. Psychological Medicine, 38, 499–510.
113. van den Berg, B., Grievink, L., Yzermans, C. J., & Lebret, E. (2005). Medically unexplained physical symptoms in the aft ermath of disasters. Epidemiologic Reviews, 27, 92–106.
114. van den Berg, B., van der Velden, P. G., Yzermans, C. J., Stellato, R. K., & Grievink, L. (2006). Healthrelated quality of life and mental health problems aft er a disaster: Are chronically ill survivors more vulnerable to health problems? Quality of Life Research, 15, 1571–1576.
115. van den Berg, B., Yzermans, C. J., Grievink, L., Stellato, R. K., van der Velden, P. G., Brunekreef, B., et al. (2009). Risk factors for unexplained symptoms aft er a disaster: A 5-year longitudinal study in general practice. Psychosomatics, 50, 69–77.
116. van Ede, L., Yzermans, C. J., & Brouwer, H. J. (1999). Prevalence of depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review. Thorax, 54, 688–692.
117. van Griensven, F., Chakkraband, M. L., Th ienkrua, W., Pengjuntr, W., Lopes Cardozo, B., Tantipiwatanaskul, P., et al. (2006). Th ailand Post- Tsunami Mental Health Study Group. Mental health problems among adults in tsunami-aff ected areas in southern Th ailand. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296 (5), 537–548.
118. Vanholder, R., van der Tol, A., de Smet, M., Hoste, E., Koc, M., Hussain, A., et al. (2007). Earthquakes and crush syndrome casualties: Lessons learned from the Kashmir disaster. Kidney International, 71, 17–23.
119. Van Kamp, I., Van der Velden, P. G., Stellato, R. K., Roorda, J., Van Loon, J., Kleber, R. J., et al. (2006). Physical and mental health shortly aft er a disaster: fi rst results from the Enschede fi reworks disaster study. European Journal of Public Health, 16 (3), 253–259.
120. Wagner, D., Heinrichs, M., & Ehlert, U. (1998). Prevalence of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in German professional fi refi ghters. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1727–1732.
121. Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Health complaints, stress and distress: Exploring the central role of negative aff ectivity. Psychological Review, 96 (2), 234–254.
122. Weisaeth, L. (1989). The stressors and the posttraumatic stress syndrome aft er an industrial disaster. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 80, (Suppl. 355) 25–37.
123. Wessely, S. (2001). Ten years on: What do we know about the Gulf War syndrome? Clinical Medicine, 1 (1), 28–37.
124. Wessely, S. (2004). There is only one functional somatic syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 95–96.
125. Wessely, S., & Freedman, L. (2006). Refl ections on Gulf War illness. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 361, 721–730.
126. Wessely, S., Nimnuan, C., & Sharpe, M. (1999). Functional somatic syndromes: One or many? The Lancet, 354, 936–939.
127. Wolfe, J., Schnurr, P. P., Brown, P. J., & Furey, J. (1994). Posttraumatic stress disorder and war-zone exposure as correlates of perceived health in female Vietnam war veterans. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62 (6), 1235–1240.
128. Wu, H., Chou, P., Chou, F., Su, C., Tsai, K., Ou-Yang, W., et al. (2006). Survey of quality of life and related risk factors for a Taiwanese village population three years post-earthquake. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40 (4), 355–361.
129. Yzermans, C. J., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2002). The chaotic aft ermath of an airplane crash in Amsterdam: A second disaster. In J. Havenaar, J. Cwikel, & E. J. Bromet (Eds.), Toxic turmoil: Psychological and societal consequences of ecological disasters. New York: Plaenum/Kluwer.
130. Yzermans, C. J., Donker, G. A., Kerssens, J. J., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Soeteman, J. H., & ten Veen, P. M. H. (2005). Health problems of victims before and aft er disaster: A longitudinal study in general practice. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34, 820–826.
131. Yzermans, C. J., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., & Breuning, E. (2005). Long-term health consequences of disaster: A bibliography. Utrecht Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research.
132. Yzermans, C. J., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., Kerssens, J. J., Cohen-Bendahan, C. C. C., & ten Veen, P. M. H. (2006). Gevolgen van de vuurwerkramp in Enschede voor de gezondheid [HealTheff ects of the Enschede fi reworks disaster]. Utrecht: Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research.
133. Zatzick, D. F., Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Browner, W. S., Metzler, T. J., Golding, J. M., et al. (1997). Posttraumatic stress disorder and functioning and quality of life outcomes in a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 1690–1695.
134. Zoellner, L., Goodwin, M., & Foa, E. (2000). PTSD severity and health perceptions in female victims of sexual assault. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 635–649.