Rational and irrational issues in breast cancer screening

Cancers

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 252-266

  Baines, Cornelia J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Breast screening; Randomized controlled trials; Screening mammography

Indexed keywords

AGE DISTRIBUTION; BREAST BIOPSY; BREAST CANCER; BREAST EXAMINATION; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER SCREENING; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; HUMAN; MAMMOGRAPHY; MASTECTOMY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SCREENING TEST;

EID: 79953686822     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726694     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010252     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Shapiro, S. Evidence on screening for breast cancer from a randomized trial. Cancer 1977, 39, 2772-2782.
2. Cox, B. Variation in the effectiveness of breast screening by year of follow-up. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 1997, 22, 69-72.
3. Roberts, M.M.; Alexander, F.E.; Anderson, T.J.; Chetty, U.; Donnan, P.T.; Forrest, P.; Hepburn, W.; Huggins, A.; Kirkpatrick, A.E.; Lamb, J. Edinburgh trial of screening for breast cancer: Mortality at seven years. The Lancet. 1990, 335, 241-246.
4. Andersson, I.; Aspegren, K.; Janzon, L.; Landberg, T.; Lindholm, K.; Linell, F. L; Ljundberg, O.; Ranstam, J.; Sigfusson, B. Mammographic screening and mortality from breast cancer: The Malmo mammographic screening trial. BMJ 1988, 297, 943-948.
5. Tabár, L.; Fagerberg, G.; Duffy, S.W.; Day, N.E.; Gad, A.; Grontoft O. Update of the Swedish two county program of mammographic screening for breast cancer. Radiol. Clin. N. Am. 1992, 30, 187-210.
6. Tabár, L.; Chen, H.-H.; Fagerberg, G.; Duffy, S.; Smith, T.C. Recent results from the Swedish Two-county trial: The effects of age, histologic type and mode of detection on the efficacy of breast cancer screening. Monogr. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1997, 22, 43-47.
7. Working Group. Report of the Working Group to Review the National Cancer Institute-American Cancer Society Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Projects. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1979, 62, 639-709.
8. Baines, C.J. Impediments to Recruitment in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: Response and Resolution. Contr. Clin. Trial. 1984, 5, 129-140.
9. Miller, A.B.; To, T.; Baines, C.J.; Wall, C. The Canadian National Breast Screening Study-1: Breast cancer mortality after 11-16 years of follow-up. A randomized screening trial of mammography in women age 40-49 years. Ann. Int. Med. 2002, 137, 305-312.
10. Miller, A.B.; Baines, C.J.; To, T.; Wall, C. The Canadian National Breast Screening Study-2: 13-year results of a randomized trial in women aged 50-59 years. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2000, 92, 1490-1499.
11. Baines, C.J.; To, T. Changes in breast self-examination behaviour achieved by 89,835 participants in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study. Cancer 1990, 66, 295-298.
12. Harvey, B.J.; Miller, A.B.; Baines, C.J.; Corey, P.N. Effect of breast self-examination techniques on the risk of death from breast cancer. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1997, 157, 1205-1212.
13. Frisell, J.; Eklund, G.; Hellstrom, L.; Lidbrink, E.; Rutqvist, L.E.; Somell, A. Randomized study of mammographic screening-preliminary report in the Stockholm trial. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 1991, 18, 49-56.
14. Vainio, H., Bianchini, F. IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention. In Breast Cancer Screening; IARC Press: Lyon, France, 2002; Volume 7, pp. 87-117.
15. Forrest, A.P. Breast Cancer Screening: Report to the Health Minister of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland; HMSO: London, UK, 1986.
16. Moss, S.M.; Cuckle, H.; Evans, A.; Johns, L.; Waller, M.; Bobrow, L. For the trial management group. Effect of mammographic screening from age 40 years on breast cancer mortality at 10 years' follow-up: A randomized controlled trial. The Lancet 2006, 368, 2053-2060.
17. Kerr, M. A case-control study of treatment adequacy and mortality from breast cancer for women age 40-49 years at entry into the National Breast Screening Study. Masters Thesis, University of Toronto, 1991.
18. Humphrey, L.L.; Helfand, M.; Chan, B.K.; Woolf, S.H. Breast cancer screening: A summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann. Intern. Med. 2002, 137, 347-69.
19. Gøtzsche, P.C.; Nielsen, M. Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2009, 4, CD001877.
20. Nyström, L.; Andersson, I.; Bjurstam, N.; Frisell, J.; Nordenskjöld, B.; Rutqvist, L.E. Long-term effects of mammography screening: Updated overview of the Swedish randomised trials. The Lancet 2002, 359, 909-919.
21. Welch, G.H.; Black, W.C. Over-diagnosis in cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2010, 102, 605-613.
22. Narod, S.A. On being the right size: A reappraisal of mammography trials in Canada and Sweden. The Lancet 1997, 49, 1869.
23. Holmberg, L.; Duffy, S.W.; Yen, A.M.F.; Tabar, L.; Vitak, B.; Nyström, L.; Frisell, J. Differences in endpoints between the Swedish W-E (two-county) trial of mammographic screening and the Swedish overview: M ethodological consequences. J. Med. Screen. 2009, 16, 73-80.
24. Kopans, D.B. Why the critics of screening mammography are wrong: They distort data, rely on weak science, but ref use to defend when challenged. Diagn. Imaging 2009, 31, 18-24.
25. Miller, A.B.; Baines, C.J.; To, T.; Wall, C. Canadian National Breast Screening Study-1: Breast cancer detection and death rates among women age 40-49 years. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1992, 147, 1459-1476.
26. Miller, A.B.; Baines, C.J.; To, T.; Wall C. Canadian National Breast Screening Study-2: Breast cancer detection and death rates among women age 50-59 years. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1992, 147, 1477-1488.
27. Bailar, J.C., III; MacMahon, B. Randomization in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: A review for evidence of subversion. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1997, 156, 193-199.
28. Kopans, D.B. Kopans' reply. Diagn. Imaging 2010, 32, 23.
29. Baines, C.J. The Canadian National Breast Screening Study: A perspective on criticisms. Ann. Intern. Med. 1994, 120, 326-334.
30. Baines, C.J. The Canadian National Breast Screening Study: Science meets controversy. In Excessive Medical $pending; Temple, N.J., Thompson, A., Eds.; Radcliffe Publishing Ltd: Abingdon, UK, 2007; Chapter 12, pp. 121-124.
31. Tabár, L.; Fagerberg, C.J.; Gad, A.; Baldetorp, L.; Holmberg, L.H.; Grontoft, O.; Ljungquist, U.; Lundstrom, B.; Manson, J.C.; Eklund, G. Reduction in mortality from breast cancer after mass screening with mammography. Randomised Trial from the Breast Screening Working Group of the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. Lancet 1985, 1, 829-832.
32. Baines, C.J.; McFarlane, D.V.; Miller, A.B. The role of the reference radiologist. Estimates of inter-observer agreement and potential delay in cancer detection the National Breast Screening Study. Invest. Radiol. 1990, 25, 971-976.
33. Moskowitz, M. Guidelines for screening for breast cancer: Is a revision in order? Radiol. Clin. North. Am. 1992, 30, 221-233.
34. Kopans, D.B. Mammography. Lancet 1993, 341, 957.
35. Kopans, D.B.; Feig, S.A. The Canadian National Breast Screening Study: A critical review. AJR 1993, 161, 755-760.
36. Kopans, D.B. Detecting breast cancer not visible by mammography. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1992, 84, 745-747.
37. Baines, C.J.; McFarlane, D.V.; Miller, A.B. Sensitivity and specificity of first screen mammography in 15 NBSS centres. J. Can. Assoc. Rad. 1988, 39, 273-276.
38. Baines, C.J.; Miller, A.B.; Wall, C.; McFarlane, D.V.; Simor, I.S.; Jong, R.; Sjhapiro, B.J.; Audet, L.; Petitclerc, M.; Ouimet-Oliva, D. Sensitivity and specificity of first screen mammography in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: A preliminary report from five centers. Radiology 1986, 160, 295-298.
39. Taubes, G. The breast screening brawl. Science 1997, 275, 1056-1059.
40. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann. Int. Med. 2009, 151, 716-726.
41. Kamerow, D. Observations: Yankee Doodling Mammograms, poor communication, and politics. BMJ 2009, 339, b5275.
42. Quanstrum, K.H.; Hayward, R.A. Lessons from the Mammography Wars. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 363, 1076-1079.
43. Berlin, L.; Hall, F.M. More Mammography Muddle: Emotions, Politics, Science, Costs and Polarization. Radiology 2010, 255, 311-316.
44. Jørgensen, K.J.; Zahl, P.-H.; Gøtzsche, P.C. Breast cancer mortality in organised mammography screening in Denmark: Comparative study. BMJ 2010, 340, c1241, doi:10.1136/bmj.c1241.
45. Levi, F.; Bosetti, C.; Lucchini, F.; Negri, E.; Vecchia. C.L. Monitoring the decrease in breast cancer mortality in Europe. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2005, 14, 487-502.
46. Autier, P.; Boniol, M.; LaVecchia, C.; Vatten, L.; Gavin, A.; He'ry, C.; Heanue, M. Disparities in breast cancer mortality trends between 30 European countries: Retrospective trend analysis of WHO mortality database. BMJ 2010, 341, c3620.
47. Kalager, M.; Zelen, M.; Langmark, F.; Adami, H.-O. Effect of screening mammography on breast cancer mortality in Norway. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 363, 1203-1210.
48. Marshall, E. Brawling over mammography. A scientific study of the benefits and harms of screening women in their 40s got buried by politics. Science 2010, 327, 936-938.
49. Kopans, D.B. The Recent US Preventive Services Task Force Guidelines Are Not Supported by the Scientific Evidence and Should Be Rescinded. J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 2010, 7, 260-264.
50. Kopans, D.B. Ignoring the fundamentals-what has happened to peer review? BMJ http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/340/mar23_1/c1241#234237 (accessed on 6 January 2011).
51. Croswell, J.M.; Ransohoff, D.F.; Kramer, B.S. Principles of Cancer Screening: Lessons from History and Study Design Issues. Sem. Onc. 2010, 37, 202-215.
52. Jorgensen, K.J.; Gøtzsche, P.C. Overdiagnosis in publicly organised mammography screening programmes: Systematic review of incidence trends. BMJ 2009, 339, b2587.
53. Dixon, J. Breast screening has increased the number of mastectomies. Breast Cancer Res. 2009, 11 (Suppl. 3), S19, http://breast-cancer-research.com/supplements/11/S3/S19.
54. Alexander, F.E. The Edinburgh Randomized Trial of Breast Cancer Screening. Mongr. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1997, 22, 31-35.
55. Baines, C.J. Mammography screening: Are women really giving informed consent? J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2003, 95, 1508-1511.
56. Retsky, M.; Demicheli, R.; Hrushesky, W.; Baum, M.; Gukas, I. Surgery Triggers Outgrowth of Latent Distant Disease in Breast Cancer: An Inconvenient Truth? Cancers 2010, 2, 305-337; doi:10.3390/cancers2020305.
57. Fisher, B.; Gunduz, N.; Saffer, E.A. Influence of the Interval between Primary Tumor Removal and Chemotherapy on Kinetics and Growth of Metastases. Cancer Res. 1983, 43, 1488-1492.
58. Fisher, B.; Gunduz, N.; Coyle, J.; Rudock, C.; Saffer, E. Presence of a Growth-stimulating Factor in Serum Following Primary Tumor Removal in Mice. Cancer Res. 1989, 49, 1196-2001.
59. Folkman, J. What is the Evidence That Tumors Are Angiogenesis Dependent? J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1990, 82, 4-6.
60. Fisher, B. The Evolution of Paradigms for the Management of Breast Cancer: A Personal Perspective. Cancer Res. 1992, 52, 2371-2383.