Neurology and cardiology: Points of contact;Neurología y cardiología: Puntos de contacto

Revista Espanola de Cardiologia

Volumn 64, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 319-327

  Goldstein, Larry B ^a,b   El Husseini, Nada ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b DURHAM VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiomyopathy; Embolism; Neuromuscular; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTIVITAMIN K;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; CARDIOLOGY; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HEART DISEASE; HEART MUSCLE CONDUCTION DISTURBANCE; HUMAN; LEFT VENTRICULAR THROMBUS; MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY; NEUROLOGY; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE; PATENT FORAMEN OVALE; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE; STROKE; THROMBUS; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE;

EID: 79953317609     PISSN: 03008932     EISSN: 15792242     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2010.12.004     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Cervera A, Amaro S, Obach V, Chamorro A. Prevention of ischemic stroke: antithrombotic therapy in cardiac embolism. Curr Drug Targets. 2007;8:824-31. (Pubitemid 47163392)
2. Furie KL, Kasner SE, Adams RJ, Albers GW, Bush RL, Fagan SC, et al., American Heart Association Stroke Council, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2011;42:227-76.
3. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Rothbart RM, McAnulty JH, Asinger RW, Halperin JL. Stroke with intermittent atrial fibrillation: incidence and predictors during aspirin therapy. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. J AmColl Cardiol. 2000;35:183-7. (Pubitemid 30061278)
4. Tayal AH, Tian M, Kelly KM, Jones SC, Wright DG, Singh D, et al. Atrial fibrillation detected by mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry in cryptogenic TIA or stroke. Neurology. 2008;71:1696-701.
5. Kamel H, Hegde M, Johnson DR, Gage BF, Johnston SC. Cost-effectiveness of outpatient cardiac monitoring to detect atrial fibrillation after ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2010;41:1514-20.
6. Stroke Risk in Atrial Fibrillation Working Group. Comparison of 12 risk stratification schemes to predict stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Stroke. 2008;39:1901-10.
7. Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, Boechler M, Rich MW, Radford MJ. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2001;285:2864-70.
8. Ezekowitz MD, Bridgers SL, James KE, Carliner NH, Colling CL, Gornick CC, et al. Warfarin in the prevention of stroke associated with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1406-12.
9. Connolly SJ, Laupacis A, Gent M, Roberts RS, Cairns JA, Joyner C. Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation (CAFA) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18:349-55.
10. The Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1505-11.
11. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study. Final results. Circulation. 1991;84:527-39.
12. Petersen P, Boysen G, Godtfredsen J, Andersen ED, Andersen B. Placebo-controlled, randomised trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation. The Copenhagen AFASAK study. Lancet. 1989;1:175-9.
13. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1449-57.
14. Hylek EM, Skates SJ, Sheehan MA, Singer DE. An analysis of the lowest effective intensity of prophylactic anticoagulation for patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:540-6. (Pubitemid 26272308)
15. Heiro M, Nikoskelainen J, Engblom E, Kotilainen E, Marttila R, Kotilainen P. Neurologic manifestations of infective endocarditis: a 17-year experience in a teaching hospital in Finland. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2781-7.
16. Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group. Lancet. 1993;342:1255-62.
17. Mant J, Hobbs FD, Fletcher K, Roalfe A, Fitzmaurice D, Lip GY, et al. Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study, BAFTA): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:493-503. (Pubitemid 47212371)
18. Connolly S, Pogue J, Hart R, Pfeffer M, Hohnloser S, Chrolavicius S, et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367:1903-12.
19. Connolly SJ, Pogue J, Hart RG, Hohnloser SH, Pfeffer M, Chrolavicius S, et al. Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2066-78.
20. ROCKET AF Study Investigators. Rivaroxaban-once daily, oral, direct factor Xa inhibition compared with vitamin K antagonism for prevention of stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation: rationale and design of the ROCKET AF study. Am Heart J. 2010;159. 340-7e1.
21. Olsson SB. Stroke prevention with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (SPORTIF III): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;362:1691-8. (Pubitemid 37468318)
22. Meissner I, Khandheria BK, Heit JA, Petty GW, Sheps SG, Schwartz GL, et al. Patent foramen ovale: innocent or guilty? Evidence from a prospective population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:440-5. (Pubitemid 43063268)
23. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekh A, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1139-51.
24. Lopes RD, Alexander JH, Al-Khatib SM, Ansell J, Diaz R, Easton JD, et al. Apixaban for reduction in stroke and other ThromboemboLic events in atrial fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) trial: design and rationale. Am Heart J. 2010;159:331-9.
25. Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clin Proc. 1984;59:17-20.
26. Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR. Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a metaanalysis of case-control studies. Neurology. 2000;55:1172-9.
27. O'Gara PT, Messe SR, Tuzcu EM, Catha G, Ring JC. Percutaneous device closure of patent foramen ovale for secondary stroke prevention: a call for completion of randomized clinical trials. A science advisory from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:2014-8.
28. Halperin JL, Fuster V. Patent foramen ovale and recurrent stroke: another paradoxical twist. Circulation. 2002;105:2580-2.
29. Lethen H, Flachskampf FA, Schneider R, Sliwka U, Kohn G, Noth J, et al. Frequency of deep vein thrombosis in patients with patent foramen ovale and ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:1066-9.
30. Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR, Sciacca RR, Mohr JP. Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale: patent foramen ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study. Circulation. 2002;105:2625-31.
31. Serena J, Martí-Fàbregas J, Santamarina E, Rodríguez JJ, Pérez-Ayuso MJ, Masjuan J, et al. Recurrent stroke and massive right-to-left shunt: results from the prospective Spanish multicenter (CODICIA) study. Stroke. 2008;39:3131-6.
32. Mas JL, Arquizan C, Lamy C, Zuber M, Cabanes L, Derumeaux G, et al. Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1740-6.
33. Windecker S, Wahl A, Nedeltchev K, Arnold M, Schwerzmann M, Seiler C, et al. Comparison of medical treatment with percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:750-8.
34. Hess DC, D'Cruz IA, Adams RJ, Nichols FT 3rd. Coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and brain embolism. Neurol Clin. 1993;11:399-417. (Pubitemid 23163480)
35. Osherov AB, Borovik-Raz M, Aronson D, Agmon Y, Kapeliovich M, Kerner A, et al. Incidence of early left ventricular thrombus after acute anterior wall myocardial infarction in the primary coronary intervention era. Am Heart J. 2009;157:1074-80.
36. Mahaffey KW, Harrington RA, Simoons ML, Granger CB, Graffagnino C, Alberts MJ, et al. Stroke in patients with acute coronary syndromes: incidence and outcomes in the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in unstable angina. Receptor suppression using integrilin therapy (PURSUIT) trial. The PURSUIT Investigators. Circulation. 1999;99:2371-7.
37. Herlitz J, Holm J, Peterson M, Karlson BW, Evander MH, Erhardt L. Factors associated with development of stroke long-term after myocardial infarction: experiences from the LoWASA trial. J Intern Med. 2005;257:201-7. (Pubitemid 40193970)
38. Fuster V, Halperin JL. Left ventricular thrombi and cerebral embolism. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:392-4. (Pubitemid 19106877)
39. Van Es RF, Jonker JJ, Verheugt FW, Deckers JW, Grobbee DE. Aspirin and coumadin after acute coronary syndromes (the ASPECT-2 study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:109-13. (Pubitemid 34786198)
40. Becker RC, Meade TW, Berger PB, Ezekowitz M, O'Connor CM, Vorchheimer DA, et al. The primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133:S776-814.
41. Klijn CJ, Kappelle LJ. Haemodynamic stroke: clinical features, prognosis, and management. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:1008-17.
42. Pullicino PM, McClure LA, Wadley VG, Ahmed A, Howard VJ, Howard G, et al. Blood pressure and stroke in heart failure in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Stroke. 2009;40:3706-10.
43. Caplan LR. Cardiac encephalopathy and congestive heart failure: a hypothesis about the relationship. Neurology. 2006;66:99-101. (Pubitemid 43739600)
44. Pullicino PM, Hart J. Cognitive impairment in congestive heart failure?: Embolism vs hypoperfusion. Neurology. 2001;57:1945-6.
45. Ackerman RH. Cerebral blood flow and neurological change in chronic heart failure. Stroke. 2001;32:2462-4. (Pubitemid 33055289)
46. Almeida OP, Flicker L. The mind of a failing heart: a systematic review of the association between congestive heart failure and cognitive functioning. Intern Med J. 2001;31:290-5. (Pubitemid 32734932)
47. Roman DD, Kubo SH, Ormaza S, Francis GS, Bank AJ, Shumway SJ. Memory improvement following cardiac transplantation. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1997;19:692-7. (Pubitemid 28005010)
48. Bornstein RA, Starling RC, Myerowitz PD, Haas GJ. Neuropsychological function in patients with end-stage heart failure before and after cardiac transplantation. Acta Neurol Scand. 1995;91:260-5.
49. Schall RR, Petrucci RJ, Brozena SC, Cavarocchi NC, Jessup M. Cognitive function in patients with symptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy before and after cardiac transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14:1666-72. (Pubitemid 20011856)
50. Pullicino P, Homma S. Stroke in heart failure: atrial fibrillation revisited? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010;19:1-2.
51. Witt BJ, Brown RD Jr, Jacobsen SJ, Weston SA, Ballman KV, Meverden RA, et al. Ischemic stroke after heart failure: a community-based study. Am Heart J. 2006;152:102-9. (Pubitemid 43974732)
52. Pullicino PM, Halperin JL, Thompson JL. Stroke in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Neurology. 2000;54:288-94. (Pubitemid 30078055)
53. Katz SD, Marantz PR, Biasucci L, Jondeau G, Lee K, Brennan C, et al. Low incidence of stroke in ambulatory patients with heart failure: a prospective study. Am Heart J. 1993;126:141-6. (Pubitemid 23201585)
54. Massie BM. The year in heart failure: 2004. J Card Fail. 2005;11:1-6.
55. Massie BM, Krol WF, Ammon SE, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, Collins JF, et al. The Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy in Heart Failure trial (WATCH): rationale, design, and baseline patient characteristics. J Card Fail. 2004;10:101-12. (Pubitemid 38858069)
56. Massie BM, Collins JF, Ammon SE, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, Ezekowitz M, et al. Randomized trial of warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel in patients with chronic heart failure: the Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure (WATCH) trial. Circulation. 2009;119:1616-24.
57. Pullicino P, Thompson JL, Barton B, Levin B, Graham S, Freudenberger RS. Warfarin versus aspirin in patients with reduced cardiac ejection fraction (WARCEF): rationale, objectives, and design. J Card Fail. 2006;12:39-46. (Pubitemid 43267750)
58. Petty GW, Khandheria BK, Whisnant JP, Sicks JD, O'Fallon WM, Wiebers DO. Predictors of cerebrovascular events and death among patients with valvular heart disease: A population-based study. Stroke. 2000;31:2628-35.
59. Freed LA, Levy D, Levine RA, Larson MG, Evans JC, Fuller DL, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome of mitral-valve prolapse. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1-7. (Pubitemid 29293713)
60. Barnett HJ, Jones MW, Boughner DR, Kostuk WJ. Cerebral ischemic events associated with prolapsing mitral valve. Arch Neurol. 1976;33:777-82. (Pubitemid 8016812)
61. Orencia AJ, Petty GW, Khandheria BK, O'Fallon WM, Whisnant JP. Mitral valve prolapse and the risk of stroke after initial cerebral ischemia. Neurology. 1995;45:1083-6.
62. Fulkerson PK, Beaver BM, Auseon JC, Graber HL. Calcification of the mitral annulus: etiology, clinical associations, complications and therapy. Am J Med. 1979;66:967-77. (Pubitemid 9198581)
63. Coulshed N, Epstein EJ, McKendrick CS, Galloway RW, Walker E. Systemic embolism in mitral valve disease. Br Heart J. 1970;32:26-34.
64. Adams GF, Merrett JD, Hutchinson WM, Pollock AM. Cerebral embolism and mitral stenosis: survival with and without anticoagulants. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1974;37:378-83.
65. Szekely P. Systemic embolism and anticoagulant prophylaxis in rheumatic heart disease. Br Med J. 1964;1:1209-12.
66. Mok CK, Boey J, Wang R, Chan TK, Cheung KL, Lee PK, et al. Warfarin versus dipyridamole-aspirin and pentoxifylline-aspirin for the prevention of prosthetic heart valve thromboembolism: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Circulation. 1985;72:1059-63. (Pubitemid 16205407)
67. Turpie AG, Gent M, Laupacis A, Latour Y, Gunstensen J, Basile F, et al. A comparison of aspirin with placebo in patients treated with warfarin after heart-valve replacement. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:524-9. (Pubitemid 23232620)
68. Ruttmann E, Willeit J, Ulmer H, Chevtchik O, Hofer D, Poewe W, et al. Neurological outcome of septic cardioembolic stroke after infective endocarditis. Stroke. 2006;37:2094-9. (Pubitemid 44309910)
69. Thomas MP, Wang A. Clinical problem-solving. Taken out of context. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2478-82.
70. Derex L, Bonnefoy E, Delahaye F. Impact of stroke on therapeutic decision making in infective endocarditis. J Neurol. 2010;257:315-21.
71. Snygg-Martin U, Gustafsson L, Rosengren L, Alsio A, Ackerholm P, Andersson R, et al. Cerebrovascular complications in patients with left-sided infective endocarditis are common: a prospective study using magnetic resonance imaging and neurochemical brain damage markers. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:23-30. (Pubitemid 351920582)
72. Rohmann S, Erbel R, Gorge G, Makowski T, Mohr-Kahaly S, Nixdorff U, et al. Clinical relevance of vegetation localization by transoesophageal echocardiography in infective endocarditis. Eur Heart J. 1992;13:446-52.
73. Anderson DJ, Goldstein LB, Wilkinson WE, Corey GR, Cabell CH, Sanders LL, et al. Stroke location, characterization, severity, and outcome in mitral vs aortic valve endocarditis. Neurology. 2003;61:1341-6. (Pubitemid 37463367)
74. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler Jr VG, Bolger AF, Levison ME, et al., Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; American Heart Association; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, American Heart Association: endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Circulation. 2005;111:e394-e434.
75. Horstkotte D, Follath F, Gutschik E, Lengyel M, Oto A, Pavie A, et al., Task Force Members on Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG); Document Reviewers. Guidelines on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infective endocarditis executive summary; the task force on infective endocarditis of the European society of cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:267-76.
76. Piper C, Wiemer M, Schulte HD, Horstkotte D. Stroke is not a contraindication for urgent valve replacement in acute infective endocarditis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2001;10:703-11. (Pubitemid 33133562)
77. Angstwurm K, Borges AC, Halle E, Schielke E, Einhaupl KM, Weber JR. Timing the valve replacement in infective endocarditis involving the brain. J Neurol. 2004;251:1220-6. (Pubitemid 39517925)
78. Dukkipati S, O'Neill WW, Harjai KJ, Sanders WP, Deo D, Boura JA, et al. Characteristics of cerebrovascular accidents after percutaneous coronary interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1161-7. (Pubitemid 38452590)
79. Fuchs S, Stabile E, Kinnaird TD, Mintz GS, Gruberg L, Canos DA, et al. Stroke complicating percutaneous coronary interventions: incidence, predictors, and prognostic implications. Circulation. 2002;106:86-91. (Pubitemid 34752172)
80. Jauch EC, Cucchiara B, Adeoye O, Meurer W, Brice J, Chan YY, et al. Part 11: adult stroke: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2010;12218 Suppl 3:S818-28.
81. Khatri P, Taylor RA, Palumbo V, Rajajee V, Katz JM, Chalela JA, et al. The safety and efficacy of thrombolysis for strokes after cardiac catheterization. J AmColl Cardiol. 2008;51:906-11. (Pubitemid 351282458)
82. Puskas JD, Winston AD, Wright CE, Gott JP, Brown WM 3rd, Craver JM, et al. Stroke after coronary artery operation: incidence, correlates, outcome, and cost. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69:1053-6. (Pubitemid 30259360)
83. Moazami N, Smedira NG, McCarthy PM, Katzan I, Sila CA, Lytle BW, et al. Safety and efficacy of intraarterial thrombolysis for perioperative stroke after cardiac operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72:1933-7.
84. Fukuda I, Imazuru T, Osaka M, Watanabe K, Meguro K, Wada M. Thrombolytic therapy for delayed, in-hospital stroke after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:1293-5. (Pubitemid 37204755)
85. Selnes OA, Royall RM, Grega MA, Borowicz LM Jr, Quaskey S, McKhann GM. Cognitive changes 5 years after coronary artery bypass grafting: is there evidence of late decline? Arch Neurol. 2001;58:598-604.
86. Selnes OA, Grega MA, Borowicz LM Jr, Royall RM, McKhann GM, Baumgartner WA. Cognitive changes with coronary artery disease: a prospective study of coronary artery bypass graft patients and nonsurgical controls. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:1377-84.
87. McKhann GM, Grega MA, Borowicz LM Jr, Bailey MM, Barry SJ, Zeger SL, et al. Is there cognitive decline 1 year after CABG? Comparison with surgical and nonsurgical controls. Neurology. 2005;65:991-9. (Pubitemid 41429620)
88. Van Dijk D, Jansen EW, Hijman R, Nierich AP, Diephuis JC, Moons KG, et al. Cognitive outcome after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2002;287:1405-12. (Pubitemid 34250503)
89. Kopelnik A, Zaroff JG. Neurocardiogenic injury in neurovascular disorders. Crit Care Clin. 2006;22:733-52. (Pubitemid 46097403)
90. Bhakta D, Groh WJ. Cardiac function tests in neuromuscular diseases. Neurol Clin. 2004;22:591-617. (Pubitemid 38797983)
91. Breton R, Mathieu J. Usefulness of clinical and electrocardiographic data for predicting adverse cardiac events in patients with myotonic dystrophy. Can J Cardiol. 2009;25:e23-e27.
92. Groh WJ, Groh MR, Saha C, Kincaid JC, Simmons Z, Ciafaloni E, et al. Electrocardiographic abnormalities and sudden death in myotonic dystrophy type 1. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2688-97. (Pubitemid 351860861)
93. Stollberger C, Winkler-Dworak M, Blazek G, Finsterer J. Association of electrocardiographic abnormalities with cardiac findings and neuromuscular disorders in left ventricular hypertrabeculation/non-compaction. Cardiology. 2007;107:374-9. (Pubitemid 46788260)
94. Emery AE. The muscular dystrophies. Lancet. 2002;359:687-95. (Pubitemid 34203773)
95. Holmgren D, Wahlander H, Eriksson BO, Oldfors A, Holme E, Tulinius M. Cardiomyopathy in children with mitochondrial disease; clinical course and cardiological findings. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:280-8. (Pubitemid 36207084)
96. Marin-Garcia J, Goldenthal MJ, Filiano JJ. Cardiomyopathy associated with neurologic disorders and mitochondrial phenotype. J Child Neurol. 2002;17:759-65. (Pubitemid 36163689)
97. Berenberg RA, Pellock JM, DiMauro S, Schotland DL, Bonilla E, Eastwood A, et al. Lumping or splitting? "Ophthalmoplegia-plus" or Kearns-Sayre syndrome? Ann Neurol. 1977;1:37-54.
98. Yokota R, Shirotani M, Kouchi I, Hirai T, Uemori N, Ohta Y, et al. Subclinical Becker's muscular dystrophy presenting with severe heart failure. Intern Med. 2004;43:204-8. (Pubitemid 38489113)
99. McNally EM. Duchenne muscular dystrophy: how bad is the heart? Heart. 2008;94:976-7.
100. Mavrogeni S, Papavasiliou A, Spargias K, Constandoulakis P, Papadopoulos G, Karanasios E, et al. Myocardial inflammation in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy as a precipitating factor for heart failure: a prospective study. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:33.
101. Yilmaz A, Gdynia HJ, Baccouche H, Mahrholdt H, Meinhardt G, Basso C, et al. Cardiac involvement in patients with Becker muscular dystrophy: new diagnostic and pathophysiological insights by a CMR approach. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2008;10:50.
102. Bushby K, Muntoni F, Bourke JP. 107th ENMC international workshop: the management of cardiac involvement in muscular dystrophy and myotonic dystrophy. 7th-9th June 2002, Naarden, the Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord. 2003;13:166-72.
103. Duboc D, Meune C, Lerebours G, Devaux JY, Vaksmann G, Becane HM. Effect of perindopril on the onset and progression of left ventricular dysfunction in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:855-7. (Pubitemid 40342808)
104. Duboc D, Meune C, Pierre B, Wahbi K, Eymard B, Toutain A, et al. Perindopril preventive treatment on mortality in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: 10 years' follow-up. Am Heart J. 2007;154:596-602. (Pubitemid 47268252)
105. Boriani G, Gallina M, Merlini L, Bonne G, Toniolo D, Amati S, et al. Clinical relevance of atrial fibrillation/flutter, stroke, pacemaker implant, and heart failure in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy: a long-term longitudinal study. Stroke. 2003;34:901-8. (Pubitemid 36402958)
106. Vohanka S, Vytopil M, Bednarik J, Lukas Z, Kadanka Z, Schildberger J, et al. A mutation in the X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy gene in a patient affected with conduction cardiomyopathy. Neuromuscul Disord. 2001;11:411-3. (Pubitemid 32448086)
107. Kichuk Chrisant MR, Drummond-Webb J, Hallowell S, Friedman NR. Cardiac transplantation in twins with autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2004;23:496-8.