Retrospective drug detection in cases of drug-facilitated sexual assault: Challenges and perspectives for the forensic toxicologist

Bioanalysis

Volumn 1, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 1001-1013

  Parkin, Mark C ^a   Brailsford, Alan D ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLUNITRAZEPAM; HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT; OXYBATE SODIUM;

ADDICTION; FEMALE; FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY; HUMAN; MALE; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW; SEXUAL CRIME;

FEMALE; FLUNITRAZEPAM; FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; MALE; SEX OFFENSES; SODIUM OXYBATE; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 79953298258     PISSN: 17576180     EISSN: 17576199     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.70     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Bismuth C, Dally S, Borron SW Chemical submission: GHB, benzodiazepines, and other knock out drops. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 35, 595-598 (1997).
2. Labianca DA. Drug interaction and "knockout drops". J. Chem. Educ. 52, 101 (1975).
3. Hall J, Goodall EA, Moore T. Alleged drug facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) in Northern Ireland from 1999 to 2005. A study of blood alcohol levels. J. Forensic Leg. Med.15, 497-504 (2008).
4. Scott-Ham M, Burton FC. Toxicological fndings in cases of alleged drug-facilitated sexual assault in the United Kingdom over a 3-year period. J. Clin. Forensic Med. 12, 175-186 (2005).
5. Scott-Ham M, Burton FC. A study of blood and urine alcohol concentrations in cases of alleged drug-facilitated sexual assault in the United Kingdom over a 3-year period. J. Clin. Forensic Med. 13, 107-111 (2006).
6. Deveaux M, Cheze M, Pepin G. The role of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to test blood and urine samples for the toxicological investigation of drug-facilitated crimes. Ther. Drug Monit. 30, 225-228 (2008).
7. Dorandeu AH, Pages CA, Sordino MC, Pepin G, Baccino E, Kintz P. A case in south-eastern France: a review of drug facilitated sexual assault in European and English-speaking countries. J. Clin. Forensic Med. 13, 253-261 (2006).
8. ElSohly MA, Gul W, ElSohly KM, Avula B, Khan IA. LC-MS-(TOF) analysis method for benzodiazepines in urine samples from alleged drug-facilitated sexual assault victims. J. Anal. Toxicol. 30, 524-538 (2006).
9. ElSohly MA, Salamone SJ. Prevalence of drugs used in cases of alleged sexual assault. J. Anal. Toxicol. 23, 141-146 (1999).
10. Hindmarch I, ElSohly M, Gambles J, Salamone S. Forensic urinalysis of drug use in cases of alleged sexual assault. J. Clin. Forensic Med. 8, 197-205 (2001).
11. Juhascik M, Le NL, Tomlinson K, Moore C, Gaensslen RE, Negrusz A. Development of an analytical approach to the specimens collected from victims of sexual assault. J. Anal. Toxicol. 28, 400-406 (2004).
12. McGregor MJ, Ericksen J, Ronald LA, Janssen PA, Van Vliet A, Schulzer M. Rising incidence of hospital-reported drug-facilitated sexual assault in a large urban community in Canada: retrospective population-based study. Can. J. Public Health 95, 441-445 (2004).
13. Hurley M, Parker H, Wells DL. The epidemiology of drug facilitated sexual assault. J. Clin. Forensic Med. 13, 181-185 (2006).
14. Wainwright M. Jail for doorman who spiked woman's drink with 'date-rape' drug. The Guardian, 5, 24th December (2005).
15. Elliott SP, Burgess V. Clinical urinalysis of drugs and alcohol in instances of suspected surreptitious administration ("spiked drinks"). Sci. Justice 45, 129-134 (2005).
16. Wells D. Drug administration and sexual assault: sex in a glass. Sci. Justice 41, 197-199 (2001).
17. Beynon CM, McVeigh C, McVeigh J, Leavey C, Bellis MA. The involvement of drugs and alcohol in drug-facilitated sexual assault: a systematic review of the evidence. Trauma Violence Abuse 9, 178-188 (2008).
18. Hindmarch I, Brinkmann R. Trends in the use of alcohol and other drugs in cases of sexual assault. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 14, 225-232 (1999).
19. Halkitis PN, Palamar JJ. GHB use among gay and bisexual men. Addict. Behav. 31, 2135-2139 (2006).
20. Jones AW, Kugelberg FC, Holmgren A, Ahlner J. Occurrence of ethanol and other drugs in blood and urine specimens from female victims of alleged sexual assault. Forensic Sci. Int. 181, 40-46 (2008).
21. Slaughter L. Involvement of drugs in sexual assault. J. Reprod. Med. 45, 425-430 (2000).
22. Juhascik MP, Negrusz A, Faugno D et al. An estimate of the proportion of drug-facilitation of sexual assault in four U.S. localities. J. Forensic Sci. 52, 1396-1400 (2007).
23. Hall JA, Moore CB. Drug facilitated sexual assault-a review. J. Forensic Leg. Med.15, 291-297 (2008).
24. LeBeau MA. Guidance for improved detection of drugs used to facilitate crimes. Ther. Drug Monit. 30, 229-233 (2008).
25. Taylor JE, Richelson E. High affnity binding of tricyclic antidepressants to histamine H1-receptors: fact and artifact. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 67, 41-46 (1980).
26. Steffens DC, Krishnan KR, Helms MJ. Are SSRIs better than TCAs? Comparison of SSRIs and TCAs: a meta-analysis. Depress. Anxiety 6, 10-18 (1997).
27. Mamelak M, Scharf MB, Woods M. Treatment of narcolepsy with y-hydroxybutyrate. A review of clinical and sleep laboratory fndings. Sleep 9, 285-289 (1986).
28. Gallimberti L, Canton G, Gentile N et al. y-hydroxybutyric acid for treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Lancet 2, 787-789 (1989).
29. Gallimberti L, Cibin M, Pagnin P et al. y-hydroxy butyric acid for treatment of opiate withdrawal syndrome. Neuropsychopharmacology 9, 77-81 (1993).
30. LeBeau MA, Montgomery MA, Morris-Kukoski C, Schaff JE, Deakin A, Levine B. A comprehensive study on the variations in urinary concentrations of endogenous y-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). J. Anal. Toxicol. 30, 98-105 (2006).
31. Elian AA. Determination of endogenous y-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) levels in antemortem urine and blood. Forensic Sci. Int. 128, 120-122 (2002).
32. Shima N, Miki A, Kamata T, Katagi M, Tsuchihashi H. Endogenous level and in vitro production of GHB in blood from healthy humans, and the interpretation of GHB levels detected in antemortem blood samples. J. Health Sci. 51, 147-154 (2005).
33. Abanades S, Farre M, Segura M et al. y-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in humans: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1074, 559-576 (2006).
34. Stephens BG, Baselt RC. Driving under the Infuence of GHB. J. Anal. Toxicol. 18, 357-358 (1994).
35. Couper FJ, Logan BK. Determination of y-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) in biological specimens by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. 24, 1-7 (2000).
36. LeBeau M, Andollo W, Hearn WL et al. Recommendations for toxicological investigations of drug-facilitated sexual assaults. J. Forensic. Sci. 44, 227-230 (1999).
37. Papadodima SA, Athanaselis SA, Spiliopoulou C. Toxicological investigation of drug-facilitated sexual assaults. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 61, 259-264 (2007).
38. Negrusz A, Gaensslen RE. Analytical developments in toxicological investigation of drug-facilitated sexual assault. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 376, 1192-1197 (2003).
39. LeBeau MA, Mozayani A. Drug-facilitated Sexual Assault: a Forensic Handbook. Academic Press, CA, USA (2001).
40. Negrusz A, Moore CM, Stockham TL et al. Elimination of 7-aminofunitrazepam and funitrazepam in urine after a single dose of Rohypnol. J. Forensic. Sci. 45, 1031-1040 (2000).
41. Beck O, Lin Z, Brodin K, Borg S, Hjemdahl P. The online screening technique for urinary benzodiazepines: comparison with EMIT, FPIA, and GC-MS. J. Anal. Toxicol. 21, 554-557 (1997).
42. Jones AW, Schuberth J. Computer-aided headspace gas chromatography applied to blood-alcohol analysis: importance of online process control. J. Forensic. Sci. 34, 1116-1127 (1989).
43. Alston WC II, Ng K. Rapid colorimetric screening test for y-hydroxybutyric acid (liquid X) in human urine. Forensic Sci. Int. 126, 114-117 (2002).
44. Bravo DT, Harris DO, Parsons SM. Reliable, sensitive, rapid and quantitative enzyme-based assay for y-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). J. Forensic. Sci. 49, 379-387 (2004).
45. Elliott S. The presence of y-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in postmortem biological fuids. J. Anal. Toxicol. 25, 152 (2001).
46. Ferrara SD, Tedeschi L, Frison G et al. Therapeutic y-hydroxybutyric acid monitoring in plasma and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 11, 483-487 (1993).
47. LeBeau MA, Miller ML, Levine B. Effect of storage temperature on endogenous GHB levels in urine. Forensic Sci. Int. 119, 161-167 (2001).
48. LeBeau MA, Montgomery MA, Miller ML, Burmeister SG. Analysis of biofuids for y-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and y-butyrolactone (GBL) by headspace GC-FID and GC-MS. J. Anal. Toxicol. 24, 421-428 (2000).
49. de Vriendt CA, van Sassenbroeck DK, Rosseel MT et al. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of y-hydroxybutyric acid in rat plasma. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl. 752, 85-90 (2001).
50. Fung HL, Haas E, Raybon J, Xu J, Fung SM. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of endogenous y-hydroxybutyrate concentrations in rat brain regions and plasma. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 807, 287-291 (2004).
51. Wood M, Laloup M, Samyn N et al. Simultaneous analysis of y-hydroxybutyric acid and its precursors in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry J. Chromatogr. A 1056, 83-90 (2004).
52. Kintz P, Villain M, Ludes B. Testing for the undetectable in drug-facilitated sexual assault using hair analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry as evidence. Ther. Drug Monit. 26, 211-214 (2004).
53. Villain M, Cheze M, Dumestre V, Ludes B, Kintz P. CASE REPORT: hair to document drug-facilitated crimes: four cases involving bromazepam. J. Anal. Toxicol. 28, 516-519 (2004).
54. Irving RC, Dickson SJ. The detection of sedatives in hair and nail samples using tandem LC-MS-MS. Forensic Sci. Int. 166, 58-67 (2007).
55. Cheze M, Duffort G, Deveaux M, Pepin G. Hair analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in toxicological investigation of drug-facilitated crimes: Report of 128 cases over the period June 2003-May 2004 in metropolitan Paris. Forensic Sci. Int. 153, 3-10 (2005).
56. Gaulier JM, Sauvage FL, Pauthier H, Saint-Marcoux F, Marquet P, Lachatre G. Identifcation of acepromazine in hair: an illustration of the diffculties encountered in investigating drug-facilitated crimes. J. Forensic Sci. 53, 755-759 (2008).
57. Villain M, Cheze M, Tracqui A, Ludes B, Kintz P. Testing for zopiclone in hair application to drug-facilitated crimes. Presented at: Society of Hair Testing. Elsevier, Heraklion, Crete, Greece (2003).
58. Kintz P, Cirimele V, Jamey C, Ludes B. Testing for GHB in hair by GC/MS/MS after a single exposure. Application to document sexual assault. J. Forensic. Sci. 48, 195-200 (2003).
59. Goulle JP, Cheze M, Pepin G. Determination of endogenous levels of GHB in human hair. Are there possibilities for the identifcation of GHB administration through hair analysis in cases of drug-facilitated sexual assault? J. Anal. Toxicol. 27, 574-580 (2003).
60. Kintz P, Villain M, Pelissier AL, Cirimele V, Leonetti G. Unusually high concentrations in a fatal GHB case. J. Anal. Toxicol. 29, 582-585 (2005).
61. Kalasinsky KS, Dixon MM, Schmunk GA, Kish SJ. Blood, brain, and hair GHB concentrations following fatal ingestion. J. Forensic. Sci. 46, 728-730 (2001).
62. Gaulier JM, Sauvage FL, Pauthier H, Saint-Marcoux F, Marquet P, Lachatre G. Identifcation of acepromazine in hair: an illustration of the diffculties encountered in investigating drug-facilitated crimes. J. Forensic. Sci. 53, 755-759 (2008).
63. Kintz P. Bioanalytical procedures for detection of chemical agents in hair in the case of drug-facilitated crimes. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 388, 1467-1474 (2007).
64. Maurer HH. Hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques-indispensable tools in clinical and forensic toxicology and in doping control. J. Mass Spectrom. 41, 1399-1413 (2006).
65. Mazzeo JR, Neue UD, Kele M, Plumb RS. A new separation technique takes advantage of sub-2μ m porous particles. Anal. Chem. 77, 460A-470A (2005).
66. Parkin MC, Turfus SC, Smith NW et al. Detection of ketamine and its metabolites in urine by ultra high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B 876, 137-142 (2008).
67. Ventura R, Roig M, Monfort N, Saez P, Berges R, Segura J. High-throughput and sensitive screening by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry of diuretics and other doping agents. Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 14, 191-200 (2008).
68. Thorngren JO, Ostervall F, Garle M. A high-throughput multicomponent screening method for diuretics, masking agents, central nervous system (CNS) stimulants and opiates in human urine by UPLC-MS/MS. J. Mass Spectrom. 43, 980-992 (2008).