'What does it take to be a man? What is a real man?': Ideologies of masculinity and HIV sexual risk among Black heterosexual men

Culture, Health and Sexuality

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 545-559

  Bowleg, Lisa ^a   Teti, Michelle ^b   Massie, Jenné S ^a   Patel, Aditi ^a   Malebranche, David J ^c   Tschann, Jeanne M ^d  

^a DREXEL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

^c EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Black heterosexual men; Condom use; HIV AIDS; Masculinity; USA

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; CONDOM; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MALE; MASCULINITY; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES; UTILIZATION REVIEW;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; CONDOMS; FOCUS GROUPS; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MALE; MASCULINITY; MIDDLE AGED; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79953271188     PISSN: 13691058     EISSN: 14645351     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2011.556201     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Adimora, A.A., V.J. Schoenbach, and I.A. Doherty. 2007. Concurrent sexual partnerships among men in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 97, no. 12: 2230-7.
2. Adimora, A.A., V.J. Schoenbach, F.E. Martinson, T. Coyne-Beasley, I. Doherty, T.R. Stancil, and R.E. Fullilove. 2006. Heterosexually transmitted HIV infection among African Americans in North Carolina. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 41, no. 5: 616-23.
3. Amaro, H. 1995. Love, sex and power: Considering women's realities in HIV prevention. American Psychologist 50: 437-47.
4. Aronson, R.E., T.L. Whitehead, and W.L. Baber. 2003. Challenges to masculine transformation among urban low-income African American males. American Journal of Public Health 93, no. 5: 732-41.
5. Bancroft, J., E. Janssen, L. Carnes, D. Goodrich, D. Strong, and J.S. Long. 2004. Sexual activity and risk taking in young heterosexual men: The relevance of sexual arousability, mood and sensation seeking. Journal of Sex Research 41, no. 2: 181-92.
6. Bowleg, L. 2004. Love, sex and masculinity in sociocultural context: HIV concerns and condom use among African American men in heterosexual relationships. Men & Masculinities 7: 166-86.
7. Bowleg, L., F.Z. Belgrave, and C.A. Reisen. 2000. Gender roles, power strategies and precautionary sexual self-efficacy: Implications for Black and Latina women's HIV/AIDS protective behaviors. Sex Roles 42, no. 7-8: 613-35.
8. Bowleg, L., K.J. Lucas, and J.M. Tschann. 2004. 'The ball was always in his court': An exploratory analysis of relationship scripts, sexual scripts and condom use among African American women. Psychology of Women Quarterly 28: 70-82.
9. Bowser, B.P. 1994. Black men and AIDS: Prevention and Black sexuality. In The American Black male: His present status and his future, ed. R.G. Majors and J.U. Gordon, 115-26. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
10. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2009. The employment situation, November 2009. Washington, DC: US Department of Labor.
11. Campbell, C.A. 1995. Male gender roles and sexuality: Implications for women's AIDS risk and prevention. Social Science & Medicine 41, no. 2: 197-210.
12. Carey, M.P., T.E. Senn, D.X. Seward, and P.A. Vanable. 2008. Urban African-American men speak out on sexual partner concurrency: Findings from a qualitative study. AIDS & Behavior 14, no. 1: 38-47.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007. CDC HIV/AIDS fact sheet: HIV/AIDS among African Americans. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. HIV/AIDS surveillance report, 2007. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
15. Charmaz, K. 2006. Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
16. Corneille, M.A., R.H. Tademy, M.C. Reid, F.Z. Belgrave, and A. Nasim. 2008. Sexual safety and risk taking among African American men who have sex with women: A qualitative study. Psychology of Men & Masculinity 9, no. 4: 207-20.
17. Crosby, R.A., R.J. Diclemente, W.L. Yarber, G. Snow, and A. Troutman. 2008. Young African American men having sex with multiple partners are more likely to use condoms incorrectly: A clinic-based study. American Journal of Men's Health 2, no. 4: 340-3.
18. Darbes, L., N. Crepaz, C. Lyles, G. Kennedy, and G. Rutherford. 2008. The efficacy of behavioral interventions in reducing HIV risk behaviors and incident sexually transmitted diseases in heterosexual African Americans. AIDS 22, no. 10: 1177-94.
19. Denavas-Walt, C., B.D. Proctor, and J. Smith. 2009. Income, poverty and health insurance coverage in the United States, 2008. US Census Bureau. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
20. Diaz, R.M., and G. Ayala. 1999. Love, passion and rebellion: Ideologies of HIV risk among latino gay men in the USA. Culture, Health & Sexuality 1, no. 3: 277-93.
21. Dworkin, S.L., R.E. Fullilove, and D. Peacock. 2009. Are HIV/AIDS prevention interventions for heterosexually active men in the United States gender-specific? American Journal of Public Health 99, no. 6: 981-4.
22. Epstein, H. 2009. The mathematics of concurrent partnerships and HIV: A commentary on Lurie and Rosenthal, 2009. AIDS & Behavior 14, no. 1: 29-30.
23. Flood, M. 2003. Lust, trust and latex: Why young heterosexual men do not use condoms. Culture, Health & Sexuality 5, no. 4: 353-69.
24. Fullilove, M.T., R.E. Fullilove, K. Haynes, and S. Gross. 1990. Black women and AIDS prevention: A view towards understanding the gender rules. Journal of Sex Research 27: 47-64.
25. Herek, G.M. 1986. On heterosexual masculinity: Some psychical consequences of the social construction of gender and sexuality. American Behavioral Scientist 29, no. 5: 563-77.
26. Higgins, J.A., S. Hoffman, and S.L. Dworkin. 2010. Rethinking gender, heterosexual men and women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. American Journal of Public Health 100, no. 3: 435-45.
27. Kalichman, S.C., C. Cherry, and F. Browne-Sperling. 1999. Effectiveness of a video-based motivational skills-building HIV risk-reduction intervention for inner-city African American men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67, no. 6: 959-66.
28. Kerrigan, D., K. Andrinopoulos, R. Johnson, P. Parham, T. Thomas, and J.M. Ellen. 2007. Staying strong: Gender ideologies among African-American adolescents and the implications for HIV/STI prevention. Journal of Sex Research 44, no. 2: 172-80.
29. Kimmel, M.S. 1994. Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, shame and silence in the construction of gender identity. In Theorizing masculinities, ed. H. Broad and M. Kaufman, 119-41. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
30. Kippax, S., J. Crawford, and C. Waldby. 1994. Heterosexuality, masculinity and HIV. AIDS 8: S315-23.
31. Krueger, R., and M.A. Casey. 2000. Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
32. Lemelle, A.J., and J. Battle. 2004. Black masculinity matters in attitudes toward gay males. Journal of Homosexuality 47, no. 1: 39-51.
33. Levant, R.F. 1997. Non-relational sexuality in men. In Men and sex: New psychological perspectives, ed. R.F. Levant and G.R. Brooks, 9-27. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
34. Levant, R.F., and J. Fischer. 1998. The Male Role Norms Inventory. In Sexuality-related measures: A compendium, ed. C.M. Davis, W.H. Yarber, R. Bauserman, G. Schreer, and S.L. Davis, 469-72. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
35. Levant, R.F., K. Smalley, M. Aupont, A. House, K. Richmond, and D. Noronha. 2007. Initial validation of the Male Role Norms Inventory-revised (MRNI-r). Journal of Men's Studies 15, no. 1: 83-100.
36. Lincoln, Y.S., and E.G. Guba. 1985. Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
37. Lurie, M.N., and S. Rosenthal. 2010a. The concurrency hypothesis in sub-Saharan Africa: Convincing empirical evidence is still lacking. Response to Mah and Halperin, Epstein and Morris. AIDS & Behavior 14, no. 1: 34-7.
38. Lurie, M.N., and S. Rosenthal. 2010b. Concurrent partnerships as a driver of the HIV epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa? The evidence is limited. AIDS & Behavior 14, no. 1: 17-24.
39. Mah, T.L., and D.T. Halperin. 2010a. Concurrent sexual partnerships and the HIV epidemics in Africa: Evidence to move forward. AIDS & Behavior 14, no. 1: 11-16.
40. Mah, T.L., and D.T. Halperin. 2010b. The evidence for the role of concurrent partnerships in Africa's HIV epidemics: A response to Lurie and Rosenthal. AIDS and Behavior 14, no. 1: 25-8.
41. Majors, R., and J.M. Billson. 1992. Cool pose: The dilemmas of Black manhood in America. New York: Lexington Books.
42. Malebranche, D.J., E.L. Fields, L.O. Bryant, and S.R. Harper. 2009. Masculine socialization and sexual risk behaviors among Black men who have sex with men: A qualitative exploration. Men and Masculinities 12, no. 1: 90-112.
43. McKeown, E., S. Nelson, J. Anderson, N. Low, and J. Elford. 2010. Disclosure, discrimination and desire: Experiences of Black and South Asian gay men in Britain. Culture, Health & Sexuality 12, no. 7: 843-56.
44. Nicolosi, A., M.L. Correa Leite, M. Musicco, C. Arici, G. Gavazzeni, and A. Lazzarin. 1994. The efficiency of male-to-female and female-to-male sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: A study of 730 stable couples. Italian study group on HIV heterosexual transmission. Epidemiology 5, no. 6: 570-5.
45. Noar, S.M., and P.J. Morokoff. 2002. The relationship between masculinity ideology, condom attitudes and condom use stage of change: A structural equation modeling approach. International Journal of Men's Health 1, no. 1: 43-58.
46. O'Sullivan, L.F., S. Hoffman, A. Harrison, and C. Dolezal. 2006. Men, multiple sexual partners and young adults' sexual relationships: Understanding the role of gender in the study of risk. Journal of Urban Health 83, no. 4: 695-708.
47. Operario, D., C.D. Smith, E. Arnold, and S. Kegeles. 2010. The Bruthas Project: Evaluation of a community-based HIV prevention intervention for African American men who have sex with men and women. AIDS Education and Prevention 22, no. 1: 37-48.
48. Patton, M.Q. 2002. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
49. Pleck, J.H., F.L. Sonenstein, and L.C. Ku. 1993. Masculinity ideology: Its impact on adolescent males' heterosexual relationships. Journal of Social Issues 49, no. 3: 11-29.
50. Pulerwitz, J., and G. Barker. 2008. Measuring attitudes toward gender norms among young men in brazil: Development and psychometric evaluation of the GEM scale. Men and Masculinities 10: 322-38.
51. Pulerwitz, J., G. Barker, M. Segundo, and M. Nascimento. 2006. Promoting gender-equity among young Brazilian men as an HIV prevention strategy. In Horizons research summary, 1-8. Washington, DC: Population Council/Horizons.
52. Pulerwitz, J., A. Michaelis, R. Verma, and E. Weiss. 2010. Addressing gender dynamics and engaging men in HIV programs: Lessons learned from horizons research. Public Health Reports 125: 282-92.
53. Richards, L. 2009. Handling qualitative data: A practical guide. 2nd ed. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
54. Sabol, W.J., H.C. West, and M. Cooper. 2009. Prisoners in 2008. In Bureau of Justice statistics bulletin, 1-45. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
55. Santana, M.C., A. Raj, M.R. Decker, A. La Marche, and J.G. Silverman. 2006. Masculine gender roles associated with increased sexual risk and intimate partner violence perpetration among young adult men. Journal of Urban Health 83, no. 4: 575-85.
56. Schwarz, D., N. Feyler, J. Cella, and K. Brady. 2008. HIV/AIDS in the city of Philadelphia, 2008 report. Philadelphia, PA: AIDS Activities Coordinating Office, Philadelphia Department of Public Health.
57. Seal, D.W., L.M. Bogart, and A.A. Ehrhardt. 1998. Small group dynamics: The utility of focus group discussions as a research method. Group Dynamics. Special Research Methods 2, no. 4: 253-66.
58. Seal, D.W., and A.A. Ehrhardt. 2004. HIV-prevention-related sexual health promotion for heterosexual men in the United States: Pitfalls and recommendations. Archives of Sexual Behavior 33, no. 3: 211-22.
59. Shearer, C.L., S.J. Hosterman, M.M. Gillen, and E.S. Lefkowitz. 2005. Are traditional gender role attitudes associated with risky sexual behavior and condom-related beliefs? Sex Roles 52, no. 5-6: 311-24.
60. Sue, S. 1999. Science, ethnicity and bias: Where have we gone wrong? American Psychologist 54, no. 12: 1070-7.
61. Thomas, K. 1996. Ain't nothin' like the real thing: Black masculinity, gay sexuality and the jargon or authenticity. In Representing Black men, ed. M. Blount and G.P. Cunningham, 55-69. New York: Routledge.
62. Ward, E.G. 2005. Homophobia, hypermasculinity and the US Black church. Culture, Health & Sexuality 7, no. 5: 493-504.
63. Whitehead, T.L. 1997. Urban low-income African American men, HIV/AIDS and gender identity. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 11, no. 4: 411-47.
64. Wingood, G.M., and R.J. Diclemente. 1998a. Gender-related correlates and predictors of consistent condom use among young adult African-American women: A prospective analysis. International Journal of STD and AIDS 9, no. 3: 139-45.
65. Wingood, G.M., and R.J. Diclemente. 1998b. Partner influences and gender-related factors associated with non-condom use among young adult African American women. American Journal of Community Psychology 26, no. 1: 29-51.
66. Wingood, G.M., and R.J. Diclemente. 2000. Application of the theory of gender and power to examine HIV-related exposures, risk factors and effective interventions for women. Health Education & Behavior 27, no. 5: 539-65.
67. Wolfe, W.A. 2003. Overlooked role of African-American males' hypermasculinity in the epidemic of unintended pregnancies and HIV/AIDS cases with young African-American women. Journal of the National Medical Association 95, no. 9: 846-52.
68. Wright, J. 1997. African American males and HIV: The challenge of the AIDS epidemic. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 11, no. 4: 454-5.
69. Wright, J.W. 1993. African-American male sexual behavior and the risk for HIV infection. Human Organization 52, no. 4: 421-31.