The moment magnitude M w and the energy magnitude M e:Common roots and differences

Journal of Seismology

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 411-427

  Bormann, Peter ^a   Di Giacomo, Domenico ^a,b  

^a GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

^b INTERNATIONAL SEISMOLOGICAL CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Gutenberg Richter magnitude energy relationship; Moment and energy magnitude; Radiated seismic energy; Radiation efficiency; Seismic moment

Indexed keywords

EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE; EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE; EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION; EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE; GROUND MOTION; SEISMIC MOMENT; SEISMIC SOURCE; SEISMIC WAVE;

EID: 79953236292     PISSN: 13834649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10950-010-9219-2     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Abe K (1981) Magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes from 1904 to 1980. Phys Earth Planet Inter 27: 72-92.
2. L using seismograms recorded at 22. 5 km depth. J Geophys Res 100: 24015-24036.
3. Aki K (1966) Generation and propagation of G waves from the Niigata earthquake of June 16, 1964, part 2: estimation of earthquake moment, released energy, and stress-strain drop from the G wave spectrum. Bull Earthq Res Inst Univ Tokyo 44: 73-88.
4. Aki K (1967) Scaling law of seismic spectrum. J Geophys Res 72: 1217-1231.
5. Aki K (1972) Scaling law of earthquake source time-function. Geophys J R Astron Soc 31: 3-25.
6. Baumbach M, Bormann P (2002) Determination of source parameters from seismic spectra. In: Bormann P (ed) IASPEI new manual of seismological observatory practice, vol 2, EX 3. 4. GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam, p 6.
7. Beresnev I (2009) The reality of the scaling law of earthquake-source spectra? J Seismol 13: 433-436, doi: 10. 1007/s10950-008-9136-9.
8. Boatwright J, Choy GL (1986) Teleseismic estimates of the energy radiated by shallow earthquakes. J Geophys Res 91: 2095-2112.
9. Boatwright J, Choy GL (1989) Acceleration spectra for subduction zone earthquakes. J Geophys Res 94(B11): 15541-15553.
10. B. Seismol Res Lett 79(5): 699-706.
11. Bormann P, Saul J (2009a) Earthquake magnitude. In: Meyers R (ed) Encyclopedia of complexity and systems science, vol 3. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 2473-2496.
12. Bormann P, Saul J (2009b) A fast, non-saturating magnitude estimator for great earthquakes. Seismol Res Lett 80(5): 808-816. doi: 10. 1785/gssrl. 80. 5. 808.
13. Bormann P, Baumbach M, Bock M, Grosser H, Choy GL, Boatwright JJ (2002) Seismic sources and source parameters. In: Bormann P (ed) IASPEI new manual seismological observatory practice, vol 1, chapter 3. GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam, p 94.
14. Bormann P, Liu R, Ren X, Gutdeutsch R, Kaiser D, Castellaro S (2007) Chinese national network magnitudes, their relation to NEIC magnitudes, and recommendations for new IASPEI magnitude standards. Bull Seismol Soc Am 97: 114-127.
15. Bormann P, Liu R, Xu Z, Ren K, Zhang L, Wendt S (2009) First application of the new IASPEI teleseismic magnitude standards to data of the China National Seismographic Network. Bull Seismol Soc Am 99(3): 1868-1891. doi: 10. 1785/0120080010.
16. Braunmiller J, Kradolfer U, Baer M, Giardini D (2002) Regional moment tensor determinations in the European-Mediterranian area-initial results. Tectonophysics 356: 5-22.
17. Braunmiller J, Deichmann N, Giardini D, Wiemer S, and the SED Magnitude Working Group (2005) Homogeneous moment-magnitude calibration in Switzerland. Bull Seismol Soc Am 95: 58-74.
18. Brune JN (1970) Tectonic stress and the spectra of shear waves from earthquakes. J Geophys Res 75: 4997-5009.
19. Choy GL, Boatwright J (1995) Global patterns of radiated seismic energy and apparent stress. J Geophys Res 100: 18205-18228.
20. Choy GL, Kirby S (2004) Apparent stress, fault maturity and seismic hazard for normal-fault earthquakes at subduction zones. Geophys J Int 159: 991-1012.
21. Choy GL, McGarr A, Kirby SH, Boatwirght J (2006) An overview of the global variability in radiated energy and apparent stress. In: Abercrombie R, McGarr A, Kanamori H (eds) Radiated energy and the physics of earthquake faulting. AGU Geophys Monogr Ser 170: 43-57.
22. Di Bona M, Rovelli A (1988) Effects of bandwidth limitation on stress drop estimated from integrals of the ground motion. Bull Seismol Soc Am 78: 1818-1825.
23. Di Giacomo D, Parolai S, Bormann P, Grosser H, Saul J, Wang R, Zschau J (2010a) Suitability of rapid energy magnitude estimations for emergency response purposes. Geophys J Int 180: 361-374. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1365-246X. 2009. 04416. x.
24. Di Giacomo D, Parolai S, Bormann P, Grosser H, Saul J, Wang R, Zschau J (2010b) Erratum to "Suitability of rapid energy magnitude estimations for emergency response purposes". Geophys J Int 181: 1725-1726. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1365-246X. 2010. 04610. x.
25. Duda S, Kaiser D (1989) Spectral magnitudes, magnitude spectra and earthquake quantification; the stability issue of the corner period and of the maximum magnitude for a given earthquake. Tectonophysics 166: 205-219.
26. Dziewonski AM, Chou TA, Woodhouse JH (1981) Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity. J Geophys Res 86(2): 2825-2852.
27. Eshelby JD (1969) The elastic field of a crack extending non-uniformly under general anti-plane loading. J Mech Phys Solids 8: 100-104.
28. w based earthquake catalogue for central, northern and northwestern Europe using a hierarchy of magnitude conversions. J Seismol 7: 507-531.
29. Grünthal G, Wahlström R, Stromeyer D (2009) The unified catalogue of earthquakes in central, northern, and northwestern Europe (CENEC) - updated and expanded to the last millennium. J Seismol 13: 517-541. doi: 10. 1007/s10950-008-9144-9.
30. Gutenberg B (1945a) Amplitude of surface waves and magnitude of shallow earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 35: 3-12.
31. Gutenberg B (1945b) Amplitudes of P, PP, and S and magnitude of shallow earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 35: 57-69.
32. Gutenberg B (1945c) Magnitude determination of deep-focus earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 35: 117-130.
33. Gutenberg B, Richter CF (1956a) Magnitude and energy of earthquakes. Ann Geofis 9: 1-15.
34. Gutenberg B, Richter CF (1956b) The energy of earthquakes. Q J Geol Soc London 17: 1-14.
35. Hanks C, Kanamori H (1979) A moment magnitude scale. J Geophys Res 84: 2348-2350.
36. Hara T (2007a) Measurement of the duration of high-frequency energy radiation and its application to determination of the magnitudes of large shallow earthquakes. Earth Planets Space 59: 227-231.
37. Hara T (2007b) Magnitude determination using duration of high frequency radiation and displacement amplitude: application to tsunami earthquakes. Earth Planets Space 59: 561-565.
38. Hartzel SH, Heaton T (1985) Teleseismic time functions for large, shallow subduction zone earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 75(4): 965-1004.
39. Haskell NA (1964) Total energy and energy spectral density of elastic wave radiation from propagating faults. Bull Seismol Soc Am 54(6): 1811-1841.
40. Houston H (1999) Slow ruptures, roaring tsunamis. Nature 400: 409-410.
41. Houston H, Kanamori H (1986) Source spectra of great earthquakes: teleseismic constraints on rupture process and strong motion. Bull Seismol Soc Am 76: 19-42.
42. Husseini MI (1977) Energy balance for formation along a fault. Geophys J R Astron Soc 49: 699-714.
43. IASPEI (2005) Summary of Magnitude Working Group recommendations on standard procedures for determining earthquake magnitudes from digital data. http://www. iaspei. org/commissions/CSOI. html.
44. Ide S, Beroza GC (2001) Does apparent stress vary with earthquake size? Geophys Res Lett 28(17): 3349-3352.
45. Kanamori H (1972) Mechanism of tsunami earthquakes. Phys Planet Earth Inter 6: 346-359.
46. Kanamori H (1977) The energy release in great earthquakes. J Geophys Res 82: 2981-2987.
47. Kanamori H (1978) Quantification of earthquakes. Nature 271(2): 411-414.
48. Kanamori H (1983) Magnitude scale and quantification of earthquakes. Tectonophysics 93: 185-199.
49. Kanamori H (2006) The radiated energy of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. In: Abercrombie R, McGarr A, Kanamori H (eds) Radiated energy and the physics of earthquake faulting. AGU Geophys Monogr Ser 170: 59-68.
50. Kanamori H, Anderson DL (1975) Theoretical basis of some empirical relations in seismology. Bull Seismol Soc Am 65(5): 1073-1095.
51. Kanamori H, Kikuchi M (1993) The 1992 Nicaragua earthquake: a slow tsunami earthquake associated with subducted sediments. Nature 361: 714-716.
52. Kanamori H, Brodsky EE (2004) The physics of earthquakes. Rep Prog Phys 67: 1429-1496. doi: 10. 1088/0034-4885/67/8/R03.
53. Knopoff L (1958) Energy release in earthquakes. Geophys J 1: 44-52.
54. Kostrov BV (1966) Unsteady propagation of longitudinal shear cracks. J Appl Math Mech (Engl. transl.) 30: 1241-1248.
55. Kostrov BV (1974) Seismic moment and energy of earthquakes, and seismic flow of rock, Izv. Acad Sci USSR, Phys Solid Earth (English Transl) 1: 23-40.
56. w = 9. 3 Sumatra earthquake over 1, 150; km at teleseismic distances. Nature 435: 937-939. doi: 10. 1038/nature03696.
57. Kwiatek G, Plenkers K, Nakatani M, Yabe Y, Dresen G, JAGUAR-Group (2010) Frequency-magnitude characteristics down to magnitude - 4. 4 for induced seismicity recorded at Mponeng Gold Mine, South Africa. Bull Seismol Soc Am 100(3): 1165-1173. doi: 10. 1785/0120090277.
58. wpd: a duration-amplitude procedure for rapid determination of earthquake magnitude and tsunamigenic potential from P waveforms. Geophys J Int 176: 200-214. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1365-246X. 2008. 03974. x.
59. Lomax A, Michelini A (2009b) Tsunami early warning using earthquake rupture duration. Geophys Res Lett 36: L09306. doi: 10000. 1029/2009GL037223.
60. Lomax A, Michelini A, Piatanesi A (2007) An energy-duration procedure for rapid and accurate determination of earthquake magnitude and tsunamigenic potential. Geophys J Int 170: 1195-1209. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1365-246X. 2007. 03469. x.
61. o for tsunami earthquakes. J Geophys Res 103: 26885-26897.
62. m: a variable period mantle magnitude. J Geophys Res 94: 4169-4193.
63. Orowan E (1960) Mechanisms of seimic faulting in rock deformation: a symposium. Geol Soc Am Mem 79: 323-345.
64. Papazachos BC, Kiratzi AA, Karacostas BG (1997) Towards a homogeneous moment-magnitude determination for earthquakes in Greece and the surrounding area. Bull Seismol Soc Am 87: 474-483.
65. Parolai S, Bindi D, Durukal E, Grosser H, Milkereit C (2007) Source parameter and seismic moment-magnitude scaling for northwestern Turkey. Bull Seimol Soc Am 97(2): 655-660.
66. Péres-Campos X, Beroza GC (2001) An apparent mechanism dependence of radiated seismic energy. J Geophys Res 106(B6): 11127-11136.
67. Polet J, Kanamori H (2000) Shallow subduction zone earthquakes and their tsunamigenic potential. Geophys J Int 142: 684-702.
68. Polet J, Kanamori (2009) Tsunami earthquakes. In: Meyers R (ed) Encyclopedia of complexity and systems science, vol 10, pp 9577-9592.
69. Richter C (1935) An instrumental earthquake magnitude scale. Bull Seismol Soc Am 25: 1-32.
70. Richter C (1958) Elementary seismology. Freeman, San Francisco, p 768.
71. Ristau J, Rogers GC, Cassidy JF (2005) Moment magnitude-local magnitude calibration for earthquakes in Western Canada. Bull Seismol Soc Am 95: 1994-2000.
72. Savage JC, Wood MD (1971) The relation between apparent stress and stress drop. Bull Seismol Soc Am 61: 1381-1388.
73. Schweitzer J, Kværna T (1999) Influence of source radiation patterns on globally observed short-period magnitude estimates (mb). Bull Seismol Soc Am 89(2): 342-347.
74. b to moment magnitude. J Seismol 10: 225-236.
75. Singh SK, Ordaz M (1994) Seismic energy release in Mexican subductiion zone earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 84(5): 1533-1550.
76. Stein S, Okal EA (2005) Speed and size of the Sumatra earthquake. Nature 434: 581-582. doi: 10. 1038/434581a.
77. Stromeyer D, Grünthal G, Wahlstrom R (2004) Chi-square regression for seismic strength parameter relations, and their uncertainties, with applications to an Mw based earthquake catalogue for central, northern and northwestern Europe. J Seismol 8(1): 143-153.
78. Tsai VC, Nettles M, Ekström G, Dziewonski A (2005) Multiple CMT source analysis of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake. Geophys Res Lett 32: L17304. doi: 10. 1029/2005GL023813.
79. Vassiliou MS, Kanamori H (1982) The energy release in earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 72: 371-387.
80. Venkataraman A, Kanamori H (2004a) Observational constraints on the fracture energy of subduction zone earthquakes. J Geophys Res 109: B04301. doi: 0431. 01029JB002549.
81. Venkataraman A, Kanamori H (2004b) Effect of directivity on estimates of radiated seismic energy. J Geophys Res 109: B04301. doi: 10. 1029/2003JB002548.
82. m and the slowness parameter Θ: five years of real-time use in the context of tsunami warning. Bull Seismol Soc Am 95: 779-799. doi: 10. 1785/0120040112.
83. Wessel P, Smith WHF (1991) Free software helps map and display data. Eos Trans AGU 72(41): 441, 445-446.
84. Wyss M, Brune JN (1968) Seismic moment, stress, and source dimensions for earthquakes in the California-Nevada region. J Geophys Res 73: 4681-4694.
85. Yadav RBS, Bormann P, Rastogi BK, Chopra MC (2009) A homogeneous and complete earthquake catalog for northeast India and the adjoining region. Seism Res Lett 80(4): 598-616.