Anatomy, function, injuries, and treatment of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon

Arthroscopy - Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 581-592

  Elser, Florian ^a,c   Braun, Sepp ^a,c   Dewing, Christopher B ^a,b   Giphart, J Erik ^a   Millett, Peter J ^a  

^a STEADMAN PHILIPPON RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER SAN DIEGO   (United States)

^c TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTHROSCOPIC DEBRIDEMENT; ARTICLE; BICEPS BRACHII MUSCLE; BICEPS BRACHII MUSCLE TENDON RUPTURE; BICEPS TENDINITIS; BIOMECHANICS; CLINICAL STUDY; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; CORACOID IMPINGEMENT; DECOMPRESSION SURGERY; ELBOW FLEXION; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; ELECTROSTIMULATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FLUOROSCOPY; FRACTURE FIXATION; HUMAN; HUMERUS HEAD; LONG HEAD BICEPS INSTABILITY; LONG HEAD BICEPS TENDON; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE FUNCTION; REOPERATION; ROTATOR CUFF RUPTURE; SHOULDER ARTHROSCOPY; SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME; SHOULDER INJURY; SHOULDER PAIN; SUBLUXATION; SUPERIOR LABRAL ANTERIOR POSTERIOR LESION; TENDINITIS; TENDON; TENDON LESION; TENDON RUPTURE; TENODESIS; TENOSYNOVITIS; TENOTOMY; TREATMENT INDICATION;

ARTHROSCOPY; BIOMECHANICS; CADAVER; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; HUMANS; ROTATOR CUFF; RUPTURE; SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME; SHOULDER PAIN; TENDINOPATHY; TENDON INJURIES; TENDONS; TENODESIS; TENOTOMY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WEIGHT-BEARING;

EID: 79953232025     PISSN: 07498063     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2010.10.014     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. A.N. Carter, and S.M. Erickson Proximal biceps tendon rupture: Primarily an injury of middle age Phys Sportsmed 27 1999 95 101 (Pubitemid 29269065)
2. C.L. Eakin, K.J. Faber, R.J. Hawkins, and W.D. Hovis Biceps tendon disorders in athletes J Am Acad Orthop Surg 7 1999 300 310
3. P.M. Ahrens, and P. Boileau The long head of biceps and associated tendinopathy J Bone Joint Surg Br 89 2007 1001 1009 (Pubitemid 47492791)
4. K. Alpantaki, D. McLaughlin, D. Karagogeos, A. Hadjipavlou, and G. Kontakis Sympathetic and sensory neural elements in the tendon of the long head of the biceps J Bone Joint Surg Am 87 2005 1580 1583 (Pubitemid 40917759)
5. A. Werner, T. Mueller, D. Boehm, and F. Gohlke The stabilizing sling for the long head of the biceps tendon in the rotator cuff interval A histoanatomic study Am J Sports Med 28 2000 28 31 (Pubitemid 30056326)
6. S. Braun, P.J. Millett, and C. Yongpravat Biomechanical evaluation of shear force vectors leading to injury of the biceps reflection pulley: A biplane fluoroscopy study on cadaveric shoulders Am J Sports Med 38 2010 1015 1024
7. P. Habermeyer, P. Magosch, M. Pritsch, M.T. Scheibel, and S. Lichtenberg Anterosuperior impingement of the shoulder as a result of pulley lesions: A prospective arthroscopic study J Shoulder Elbow Surg 13 2004 5 12 (Pubitemid 38084859)
8. M. Pfahler, S. Branner, and H.J. Refior The role of the bicipital groove in tendopathy of the long biceps tendon J Shoulder Elbow Surg 8 1999 419 424
9. J.R. Andrews, W.G. Carson Jr, and W.D. McLeod Glenoid labrum tears related to the long head of the biceps Am J Sports Med 13 1985 337 341 (Pubitemid 15226957)
10. J.J. Warner, and P.J. McMahon The role of the long head of the biceps brachii in superior stability of the glenohumeral joint J Bone Joint Surg Am 77 1995 366 372
11. M.J. Pagnani, X.H. Deng, R.F. Warren, P.A. Torzilli, and S.J. O'Brien Role of the long head of the biceps brachii in glenohumeral stability: A biomechanical study in cadavera J Shoulder Elbow Surg 5 1996 255 262
12. E. Itoi, D.K. Kuechle, S.R. Newman, B.F. Morrey, and K.N. An Stabilising function of the biceps in stable and unstable shoulders J Bone Joint Surg Br 75 1993 546 550 (Pubitemid 23222126)
13. M.W. Rodosky, C.D. Harner, and F.H. Fu The role of the long head of the biceps muscle and superior glenoid labrum in anterior stability of the shoulder Am J Sports Med 22 1994 121 130 (Pubitemid 24033583)
14. L.Z. Payne, X.H. Deng, E.V. Craig, P.A. Torzilli, and R.F. Warren The combined dynamic and static contributions to subacromial impingement A biomechanical analysis Am J Sports Med 25 1997 801 808 (Pubitemid 27508416)
15. V.P. Kumar, K. Satku, and P. Balasumbramaniam The role of the long head of biceps brachii in the stabilization of the head of the humerus Clin Orthop Relat Res 244 1989 172 175 (Pubitemid 19194148)
16. T. Youm, N.S. ElAttrache, J.E. Tibone, M.H. McGarry, and T.Q. Lee The effect of the long head of the biceps on glenohumeral kinematics J Shoulder Elbow Surg 18 2009 122 129
17. W.R. Su, J.E. Budoff, and Z.P. Luo The effect of posterosuperior rotator cuff tears and biceps loading on glenohumeral translation Arthroscopy 26 2010 578 586
18. R.W. Bassett, A.O. Browne, B.F. Morrey, and K.N. An Glenohumeral muscle force and moment mechanics in a position of shoulder instability J Biomech 23 1990 405 415 (Pubitemid 20197714)
19. P. Habermeyer, E. Kaiser, M. Knappe, T. Kreusser, and E. Wiedemann Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the long biceps tendon Unfallchirurg 90 1987 319 329 (in German)
20. J. Furlani Electromyographic study of the m. biceps brachii in movements at the glenohumeral joint Acta Anat (Basel) 96 1976 270 284
21. A.S. Levy, B.T. Kelly, S.A. Lintner, D.C. Osbahr, and K.P. Speer Function of the long head of the biceps at the shoulder: Electromyographic analysis J Shoulder Elbow Surg 10 2001 250 255 (Pubitemid 33602103)
22. G. Sakurai, J. Ozaki, Y. Tomita, K. Nishimoto, and S. Tamai Electromyographic analysis of shoulder joint function of the biceps brachii muscle during isometric contraction Clin Orthop Relat Res 1998 123 131 (Pubitemid 28424053)
23. R. Glousman, F. Jobe, J. Tibone, D. Moynes, D. Antonelli, and J. Perry Dynamic electromyographic analysis of the throwing shoulder with glenohumeral instability J Bone Joint Surg Am 70 1988 220 226 (Pubitemid 18085578)
24. I.D. Gowan, F.W. Jobe, J.E. Tibone, J. Perry, and D.R. Moynes A comparative electromyographic analysis of the shoulder during pitching Professional versus amateur pitchers Am J Sports Med 15 1987 586 590 (Pubitemid 18018435)
25. F.W. Jobe, D.R. Moynes, J.E. Tibone, and J. Perry An EMG analysis of the shoulder in pitching A second report Am J Sports Med 12 1984 218 220 (Pubitemid 14107521)
26. I.L. Rojas, M.T. Provencher, and S. Bhatia Biceps activity during windmill softball pitching: Injury implications and comparison with overhand throwing Am J Sports Med 37 2009 558 565
27. T. Kido, E. Itoi, N. Konno, A. Sano, M. Urayama, and K. Sato The depressor function of biceps on the head of the humerus in shoulders with tears of the rotator cuff J Bone Joint Surg Br 82 2000 416 419 (Pubitemid 30248927)
28. C.R. Rowe The shoulder 1988 Churchill Livingstone New York
29. R.F. Warren Lesions of the long head of the biceps tendon Instr Course Lect 34 1985 204 209
30. W.F. Bennett Subscapularis, medial, and lateral head coracohumeral ligament insertion anatomy Arthroscopic appearance and incidence of "hidden" rotator interval lesions Arthroscopy 17 2001 173 180
31. G. Walch, L. Nove-Josserand, P. Boileau, and C. Levigne Subluxations and dislocations of the tendon of the long head of the biceps J Shoulder Elbow Surg 7 1998 100 108 (Pubitemid 128646547)
32. L. Lafosse, Y. Reiland, G.P. Baier, B. Toussaint, and B. Jost Anterior and posterior instability of the long head of the biceps tendon in rotator cuff tears: A new classification based on arthroscopic observations Arthroscopy 23 2007 73 80 (Pubitemid 46038706)
33. W.F. Bennett Arthroscopic repair of isolated subscapularis tears: A prospective cohort with 2- to 4-year follow-up Arthroscopy 19 2003 131 143 (Pubitemid 36306736)
34. S. Braun, M.P. Horan, F. Elser, and P.J. Millett Lesions of the biceps pulley Am J Sports Med 2011 Feb 18 [Epub ahead of print.]
35. C. Gerber, and A. Sebesta Impingement of the deep surface of the subscapularis tendon and the reflection pulley on the anterosuperior glenoid rim: A preliminary report J Shoulder Elbow Surg 9 2000 483 490
36. C. Gerber, F. Terrier, R. Zehnder, and R. Ganz The subcoracoid space An anatomic study Clin Orthop Relat Res 1987 132 138
37. E.L. Giaroli, N.M. Major, D.E. Lemley, and J. Lee Coracohumeral interval imaging in subcoracoid impingement syndrome on MRI AJR Am J Roentgenol 186 2006 242 246 (Pubitemid 46100389)
38. S.J. Snyder, R.P. Karzel, W. Del Pizzo, R.D. Ferkel, and M.J. Friedman SLAP lesions of the shoulder Arthroscopy 6 1990 274 279
39. M.W. Maffet, G.M. Gartsman, and B. Moseley Superior labrum-biceps tendon complex lesions of the shoulder Am J Sports Med 23 1995 93 98
40. R. Gobezie, D. Zurakowski, K. Lavery, P.J. Millett, B.J. Cole, and J.J. Warner Analysis of interobserver and intraobserver variability in the diagnosis and treatment of SLAP tears using the Snyder classification Am J Sports Med 36 2008 1373 1379 (Pubitemid 352000013)
41. S. Lichtenberg, P. Magosch, and P. Habermeyer Superior labrum-biceps anchor complex Orthopade 32 2003 616 626 (in German) (Pubitemid 36919194)
42. G.M. Gartsman, and E. Taverna The incidence of glenohumeral joint abnormalities associated with full-thickness, reparable rotator cuff tears Arthroscopy 13 1997 450 455 (Pubitemid 27344112)
43. C. Miller, and F.H. Savoie Glenohumeral abnormalities associated with full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff Orthop Rev 23 1994 159 162 (Pubitemid 24070999)
44. S.J. Snyder, M.P. Banas, and R.P. Karzel An analysis of 140 injuries to the superior glenoid labrum J Shoulder Elbow Surg 4 1995 243 248
45. P. Slatis, and K. Aalto Medial dislocation of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii Acta Orthop Scand 50 1979 73 77 (Pubitemid 9129414)
46. D. Maier, M. Jaeger, N.P. Suedkamp, and W. Koestler Stabilization of the long head of the biceps tendon in the context of early repair of traumatic subscapularis tendon tears J Bone Joint Surg Am 89 2007 1763 1769 (Pubitemid 47229884)
47. P.J. Favorito, W.G. Harding III, and R.S. Heidt Jr Complete arthroscopic examination of the long head of the biceps tendon Arthroscopy 17 2001 430 432
48. W.Z. Burkhead, M.A. Arcand, C. Zeman, P. Habermeyer, and G. Walch The biceps tendon C.A. Rockwood, F.A. Matsen, M.A. Wirth, S.B. Lippitt, The shoulder Ed 3 2004 WB Saunders Philadelphia 1059 1119
49. C.S. Neer II Anterior acromioplasty for the chronic impingement syndrome in the shoulder: A preliminary report J Bone Joint Surg Am 54 1972 41 50
50. Gross R. Evaluation and management of extra-articular biceps pathology: What are we missing? Presented at the Fall Course of the Arthroscopy Association of North America 23rd Fall Meeting, Palm Desert, CA, December 2004.
51. R.M. Gross, and J.A. McCarthy Painful proximal biceps tendon F.A. Barber, S.P. Fischer, Surgical techniques for the shoulder and elbow 2003 Thieme Medical New York 89 92
52. C. Ruotolo, W.M. Nottage, E.L. Flatow, R.M. Gross, and G.S. Fanton Controversial topics in shoulder arthroscopy Arthroscopy 18 2002 65 75 (Pubitemid 36114599)
53. P. Boileau, P.M. Ahrens, and A.M. Hatzidakis Entrapment of the long head of the biceps tendon: The hourglass bicepsA cause of pain and locking of the shoulder J Shoulder Elbow Surg 13 2004 249 257 (Pubitemid 38520797)
54. A. Barber, L.D. Field, and R. Ryu Biceps tendon and superior labrum injuries: Decision-marking J Bone Joint Surg Am 89 2007 1844 1855 (Pubitemid 47229895)
55. Shank JR, Singleton SB, Hawkins J, Decker MJ, Torry MR. A comparison of supination and elbow flexion strength in patients with either proximal biceps release or tenodesis. Presented at the Meeting of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, Hershey, PA, July 2006.
56. T.J. Gill, E. McIrvin, S.D. Mair, and R.J. Hawkins Results of biceps tenotomy for treatment of pathology of the long head of the biceps brachii J Shoulder Elbow Surg 10 2001 247 249 (Pubitemid 33602102)
57. A. Frost, M.S. Zafar, and N. Maffulli Tenotomy versus tenodesis in the management of pathologic lesions of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii Am J Sports Med 37 2008 828 833
58. E.M. Mariani, R.H. Cofield, L.J. Askew, G.P. Li, and E.Y. Chao Rupture of the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment Clin Orthop Relat Res 1988 233 239 (Pubitemid 18095484)
59. D.J. Friedman, J.C. Dunn, L.D. Higgins, and J.J. Warner Proximal biceps tendon: Injuries and management Sports Med Arthrosc 16 2008 162 169
60. K.H. Koh, J.H. Ahn, S.M. Kim, and J.C. Yoo Treatment of biceps tendon lesions in the setting of rotator cuff tears: Prospective cohort study of tenotomy versus tenodesis Am J Sports Med 38 2010 1584 1590
61. U. Berlemann, and I. Bayley Tenodesis of the long head of biceps brachii in the painful shoulder: Improving results in the long term J Shoulder Elbow Surg 4 1995 429 435
62. P. Boileau, S.G. Krishnan, J.S. Coste, and G. Walch Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis: A new technique using bioabsorbable interference screw fixation Arthroscopy 18 2002 1002 1012 (Pubitemid 36109591)
63. G.M. Gartsman, and S.M. Hammerman Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis: Operative technique Arthroscopy 16 2000 550 552 (Pubitemid 30457023)
64. A.A. Romeo, A.D. Mazzocca, and J.C. Tauro Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis Arthroscopy 20 2004 206 213 (Pubitemid 38233688)
65. A.I. Froimson, and I. Oh Keyhold tenodesis of biceps origin at the shoulder Clin Orthop Relat Res 1975 245 249
66. A.D. Mazzocca, M. Noerdlinger, and A.A. Romeo Mini open and subpectoral biceps tenodesis Oper Tech Sports Med 11 2003 24 31 (Pubitemid 36575989)
67. L.C. Sekiya, H.A. Elkousy, and M.W. Rodosky Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis using the percutaneous intra-articular transtendon technique Arthroscopy 19 2003 1137 1141 (Pubitemid 37531978)
68. N.N. Verma, M. Drakos, and S.J. O'Brien Arthroscopic transfer of the long head biceps to the conjoint tendon Arthroscopy 21 2005 764.e1 764.e5 www.arthroscopyjournal.org
69. A. Castagna, E. Mouhsine, and M. Conti Chondral print on humeral head: An indirect sign of long head biceps tendon instability Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 15 2007 645 648
70. A.D. Mazzocca, J. Bicos, S. Santangelo, A.A. Romeo, and R.A. Arciero The biomechanical evaluation of four fixation techniques for proximal biceps tenodesis Arthroscopy 21 2005 1296 1306 (Pubitemid 41735194)
71. M. Ozalay, S. Akpinar, and O. Karaeminogullari Mechanical strength of four different biceps tenodesis techniques Arthroscopy 21 2005 992 998 (Pubitemid 41097296)
72. D.P. Richards, and S.S. Burkhart A biomechanical analysis of two biceps tenodesis fixation techniques Arthroscopy 21 2005 861 866 (Pubitemid 40984677)
73. P.J. Millett, B. Sanders, R. Gobezie, S. Braun, and J.J. Warner Interference screw vs. suture anchor fixation for open subpectoral biceps tenodesis: Does it matter? BMC Musculoskelet Disord 9 2008 121
74. A. Castagna, M. Conti, E. Mouhsine, P. Bungaro, and R. Garofalo Arthroscopic biceps tendon tenodesis: The anchorage technical note Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 14 2006 581 585 (Pubitemid 43854299)
75. A.H. Crenshaw, and W.E. Kilgore Surgical treatment of bicipital tenosynovitis J Bone Joint Surg Am 48 1966 1496 1502
76. M. Post, and P. Benca Primary tendinitis of the long head of the biceps Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989 117 125 (Pubitemid 19226495)
77. A.D. Mazzocca, M.P. Cote, C.L. Arciero, A.A. Romeo, and R.A. Arciero Clinical outcomes following subpectoral biceps tenodesis with an interference screw Am J Sports Med 36 2008 1922 1929
78. D.A. Becker, and R.H. Cofield Tenodesis of the long head of the biceps brachii for chronic bicipital tendinitis Long-term results J Bone Joint Surg Am 71 1989 376 381 (Pubitemid 19116690)
79. S.J. Nho, S.N. Reiff, N.N. Verma, M.A. Slabaugh, A.D. Mazzocca, and A.A. Romeo Complications associated with subpectoral biceps tenodesis: Low rates of incidence following surgery J Shoulder Elbow Surg 19 2010 764 768
80. W.F. Bennett Arthroscopic bicipital sheath repair: Two-year follow-up with pulley lesions Arthroscopy 20 2004 964 973 (Pubitemid 39452269)
81. A.E. Abbot, X. Li, and B.D. Busconi Arthroscopic treatment of concomitant superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) lesions and rotator cuff tears in patients over the age of 45 years Am J Sports Med 37 2009 1358 1362
82. P. Boileau, S. Parratte, C. Chuinard, Y. Roussanne, D. Shia, and R. Bicknell Arthroscopic treatment of isolated type II SLAP lesions: Biceps tenodesis as an alternative to reinsertion Am J Sports Med 37 2009 929 936