An overview of unipolar charger developments for nanoparticle charging

Aerosol and Air Quality Research

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 187-209

  Intra, Panich ^a   Tippayawong, Nakorn ^b  

^a RAJAMANGALA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LANNA   (Thailand)

^b CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

Author keywords

Aerosol; Corona discharge; Ionizing radiation; Nanoparticles; Photoelectron emission; Unipolar charging

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL PARTICLES; CHARGING EFFICIENCY; CORONA DISCHARGE; CORONA DISCHARGES; ELECTRICAL MOBILITY; ELECTRICAL MOBILITY ANALYSIS; IONIZED GAS; MEASUREMENT SYSTEM; NANOPARTICLE CHARGING; OPERATING CONDITION; OPERATING PRINCIPLES; PARTICLE CHARGING; PHOTOELECTRON EMISSION; PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS; STABLE OPERATION; UNIPOLAR CHARGER; UNIPOLAR CHARGING;

DC GENERATORS; ELECTRIC CORONA; ELECTRONS; IONIZATION OF GASES; IONIZING RADIATION; NANOPARTICLES; PHOTONS; RADIATION SHIELDING; RADIOACTIVITY;

ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS;

AEROSOL; IONIZATION; MOBILITY; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PARTICLE SIZE; PHOTOCHEMISTRY;

EID: 79953136011     PISSN: 16808584     EISSN: 20711409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2010.10.0082     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Adachi, M., Kousaka, Y. and Okuyama, K. (1985). Unipolar and Bipolar Diffusion Charging of Ultrafine Aerosol Particles. J. Aerosol Sci. 16: 109-123.
2. Adachi, M., David, F.J. and Pui, D.Y.H. (1992). High-Efficiency Unipolar Aerosol Charger Using Radioactive Alpha Source. J. Aerosol Sci. 23: 123-137.
3. Alonso, M., Martin, M.I. and Alguacil, F.J. (2006). The Measurement of Charging Efficiencies and Losses of Aerosol Nanoparticles in a Corona Charger. J. Electrostat. 64: 203-214.
4. Alonso, M. and Alguacil, F.J. (2008). Particle Size Distribution Modification During and After Electrical Charging: Comparison between a Corona Ionizer and a Radioactive Neutralizer. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 8: 366-380.
5. Biskos, G. (2004). Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Differential Mobility Spectrometer, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cambridge, U.K.
6. Biskos, G., Mastorakos, E. and Collings, N. (2004). Monte-Carlo Simulation of Unipolar Diffusion Charging for Spherical and Non-Spherical Particles. J. Aerosol Sci. 35: 707-730.
7. Biskos, G., Reavell, K. and Collings, N. (2005a). Electrostatic Characterization of Corona-Wire Aerosol Charges. J. Electrostat. 63: 69-82.
8. Biskos, G., Reavell, K. and Collings, N. (2005b). Unipolar Diffusion Charging of Aerosol Particles in the Transition Regime. J. Aerosol Sci. 36: 247-265.
9. Biskos, G., Reavell, K. and Collings, N. (2005c). Description and Theoretical Analysis of a Differential Mobility Spectrometer. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 39: 527-541.
10. Boisdron, K. and Brock, J.R. (1970). On the Stochastic Nature of the Acquisition of Electrical Charge and Radioactivity by Aerosol Particles. Atmos. Environ. 4: 35-50.
11. Bricard, J. (1949). Ionic Balance of Lower Atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 54: 39-52. (in French)
12. Bricard, J. (1962). Fixation of Small Atmospheric Ions on Ultrafine Aerosols. Geofisica Pura e Applicata. 51: 237. (in French).
13. Brock, J.R. (1969). Aerosol Charging: the Role of Image Force. J. Appl. Phys. 41: 843-844.
14. Brock, J.R. (1970). Unipolar Diffusion Charging of Aerosols and the Image Force. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 33: 473-474.
15. Bucholski, A. and Niessner, R. (1991). Indirect Photoelectric Diffusion Charging of Submicron Aerosols. J. Aerosol Sci. 22: 111-115.
16. Burtscher, H., Scherrer, L. and Siegmann, H.C. (1982). Probing Aerosols by Photoelectric Charging. J. Appl. Phys. 53: 3787-3791.
17. Buscher, P., Schmidt-Ott, A. and Wiedensohler, A. (1980). Performance of a Unipolar "Square Wave" Diffusion Charger with Variable Nt-Product. J. Aerosol Sci. 25: 651-663.
18. Chen, D.R. and Pui, D.Y.H. (1999). A High Efficiency, High Throughput Unipolar Aerosol Charger for Nanoparticles. J. Nanopart. Res. 1: 115-126.
19. Cheng, S.H., Ranade, M.B. and Gentry, J.W. (1997). Experimental Design of High Volume Electrostatic Charger. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 26: 433-446.
20. Choi, Y. and Kim, S. (2007). An Improved Method for Charging Submicron and Nano Particles with Uniform Charging Performance. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 41: 259-265.
21. Ehrenhaft, F. (1925). The Electrical Behaviour of Radioactive Colloidal Particles of the Order of 10-5 cm as Observed Separately in a Gas. Philos. Mag. 49: 633-648.
22. Fuchs, N.A. (1947). On the Charging of Particles in Atmospheric Aerosols. Izvestiia Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriia Geograficheskaia i Geofizicheskaia. 11: 341-348.
23. Fuchs, N.A. (1963). On the Stationary Charge Distribution on Aerosol Particles in a Bipolar Ionic Atmosphere. Geofisica Pura e Applicata. 56: 185-193.
24. Fuchs, N.A. and Sutugin, A.G. (1971). High-Dispersed Aerosols. Topics in Current Aerosol Research, Vol. 2, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, New York, U.S.A.
25. Gentry, J.W. and Brock, J.R. (1967). Unipolar Diffusion Charging of Small Aerosol Particles. J. Chem. Phys. 47: 64-69.
26. Graskow, B.R. (2001). Design and Development of a Fast Aerosol Spectrometer, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cambridge, U.K.
27. Gunn, R. (1955). The Statistical Electrification of Aerosols by Ionic Diffusion. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 10: 107-119.
28. Han, B., Shimada, M., Choi, M. and Okuyama, K. (2003). Unipolar Charging of Nanosized Aerosol Particles Using Soft X-Ray Photoionization. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 37: 330-341.
29. Hewitt, G.W. (1957). The Charging of Small Particles for Electrostatic Precipitation. AIEE Trans. 76: 300-306.
30. Hernandez-Sierra, A., Alguacil, F.J. and Alonso, M. (2003). Unipolar Charging of Nanometer Aerosol Particle in a Corona Ionizer. J. Aerosol Sci. 34: 733-745.
31. Hinds, W.C. (1999). Aerosol Technology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, U.S.A.
32. Hontanon, E. and Kruis, F.E. (2008). Single Charging of Nanoparticles by UV Photoionization at High Flow Rates. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 42: 310-323.
33. Hutchins, D.K. and Holm, J. (1989). Aerosol Charger using Sinusoidally Driven Ion Current from a Corona Discharge. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 11: 244-253.
34. Intra, P. (2006). Aerosol Size Measurement System Using Electrical Mobility Technique, Ph.D. Thesis, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
35. Intra, P. and Tippayawong, N. (2005) Approach to Characterization of a Diode Type Corona Charger for Aerosol Size Measurement. KIEE Int. Trans. Electrophys. Appl. 5-C: 196-203.
36. Intra, P. and Tippayawong, N. (2006a). Corona Ionizer for Unipolar Diffusion Charging of Nanometer Aerosol Particles. 29th Electrical Engineering Conference, Pattaya, Thailand, p. 1177-1180.
37. Intra, P. and Tippayawong, N. (2006b). Comparative Study on Electrical Discharge and Operation Characteristics of Needle and Wire-Cylinder Corona Chargers. J. Electr. Eng. Technol. 1: 520-527.
38. Intra, P. and Tippayawong, N. (2006c). An Electrical Mobility Spectrometer for Aerosol Size Distribution Measurement. Int. Conf. on Technology and Innovation for Sustainable Development, Khon Kaen, Thailand, p. 358-362.
39. Intra, P. and Tippayawong, N. (2006d). Aerosol Size Distribution Measurement Using Multi-Channel Electrical Mobility Sensor. J. Aerosol Res. 21: 329-340.
40. Intra, P. and Tippayawong, N. (2009a). Progress in Unipolar Corona Discharger Designs for Airborne Particle Charging: A Literature Review. J. Electrostat. 67: 605-615.
41. Intra, P. and Tippayawong, N. (2009b). Experimental Characterization of a Short Electrical Mobility Spectrometer for Aerosol Size Classification. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 26: 1770-1777.
42. Intra, P. and Tippayawong, N. (2010). Effect of Needle Cone Angle and Air Flow Rate on Electrostatic Discharge Characteristics of a Corona-Needle Ionizer. J. Electrostat. 68: 254-260.
43. Ivanov, V.D., Kirichenko, V.N. and Petryanov, I.V. (1969). Charging of Alpha-active Aerosols by Secondary Electron Emission. Sov. Phys. 13: 902-904.
44. Jaworek, A. and Krupa, A. (1989). Airborne Particle Charging by Unipolar Ions in AC Electric Field. J. Electrostat. 23: 361-370.
45. Jung, T., Burtscher, H. and Schmidt-Ott, A. (1988). Multiple Charging of Ultrafine Particles by Aerosol Phootemission (APE). J. Aerosol Sci. 19: 485-490.
46. Kascheev, V.A. and Poluektov, P.P. (1991). In. Proceedings of European Aerosol Conference, Influence of Laser Irradiation on Aerosol Particle Charging, Karlsruhe.
47. Keefe, D., Nolan, P.J. and Rich, T.Z. (1959). Charge Equilibrium in Aerosols According to the Boltzmann Law. Proc. the R. Irish Acad. 60: 27-45.
48. Kruis, F.E. and Fissan, H. (2001). Nanoparticle Charging in a Twin Hewitt Charger. J. Nanopart. Res. 3: 39-50.
49. Kulkarni, P., Namiki, N., Otani, Y. and Biswas, P. (2002). Charging of the Particles in Unipolar Coronas Irradiated by in-situ Soft X-ray: Enhancement of Capture Efficiency of Ultrafine Particles. J. Aerosol Sci. 33: 1279-1296.
50. Kulon, J. and Balachandran, W. (2001). The Measurement of Bipolar Charge on Aerosols. J. Electrostat. 51-52: 552-557.
51. Kulon, J., Hrabar, S. Machowski, W., and Balachandran, W. (2001). A Bipolar Charge Measurement System for Aerosol Characterization. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 37: 472-479.
52. Kwon, S.B., Sakurai, H. and Seto, T. (2007). Unipolar Charging of Nanoparticles by the Surface-Discharge Microplasma Aerosol Charger (SMAC). J. Nanopart. Res. 9: 621-630.
53. Lawless, P.A. and Sparks, L.E. (1988). Modeling Particulate Charging in ESPs. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 24: 922-925.
54. Lehtimaki, M. (1987). New Current Measuring Technique for Electrical Aerosol Analyzers. J. Aerosol Sci. 18: 401-407.
55. Liu, B.Y.H. and Pui, D.Y.H. (1975). On the Performance of the Electrical Aerosol Analyzer. J. Aerosol Sci. 6: 249-264.
56. Liu, B.Y.H., Whitby, K.T. and Yu, H.H.S. (1967a). On the Theory of Charging of Aerosol Particles by Unipolar Ions in the Absence of an Applied Electric Field. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 23: 367-378.
57. Liu, B.Y.H., Whitby, K.T. and Yu, H.H.S. (1967b). Diffusion Charging of Aerosol Particles at Low Pressures. J. Appl. Phys. 38: 1592-1597.
58. Marquard, A., Meyer, J. and Kasper, G. (2006). Characterization of Unipolar Electrical Aerosol Chargers-Part II: Application of Comparison Criteria to Various Types of Nanoaerosol Charging Devices. J. Aerosol Sci. 37: 1069-1080.
59. Matter, D., Mohr, M., Fendel, W., Schmidt-Ott, A., and Burtscher, H. (1995). Multiple Wavelength Aerosol Photoemission by Excimer Lamps. J. Aerosol Sci. 26: 1101-1115.
60. Medved, A., Dorman, F., Kaufman, S.L. and Pocher, A. (2000). A New Corona-Based Charger for Aerosol Particles. J. Aerosol Sci. 31: s616-s617.
61. Mirme, A. (1994). Electric Aerosol Spectrometry, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tartuensis, Estonia.
62. Niessner, R., Schröder, H., Robers, W., and Kompa, K.L. (1988). Charging of Particles with Intense Visible Light Pulses. J. Aerosol Sci. 19: 491-500.
63. Park, D., An, M., and Hwang, J. (2007). Development and Performance Test of a Unipolar Diffusion Charger for Real-Time Measurements of Submicron Aerosol Particles Having a Log-Normal Size Distribution. J. Aerosol Sci. 38: 420-430.
64. Park, D., Kim, Y.H., Lee, S.G., Kim, C., Hwang, J. and Kim, Y.J. (2010). Development and Performance Test of a Micromachined Unipolar Charger for Measurements of Submicron Aerosol Particles having a Log-Normal Size Distribution. J. Aerosol Sci. 41: 490-500.
65. Park, K.T., Park, D., Lee, S.G. and Hwang, J. (2009). Design and Performance Test of a Multi-Channel Diffusion Charger for Real-Time Measurements of Submicron Aerosol Particles Having a Unimodal Log-Normal Size Distribution. J. Aerosol Sci. 40: 858-867.
66. Penney, G.W. and Lynch, R.D. (1957). Measurements of Charge Imparted to Fine Particles by a Corona Discharge. AIEE Trans. 76: 294-299.
67. Pui, D.Y.H. (1976) Experimental Study of Diffusion Charging of Aerosols, Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, U.S.A.
68. Pui, D.Y.H., Fruin, S. and McMurry, P.H. (1988). Unipolar Diffusion Charging of Ultrafine Aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 8: 173-187.
69. Qi, C., Chen, D.R. and Greenberg, P. (2008). Performance Study of a Unipolar Aerosol Mini-Charger for a Personal Nanoparticle Sizer. J. Aerosol Sci. 39: 450-459.
70. Reavell, K. (2002). Fast Response Classification of Fine Aerosols with a Differential Mobility Spectrometer. Proceeding 13th Annual Conference Aerosol Society, 121-124, Lancaster, U.K.
71. Schmidt-Ott, A., Schurtenbery, D. and Siegman, H.C. (1980). Enormous Yield of Photoelectrons for Small Particles. Phys. Rev. Lett. 45: 1284-1287.
72. Shimada, M., Okuyama, K., Inoue, Y., Adachi, M. and Fujii, T. (1999). Removal of Airborne Particles by a Device Using UV/Photoelectron Method under Reduced Pressure Conditions. J. Aerosol Sci. 30: 341-353.
73. Tammet, H., Mirme, A. and Tamm, E. (1998). Electrical Aerosol Spectrometer of Tartu University. J. Aerosol Sci. 29: s427-s428.
74. Tammet, H., Mirme, A. and Tamm, E. (2002). Electrical Aerosol Spectrometer of Tartu university. Atmos. Res. 62: 315-324.
75. Tsai, C.J., Chen, S.C., Chen, H.L., Chein, H.M., Wu, C.H. and Chen, T.M. (2008). Study of a Nanoparticle Charger Containing Multiple Discharging Wires in a Tube. Separation Sci. Technol. 43: 3476-3493.
76. Tsai, C.J., Lin, G.Y., Chen, H.L., Huang, C.H. and Alonso, M. (2010). Enhancement of Extrinsic Charging Efficiency of a Nanoparticle Charger with Multiple Discharging Wires. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 44: 807-816.
77. TSI Incorporated. (2004a). Operation and Service Manual, Revision B, for Engine Exhaust Particle SizerTM Spectrometer, Model 3090, Minnesota, U.S.A.
78. TSI Incorporated. (2004b). Operation and Service Manual, Revision B, for Electrical Aerosol DetectorTM Spectrometer, Model 3070, Minnesota, U.S.A.
79. Unger, L., Ehouarn, P. and Borra, J.P. (2000). Influence of Aerosol Deposition on the Charging Efficiency of a Corona Charger. J. Aerosol Sci. 31: s612-s613.
80. Unger, L., Boulaud, D. and Borra, J.P. (2004). Unipolar Field Charging of Particles by Electric Discharge: Effect of Particle Shape. J. Aerosol Sci. 35: 965-979.
81. Whitby, K.T. (1961). Generator for Producing High Concentration of Small Ions. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 32: 1351-1355.
82. Whitby, K.Y. and Clark, W.E. (1966). Electric Aerosol Particle Counting and Size Distribution Measuring System for the 0.015 to 1 μm Size Range. Tellus. 18: 573-586.
83. White, H.J. (1951). Particle Charging in Electrostatic Precipitation. AIEE Trans. 70: 1186-1191.
84. White, H.J. (1963). Industrial Electrostatic Precipitation, Addison-Wesley, Reading, U.S.A.
85. Wiedensohler, A. (1988). An Approximation of the Bipolar Charge Distribution for Particles in the Submicron Size Range. J. Aerosol Sci. 19: 387-389.
86. Wiedensohler, A., Buscher, P., Hansson, H.C., Martinsson, B.G., Stratmann, F., Ferron, G. and Busch, B. (1994). A Novel Unipolar Charger for Ultrafine Aerosol Particles with Minimal Particle Losses. J. Aerosol Sci. 25: 639-649.
87. Willeke, K. and Baron, P.A. (1993). Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, New York, U.S.A.
88. Yeh, H.C. (1976b). A Theoretical Study of Electrical Discharging of Self-charging Aerosols. J. Aerosol Sci. 7: 343.
89. Yeh, H.C., Newton, G.J., Raabe, O.G. and Boor, D.R. (1976). Self-charging of 198Au Labelled Monodisperse Gold Aerosols Studied with a Minature Electrical Mobility Spectrometer. J. Aerosol Sci. 7: 245-253.