Demography of immigrant youth: Past, present, and future

Future of Children

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 19-41

  Passel, Jeffrey S ^a  

^a Pew Research Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; HUMAN; MIGRATION; POPULATION DYNAMICS; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES;

CHILD; EMIGRANTS AND IMMIGRANTS; EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; HUMANS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 79953100050     PISSN: 10548289     EISSN: 15501558     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/foc.2011.0001     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Jeffrey S. Passel and D'Vera Cohn, U.S. Population Projections: 2005-2050 (Washington: Pew Hispanic Center, February 11, 2008) (http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/85.pdf),
2. Show that in the absence of immigration, the working-age population would decline after about 2015.
3. Passel and Cohn, U.S. Population Projections (see note 1). The retrospective data for 1960-2000 represent a historical reconstruction that employs generational projection methodology to fit the time series of decennial census data.
4. Jeffrey S. Passel and D'Vera Cohn, Trends in Unauthorized Immigration: Undocumented Inflow Now Trails Legal Inflow (Washington: Pew Hispanic Center, October 2, 2008) (http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/94.pdf);
5. Jeffrey S. Passel and D'Vera Cohn, A Portrait of Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States (Washington: Pew Hispanic Center, April 14, 2009) (http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/107.pdf);
6. Jeffrey S. Passel and D'Vera Cohn, U.S. Unauthorized Immigration Flows Are Down Sharply since Mid-Decade (Washington: Pew Hispanic Center, September 1, 2010) (http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/126.pdf).
7. Steven Ruggles and others, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 5.0 [Machine-readable database] (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2010) (http://usa.ipums.org/usa/).
8. For some historical data from 1900 to 1950, a set of historical projections provides useful information where the IPUMS data are deficient.
9. Barry Edmonston and Jeffrey S. Passel, "Ethnic Demography: U.S. Immigration and Ethnic Variations," in Immigration and Ethnicity: The Integration of America's Newest Arrivals, edited by Edmonston and Passel (Washington: Urban Institute Press, 1994).
10. In some tabulations used here, the second generation is differentiated by legal status of the parent(s). However, all U.S.-born children of immigrants are U.S. citizens at birth even if the parents are unauthorized immigrants.
11. Persons who are born in foreign countries to parents who are U.S. natives are U.S. citizens at birth. They are treated in most tabulations as U.S. natives with U.S.-born parents and are part of the third generation.
12. Except for U.S. citizenship, Puerto Ricans share many sociocultural traits of immigrants from Latin America, especially the Spanish language. Thus, in terms of adaptation to the United States, it can make sense to treat persons born in Puerto Rico as part of the first generation and persons born in the United States to Puerto Rican-born parent(s) as second generation. However, because U.S. citizenship is now the gateway to many social programs, I have chosen to put Puerto Rican-born youth into the third generation. For historical data, so few Puerto Ricans migrated to the United States before the 1950s that the choice makes little difference. Even in 2008, counting Puerto Rican-born youth as first generation would add only about 1.1 percent to the immigrant youth population, and treating U.S.-born children of Puerto Rican parents as second generation would add only another 3.0 percent. (Note that even though Puerto Rican births are treated the same as U.S. births, some persons born in Puerto Rico are in the second generation if one or both of their parents is an immigrant to Puerto Rico, that is, in the first generation.)
13. These population data are from the March 2009 CPS with an adjustment for omissions of immigrants from the survey. This survey is the basis for detailed analysis of generational and racial-ethnic composition. It is based on U.S. Census Bureau, Vintage 2008 Population Estimates Archives (www.census.gov/popest/archives/2000s/vintage_2008/Bureau).
14. The data plotted in figure 1 do not include the adjustment for survey omissions and show 74.1 million children in 2009.
15. Ansley J. Coale and Melvin Zelnik, New Estimates of Fertility and Population in the United States: A Study of Annual White Births from 1855 to 1960 and of Completeness of Enumeration in the Censuses from 1880 to 1960 (Princeton University Press, 1963).
16. The peak number of births-4.3 million-was not reached again until 2007, when the population was 70 percent larger than it had been in 1957.
17. Passel and Cohn, U.S. Population Projections (see note 1).
18. Passel and Cohn, Trends in Unauthorized Immigration (see note 3).
19. Passel and Cohn, U.S. Unauthorized Immigration Flows Are Down Sharply since Mid-Decade (see note 3).
20. See also Jeffrey S. Passel and D'Vera Cohn, Mexican Immigrants: How Many Come? How Many Leave? (Washington: Pew Hispanic Center, April 14, 2009) (http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/112.pdf).
21. Jeffrey S. Passel and Paul Taylor, Unauthorized Immigrants and Their U.S.-Born Children (Washington: Pew Hispanic Center, August 11, 2010) (http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/125.pdf).
22. Passel and Cohn, U.S. Population Projections (see note 1).
23. Department of Homeland Security, 2008 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics (Office of Immigration Statistics, 2009), table 8 (www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/yearbook.shtm).
24. Passel and Cohn, U.S. Unauthorized Immigration Flows Are Down Sharply since Mid-Decade (see note 3).
25. Ibid., and Passel and Cohn, Mexican Immigrants (see note 14).
26. See Passel and Cohn, A Portrait of Unauthorized Immigrants (see note 3), for detailed information on characteristics of the unauthorized immigrant population.
27. Passel and Taylor, Unauthorized Immigrants and Their U.S.-Born Children (see note 15).
28. The mixed-status families also include more than 500,000 adults who are U.S. citizens or legal immigrants, most of whom are spouses of unauthorized immigrants, but about one-quarter are U.S.-born children ages 18 and over.
29. The terms "Latino" and "Hispanic" are used interchangeably to refer to persons of Hispanic origin.
30. Randolph Capps and others, Paying the Price: The Impact of Immigration Raids on America's Children (Washington: Urban Institute Press, 2007) (www.urban.org/publications/411566.html).
31. Another eight states-Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Maryland, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Washington-and the District of Columbia have above-average concentrations of immigrant youth.
32. The four indicators of state generosity are whether "qualified" noncitizens in the country for less than five years can receive TANF;
33. whether "qualified" noncitizens in the country for more than five years can receive TANF;
34. whether noncitizens not eligible for federal assistance can receive food assistance;
35. and whether noncitizens not eligible for federal assistance can receive state SSI. These rules come from the Urban Institute's Welfare Rules Databook Tables by Year, tables I.B.6 and I.B.7 for 2008 (http://anfdata.urban.org/wrd/maps.cfm) and the National Immigration Law Center's Guide to Immigrant Eligibility for Federal Programs, 4th ed. (Washington: 2002), Update Page, tables 8, 9, and 12 (www.nilc.org/pubs/Guide_update.htm).
36. Throughout this chapter, race groups-that is, white, black, Asian, and two or more major races (mixed race)-refer to persons who are not of Hispanic origin and, in the case of data from 2000 and later, refer only to single races. The Asian category includes "Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders." The term "not Hispanic" is generally omitted from the text.
37. The median age is forty-nine years for white adult immigrants and thirty-nine years for Hispanic adult immigrants.
38. The overall numbers of persons with two or more races published in the Current Population Survey and the American Community Survey are not the product of individual responses to the surveys but rather result from Census Bureau population estimates of this group based on Census 2000 figures carried forward. If response and self-identification patterns have changed since 2000, the data from the 2010 Census could differ significantly from figures shown for 2009.
39. For intermarriage trends over the past forty years, see Jeffrey S. Passel and others, Marrying Out: One-in-Seven New U.S. Marriages Is Interracial or Interethnic (Washington: Pew Research Center, June 4, 2010) (http://pewsocialtrends.org/assets/pdf/755-marrying-out.pdf).
40. Because persons born in Puerto Rico are considered to be U.S. natives, children born in Puerto Rico (or the U.S. mainland) to parents born in Puerto Rico are part of the third and higher generation group; that is, they are U.S. natives born to parents who are U.S. natives. Immigrant youth of Puerto Rican origin have a parent who is an immigrant (see also note 7).
41. Author's tabulations from 1900 Census and 2008 American Community Survey using the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS). Ruggles and others, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (see note 4).
42. Carmen DeNavas-Wait, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2008, Current Population Reports: Consumer Income, Series P60-236 (RV) (U.S. Census Bureau, September 2009), table B-1, p. 44 (www.census.gov/prod/2009pubs/p60-236.pdf).
43. Poverty rates for children based on their parents status come from Passel and Cohn, A Portrait of Unauthorized Immigrants (see note 3) and supporting unpublished data.
44. For a thorough discussion of spending and differences by age group, see Susmita Pati and others, "Generational Differences in U.S. Public Spending, 1980-2000," Health Affairs 23, no. 5 (2004): 131-41.
45. Thom File and Sarah Crissey, Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2008, Current Population Reports, Series P20-562 (U.S. Census Bureau, May 2010), table 3, p. 4 (www.census.gov/prod/2010pubs/p20-562.pdf).
46. The "majority" racial and ethnic group is the white, non-Hispanic population. "Minority" race groups are the balance of the population.
47. Passel and Cohn, U.S. Population Projections (see note 1).
48. Barry Edmonston and Jeffrey S. Passel, "Immigration and Immigrant Generations in Population Projections," International Journal of Forecasting 8, no. 3 (1992): 459-76.
49. Although immigration levels are assumed to increase over the projection horizon, the rate of increase is substantially less than observed over the previous forty-five years (1960-2005), when both the number of immigrants and the rate of immigration grew significantly.
50. Jeffrey S. Passel and Rebecca L. Clark, Immigrants in New York: Their Legal Status, Incomes and Taxes (Washington: Urban Institute, April 1998) (www.urban.org/publications/407432.html). For a detailed description of methods and specific citations for methods development,
51. see Jeffrey S. Passel, "Unauthorized Migrants in the United States: Estimates, Methods, and Characteristics," OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 57 (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Working Party on Migration, September 2007) (www.oecd.org/dataoecd/41/25/39264671.pdf).
52. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics (Office of Immigration Statistics, various years) (www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/yearbook.shtm).